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'''Naturism''' or '''nudism''' is a [[cultural movement|cultural]] and [[political movement]] advocating and defending social [[nudity]] in private and in [[public nudity|public]]. It may also be a lifestyle based on personal, family and/or social nudism.<ref name="inf">
See 2002–2003 World Naturist Handbook, pub International Naturist Federation INF-FNI, Sint Hubertusstraat, B-2600 Berchem(Antwerpen) ISBN 9055838330 The Agde definition. The INF is made up of representative of the Naturist Organisations in 32 countries, with 7 more having correspondent status. The current edition is * ''Naturisme, The INF World Handbook'' (2006) [http://inf-fni.org/guide.html] ISBN 90-5062-080-9</ref><ref name="infsite">http://www.inf-fni.org/index_e.htm| INF web page </ref>

<!--Several other terms ("social nudity" as well as "public nudity", and recently: "clothes-free") have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism , but none has found the same wide-spread public acceptance as the older term 'naturism' and (in much of the United States) 'nudism'.-->
The naturist philosophy has several sources, many of which can be traced back to the health and fitness philosophy in [[Germany]] in the early twentieth century, though the concept of returning to nature, and creating equality are also cited as inspiration. From Germany the idea spread to [[England]], [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and beyond where a network of clubs developed. The model of [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|German naturism]] is to promote naturistic family and recreational sports, with the DFK being a member of the [[German Olympic Sport Federation]] ([[DOSB]]). [[France|French]] naturism, on the other hand, developed on the basis of large [[holiday]] complexes. This concept in turn influenced [[Quebec]] and then the United States. A subsequent development was [[tourism|tourist]] naturism, where nudist resorts would be built to cater for the nudist tourist, without any local base. This concept is most noticeable in the [[Caribbean]].

More recently, clothes [[free beach]]es and other types of anonymous nudist activities have served those who wish to take part in naturist activities without belonging to any clubs.

Naturism does not include [[eroticism]] and blatant sexuality, although it is sometimes associated with this in the media and the public mind.
<!-- The movement also works in parallel to and sometimes influences and is influenced by [[popular culture]] as well as individuals and activists (see [[clothes free people]]) as well as organizations (see [[clothes free organizations]]). The inclusion of the "[[topfree equality]]" movement within this movement is under debate. -- Seems to be POV Temporary position -->
==Naturism today==
The word naturism was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734-1781), and was advocated as a means of improving the 'l’hygiène de vie' (natural style of life) and health.<ref name=chm >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year =2007 | url =http://www.chm-montalivet.com/ | accessdate =2007-11-29 }}</ref><ref>"Le naturisme est la doctrine qui consiste à laisser agir la nature plutot que d'intervenir de manière artificielle". Dr Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734-1781) Il sera publié en 1778 sous le titre :Le Naturisme ou la nature considérée dans les maladies et leur traitement conforme à la doctrine et à la pratique d'Hippocrate et ses sectateurs".</ref>

According to the international definition adopted by the XIV Congress of the [[International Naturist Federation]] ([[Cap d'Agde|Agde]], 1974), '''Naturism''' is:

: ''"a lifestyle in harmony with [[nature]], expressed through [[social nudity]], and characterised by [[self-respect]] of people with different opinions and of the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]."''<ref name="inf">2002-2003 World Naturist Handbook, pub International Naturist Federation INF-FNI, Sint Hubertusstraat, B-2600 Berchem(Antwerpen) ISBN 9055838330 The Agde definition. The INF is made up of representative of the Naturist Organisations in 32 countries, with 7 more having correspondent status.</ref><ref name="infsite" />

The International Naturist Federation explains:

:'' "Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings."''<ref name="inf"/><ref name="BffLH"> The Hannover based ''Bund für freies Lebensgestaltung Hannover wrote "Naturism is a new lifestyle caring for the body, the soul and the spirit in society.We live the ideal of freedom, conscious of its limits, taking up our responsibility. The expression of our will is nudity, our admission of sincerity. In 2002–2003 World Guide as above.</ref>

