Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Gaylussac.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac.]] |
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[[Image:Early flight 02561u (5).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gay-Lussac and [[Jean-Baptiste Biot|Biot]] ascend in a [[hot air balloon]], 1804. Illustration from the late 19th Century.]] |
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<!--[[Image:Gay-Lussac (by Tardieu).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, 1824, by Ambroise Tardieu.]]--> |
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'''Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac''' ([[December 6]], [[1778]] – [[May 9]], [[1850]]) was a [[France|French]] [[chemistry|chemist]] and [[physics|physicist]]. He is known mostly for two [[Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac|laws]] related to [[gas]]es, and for his work on alcohol-water mixtures, which led to the [[degrees Gay-Lussac]] used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries. |
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== Biography == |
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Gay-Lussac was born at [[Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat]], in the department of [[Haute-Vienne]]. He received his early education at home and in [[1794]] was sent to [[Paris]] to prepare for the [[École Polytechnique]] after his father was arrested, into which he was admitted at the end of [[1797]]. Three years later he transferred to the [[École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées|École des Ponts et Chaussées]], and shortly afterwards was assigned to [[C. L. Berthollet]] as his assistant. In [[1802]] he was appointed demonstrator to [[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy|A. F. Fourcroy]] at the [[École Polytechnique]], where subsequently ([[1809]]) he became professor of chemistry. From 1808 to 1832 he was professor of physics at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], a post which he only resigned for the chair of chemistry at the [[Jardin des Plantes]]. In [[1831]] he was elected to represent [[Haute-Vienne]] in the chamber of deputies, and in [[1839]] he entered the chamber of peers. |
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In 1809 Gay-Lussac married Geneviève-Marie-Joseph Rojot. He had first met her when she worked as a linen draper's shop assistant and was studying a chemistry textbook under the counter. He was father of five children, of whom the eldest (Jules) became assistant to [[Justus Liebig]] in Giessen. Some publications by Jules are mistaken as his father's today since they share the same first initial (J. Gay-Lussac). |
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Some of his descendants live in Brazil, South America (de Salusse Lussac/Lussac Do Coutto/Do Coutto Monni) and in Ontario, Canada. |
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== Achievements == |
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In [[1802]], Gay-Lussac first formulated the law that a gas expands linearly with a fixed pressure and rising temperature. |
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In [[1804]] he made a hot-air balloon ascent with [[Jean-Baptiste Biot]] to a height of 6.4 kilometres in an early investigation of the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. He wanted to collect samples of the air at different heights to record differences in temperature and moisture. |
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In [[1805]], together with his friend and scientific collaborator [[Alexander von Humboldt]], he discovered that the basic composition of the atmosphere does not change with decreasing pressure (increasing altitude). They also discovered that water is formed by two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen (by volume). |
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In [[1808]], he was the co-discoverer of [[boron]]. |
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In [[1810]], in collaboration with Louis Thenard, he developed a method for quantitative elemental analysis by measuring the carbonic acid and oxygen evolved by reaction with potassium chlorate. |
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in [[1811]], Gay-Lussac recognized [[iodine]] as a new element, described its properties, and suggested the name ''iode''.<ref>See p. 133 (Appendix 2) of ''The Chemical Elements: A Historical Perspective'' by Andrew Ede, Greenwood Press, 2006.</ref> |
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In [[1824]] he developed an improved version of the [[burette]] that included a side arm, and coined the terms "[[pipette]]" and "burette" in an 1824 paper about the standardization of indigo solutions.<ref>Louis Rosenfeld. ''Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry''. CRC Press, 1999, p. 72-75.</ref> |
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In [[Paris]], a street and a hotel near the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] are named after him as are a square and a street in his birthplace, St [[Leonard de Noblat]]. His grave is at the [[Père Lachaise]] cemetery in Paris. |
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== Academic lineage == |
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{{academia |
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|teachers=[[C. L. Berthollet]] (1748-1822), Paris<br/> |
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[[Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy]] (1755-1809), Paris |
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|students=[[Jean-Jacques Colin]] (1784-1865), répétiteur in 1809-1817<br/> |
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[[Pierre Robiquet]] (1780-1840), répétiteur in 1813-1818<br/> |
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[[César Despretz]] (1791-1863), répétiteur in 1817-?<br/> |
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[[Jules Pelouze]] (1807-), répétiteur in 1831-1837?<br/> |
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[[Edmond Fremy|Edmé Fremy]] (1814-1894)<br/> |
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[[Henri-Victor Regnault]] (1810-1878)<br/> |
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[[Justus Liebig]] (1803-1873) }} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Gay-Lussac, L. J. and A. von Humboldt (1805) ''Expérience sur les moyens oediométriques et sur la proportion des principes constituents de l'atmosphère''. J. Phys.-Paris LX. |
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* Maurice Crosland. ''Gay-Lussac, Scientist and Burgeois'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978, 333p., [http://isbndb.com/ ISBN 0521219795] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis}} |
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[[Category:1778 births]] |
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[[Category:1850 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of the École Polytechnique]] |
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[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]] |
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[[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements]] |
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[[Category:French chemists]] |
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[[Category:French physicists]] |
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[[Category:People from Limousin]] |
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[[bs:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[ca:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[et:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[es:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[eo:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[fa:ژوزف لویی گیلوساک]] |
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[[fr:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[hr:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[io:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[id:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[it:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[he:לואי ז'וזף גה-ליסאק]] |
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[[la:Iosephus Aloisius Gaylussac]] |
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[[nl:Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[ja:ジョセフ・ルイ・ゲイ＝リュサック]] |
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[[pl:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[pt:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[ru:Гей-Люссак, Жозеф Луи]] |
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[[sq:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[sl:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[fi:Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[sv:Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[tr:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] |
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[[uk:Гей-Люссак Жозеф-Луї]] |
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[[zh:约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克]] |
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