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{{dablink|This article is about structural, boundary and retaining walls. For other meanings, see [[Wall (disambiguation)]] or [[The Wall (disambiguation)]].}} |
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[[Image:Brick wall old.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A brick wall]] |
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A ''''wall'''' is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into [[room]]s, or protects or delineates a space in the open air. There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls. |
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Building walls have two main purposes: to support roofs and ceilings, and to divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather. Such walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's construction, a building's wall will usually have the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), [[Thermal insulation|insulation]], and finish elements, or surface (such as [[drywall]] or [[panelling]]). In addition, the wall may house various types of [[electrical wiring]] or [[plumbing]]. Electrical outlets are usually mounted in walls. Building walls frequently become works of art, such as when [[mural]]s are painted on them. |
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On a ship, the walls separating compartments are termed '[[Bulkhead (partition)|Bulkheads]]', whilst the thinner walls separating cabins are termed '[[Partition]]s'. |
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[[Image:Stone_wall.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Stone wall of an English barn]] |
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Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls, and city walls. These intergrade into [[fence]]s; the conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of [[masonry]], it is considered a wall. A common term for both is '''[[Separation barrier|barrier]]''', convenient if it is partly a wall and partly a fence, e.g. the [[Berlin Wall]]. |
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Before the invention of [[artillery]], many [[Europe]]an [[city|cities]] had [[city wall|protective walls]]. In fact, the English word "wall" is derived from Latin ''[[vallum]]'', which was a type of fortification wall. Since they are no longer relevant for defense, the cities have grown beyond their walls, and many of the walls have been torn down. Extreme examples of boundary walls include the [[Great Wall of China]] and [[Hadrian's Wall]]. A modern functional example was the [[Berlin Wall]], which divided Germany. |
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[[Image:P5230470.JPG|thumb|200px|right|[[Dry-stone wall]] - Grendon]] |
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In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier, and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both. |
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[[Retaining wall]]s are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the movement of earth, stone or water. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher than on the other side. A [[dike (construction)|dike]] is one type of retaining wall, as is a [[levee]]. |
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Special laws often govern walls shared by neighbouring properties. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. |
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It is notable that [[English language|English]] uses the same word to refer to an external wall, and the sides of a room... this is by no means universal, and many languages distinguish between theo two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between ''Wand'' and ''Mauer''. |
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==See also== |
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{{wiktionary|wall}} |
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* [[List of walls]] |
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* [[Dry-stone wall]] |
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* [[Stone wall]] |
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* [[Fence]] |
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* [[Wallpaper]] |
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* [[Load-bearing wall]] |
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[[Category:Walls| ]] |
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[[Category:Property law]] |
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[[Category:Structural system]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological features]] |
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[[bg:Стена (архитектура)]] |
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[[ca:Paret]] |
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[[cs:Zeď]] |
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[[de:Mauer]] |
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[[es:Pared]] |
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[[eo:Muro]] |
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[[fr:Mur]] |
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[[id:Dinding]] |
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[[it:Muratura]] |
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[[he:חומה]] |
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[[nl:Muur (bouwsel)]] |
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[[nds-nl:Mure]] |
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[[ja:壁]] |
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[[no:Vegg]] |
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[[nrm:Muthâle]] |
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[[pl:Mur (budownictwo)]] |
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[[pt:Muralha]] |
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[[ru:Стена]] |
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[[simple:Wall]] |
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[[fi:Seinä]] |
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[[sv:Mur]] |
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[[ta:மதில்]] |
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[[tr:Duvar (inşaat)]] |
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[[zh:墙]] |
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Revision as of 22:21, 12 May 2007
WHITE NIGGER CRACKER