The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically.<ref name="terms1" /> Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have very similar meanings,<ref name="montana">[http://montananaturist.org/Articles%20on%20Nudism%20-%20What%20is.html Montana Naturist website]</ref> in Britain there is a clear distinction.<ref name="inf1996">1996-1997 World Naturist Handbook, pub International Naturist Federation INF-FNI, Sint Hubertusstraat, B-2600 Berchem(Antwerpen) ISBN 9067168335 Here the English version of the Agde definition was translated differently. ''Naturism (American "nudism") is a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and the environment.'' </ref><ref name="terms1">
In his book, ''Cinema Au Naturel'' (Introduction on page 11), author [[Mark Storey]] states "two related terms that we will continually run across are ''nudist'' and ''naturist''. Although, the meanings of the two terms are virtually identical, they often have different connotations for those who prefer one to the other. In America people who believe that it is physically, socially, emotionally, and perhaps spiritually healthy to go about fully nude individually and in groups of mixed sex whenever weather permits and others are not offended generally refer to themselves as "nudists". In Europe such people more often than not refer to themselves as "naturists."</ref><ref> Presently, [[Mark Storey]] is authoring an article detailing historical use of the terms naturism and nudism and how they differ between different cultures, countries, and time periods in history. In a telephone interview by Daniel Johnson on 15 Apr 2006 with Storey he stated that "a draft of the piece was posted on the "References" page of the [[The Naturist Society]] [http://naturistsociety.com web site] for a few weeks". At the time of its former release in October 2004 it was titled ''Naturism, Nudism, or Nameless? A History of Terms'' He is planning on publishing a revised article as soon as additional information and errors are corrected.</ref> Nudism is the ''act of being naked'', while naturism is a ''lifestyle'' which at various times embraced nature, environment, respect for others, self-respect, crafts, healthy eating, vegetarianism, teetotalism, non-smoking, yoga, physical exercise and pacifism as well as nudity.<ref name="connett">Ray Connett, Sunny Trails, in Sunbathing for Health Sept 1947 p 8, July 1957 p 14 writes that Naturism is a weasel word that can mean anything</ref><!--The word "naturist" should not be confused with the word "[[naturalist]]" (likewise "naturism" with [[naturalism]]). padding-->

In naturist parlance, the word ''textilist'' is used to describe someone who is not a naturist, or the act of not being naturist. e.g.''He stayed all week but was textilist all the time''. It is also used as an adjective to describe a facility where naturism is not allowed e.g "the textilist beach starts at the flag". ''Clothing optional'' and ''nude optional'' (US specific) describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is ''clothing compulsory''; that is, disallowing nudity, thus requiring the wearing of clothes. ''Clothes free/clothes-free'' and ''clothing free/clothing-free'' are used as adjectives to describe when naturism is permitted in an otherwise textilist environment.

The social nudity movement includes a large range of variants including "naturism", "nudism", "[[Freikörperkultur]] (FKK)", the "[[nude beach|free beach]] movement" as well as generalized "public lands/[[public nudity]]" advocacy. There is a large amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy, but differences between these separate movements remain [[controversy|contentious]].

:''See also: [[issues in social nudity#Issues in social nudity#Labels, associations and terminology|labels, associations and terminology]] for an extended discussion and disambiguation''.

==Types of naturism==

Naturism is practised in many ways; Marc Alain Descamps,<ref name="VivreNu"/> in his study written in French, classified the types as:
individual nudism, nudism within family, nudism in the wild, social nudism. To that we can add the militant naturist, campaigning or extreme naturists.

===Personal and family nudism===
Nudism is often practiced in a person's home or garden, either personally or with members of the family.

A Canadian survey showed that 39% of all Canadians would or have walked around the house nude. And in British Columbia this is as high as 51%. Individual nudism can also include sleeping in the nude, but this is sometimes seen as a health benefit, due to the fact that, when naked in bed, it can be much easier to relax and fall asleep, resulting in longer and more restful sleep but it can also be for the reason of comfort.
<ref name=fcnstat >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =National Survey on Canadian Attitudes Towards Nudity: | date = | year = 1999| url = http://www.fcn.ca/survey.html| accessdate = 2007-11-28}}</ref>

=== Social nudism ===
[[Image:Zwembad op naturistenterrein.JPG|thumb|Not in the swimming pool]]<!-- awaiting details of location from photographer-->
Social nudism is nudism in a social context, either at ones home with friends or with acquaintances at a nudist event (e.g. a [[naked party]]) or facility, such as a naturist club, community, centre, [[naturist resort|resort]] or other facility. (The terms are loosely defined and there are some regional differences.) At naturist events or venues clothing is usually optional, except by swimming pools or sunbathing lawns where complete nudity is expected, weather permitting. This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among some naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are sometimes required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations.<ref name="monta"> Histoire de Montalivet et des Naturistes du Medoc, Marc-Alain Deschamps, pub. Editions Publimag ISBN 2-952420-0-4 </ref>

[[Image:Montsdebussypiscine.jpg|thumb|left|300 px|Families enjoying the swimming at Monts de Bussy, Haute Vienne, France.]]
Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A '''landed''' or '''members' ''' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities, while '''non-landed''' (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, and rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make the rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site.<ref name="woycke"> Au naturel, the History of Nudism in Canada, James Woycke Ph.D, pub 2003, Federation of Canadian Naturists, ISBN 0-9682332-3-6 </ref>

Some clubs have stricter entrance requirements than some traditional 'country clubs', including the requirement to supply references, a sponsoring member, a trial membership, committee approval and/or, criminal background checks. UK clubs are now required to have child protection policies in place, and designated child protection officers. Many clubs promote frequent social activities.

The international naturist organisations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs.<ref name="inf"/> A [[Nudist colony| nudist colony]] is no longer a favored term, but it is used by naturists as a term of derision for landed clubs that have rigid non inclusive membership criteria, and in meta-data on naturist websites.

A '''holiday centre''' is a facility that specialises in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. The centre is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centres expect visitors to hold an INF card, that is be a member of their national organisation, but some have relaxed this restriction, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centres can be quite small, just a couple of hectares or large occupying over 300 hectares.<ref name="montanotes">The three biggest Centres on the Medoc are Euronat 335ha, CHM 175ha with a 3km beach, and La Jenny 127ha </ref> In a large holiday centre there will be swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kid's clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centre's allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of the same families will visit each year.<ref name="monta"/> Holiday centres are more relaxed about textilists than members clubs; total nudity is usual in the swimming pools and the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare.<ref name="monta"/>

A '''naturist resort''' is, to a European, an essentially urban development where naturism is the norm. [[Cap d'Agde]] in France, naturist village Charco del Palo on Lanzarote, Canary Islands,[http://active-naturists.blogspot.com/2008/06/naturist-village-charco-del-palo.html] and [[Vera, Spain|Vera Playa]] in Spain are examples.<ref name= >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = http://www.veraplaya.info/history.html| accessdate = 2007-11-22}}</ref> Here there are apartment blocks, with privately-owned and rented apartments. For some residents this is their year-round home. One finds all the usual facilities of a small town. <!--more detail needed- I have no first hand experience --> In the US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre.<ref name="PalmSprings">[http://sunnyfun.com/faq.html|For a relaxed explanation]</ref>

'''Freikörperkultur (FKK)''' (see [[:de:Freikörperkultur|article in German]]) literally translated as ''free body culture'' is the name for the general movement in [[Germany]]. The abbreviation is widely recognised all over Europe and often found on informal signs indicating the direction to a remote naturist beach.<ref name=kroatie >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Croatia's best naturist / Nudist / FKK beaches| date = | year =2007 | url = http://www.croatia-beaches.com/naturist_nudist_FKK/best_naturist_beaches_croatia.htm| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref>

===Nude beaches===
[[Image:CapdAgde.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Sign on the beach at [[Cap d'Agde]]]]

Clothing is optional at [[nude beach]]es (or free beaches). <!-- removed admission cost, because in countries that do charge (was it Italy?) free beach did mean just that --> Some beaches have been clothes free beyond living memory, and their status has been formalised by becoming official nude beaches, while others, though not official, have become unofficial nude beaches through toleration by local authorities.<ref name="usatoday" >{{Citation | last =Buzzy | first =Gordon| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =10 great places to leave the swimsuit at home | date = | year = 2007| url = http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/10great/2007-05-31-nude-beaches_N.htm | accessdate = 2007-11-27}}AANR John Kinman refers to ten beaches</ref> In some European countries, such as Denmark and Norway,<ref name="inf"/> all beaches are clothing optional, while in others like Germany there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks, e.g. [[Englischer Garten#Schönfeldwiese|in Munich]].<ref name="FKK-D8000" >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = http://www.ganz-muenchen.de/freizeitfitness/baden/fkk.html| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref>

A feature of bathing on a nude beach is the anonymity it offers, where membership of a club is not required with detailed application processes, nor pre-booking of visits.

Though free beaches developed separately from national naturist bodies, these bodies are taking an interest and helping to protect them legally, and through the publication of guidelines of acceptable behaviour.<ref name="CCBN172">{{Citation | last =Boura | first =Malcolm | title = Campaigning | journal =British Naturism | volume =BN 172 | issue = | pages = 31 | date =Summer | year =2007 | url = | doi = | id = | issn = 0264 0406}}</ref> In North America, the '''Free Beach Movement''' was the name of a group that was opposed to the direction of the official nudist organisation, the [[ASA]], and set up the rival body [[The Naturist Society]].

=== Nudism in the wild ===
[[Image:Std-newt-2006-0123.jpg|right|thumb|300 px| Hiking in the Alps]]
* '''[[Skinny dipping]]''' is stripping off to swim naked at a remote river, lake, or swimming hole. [[Ernest Thompson Seton]] describes skinny dipping as one of the first activities of his [[Woodcraft Indians]], a forerunner of the scouts in 1902.<ref name="est" >{{Citation | last = Seton| first = Ernest Thompson| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Trail of an Artist Naturalist| place= London| publisher = Hodder and Stoughton| year = 1951| location = p297| volume = | edition = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> Swimming was done nude at the [[YMCA]] until the 1960s in single sex groups.<ref name= Ymcaref>{{Citation | last = Saul| first = Andrew | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = 2005| url = http://www.doctoryourself.com/exercise_avoid.html| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref> In some English schools, [[Manchester Grammar School]] for example, nude swimming was compulsory until the 1970s.<ref name=MGS >{{Citation | last = Cohen| first = Michael| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Swimming Naked at MGS|journal = The Mancunian| date = December| year =2005 | url = [http://www.oldmancunians.org/html/news/current/TOM%2021December%202005.pdf. ]| accessdate = 2007-11-27}} From about 1930 until at least the 1970s (this contributor left MGS in 1973) </ref> This was also the case for some US junior high schools.<ref name=JHS >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Nude Swimming at Johnston JHS, 1959 to 61|journal = | date = October 15th December| year =2007 | url = [http://www.houstonarchitecture.info/haif/index.php?s=9122380cb834c0d87bb2190c3394f192&showtopic=13416&st=0&p=204611&#entry204611 ]| accessdate = 2007-11-27}} From about 1951 to 1970? </ref> A Gallup poll in 2000 showed that 25% of all American adults had been skinny dipping at least once.<ref name=gallup/>
* '''Nude snorkeling [http://active-naturists.blogspot.com/2008/06/naturism-on-coral-reef-beach-the-red.html] and nude diving'''
* '''Canuding''' is the practice of nude canoeing <ref name="woycke"/> or kayaking [http://active-naturists.blogspot.com/2008/07/active-naturists-in-berlin-berliner-fkk.html]
* [[Naked hiking|Free hiking]], '''naked hiking''' or '''naked rambling''' is the practice of hiking in the remote countryside as a social activity while nude.<ref name=NEWT2007 >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =NEWT2007 | date = | year = 2007| url = [http://www.nakedeurope.org/newt/2007/index.html] | accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref> The French term is '[[:fr:Randonnue|Randonnue]]'. It happens worldwide from mountain forest on Tenerife [http://active-naturists.blogspot.com/2008/06/free-hiking-on-tenerife.html] to even densely populated areas like South East England.<ref name=SOCSE >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = SOC Walks- Introduction| date = | year = 2007| url = http://www.socwalks.fsnet.co.uk/| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref>
* '''Free riding''' is the practice of riding <!-- riding what? --> in the remote countryside while nude.<ref name= >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = http://www.nakedeurope.org/riding.html| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref> The German term is '[[:de:Nacktreiten|Nacktreiten]]'. The term can also be used to refer to naked cycle riding.<!-- more needed-->

=== Campaigning naturism ===
*[[Vincent Bethell]] conducted the [[The Freedom to be Yourself]] campaign.
*[[World Naked Bike Ride]], mass clothing optional (but substantially naturist) bike rides protesting the oil economy and vulnerability of cyclists.
*[[Steve Gough]], UK walker who has walked from Lands End to John O'Groats naked.<ref name=SGough >{{Citation | last = Moss| first = Stephen| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =
Now which way back to the car?| date = August 6th | year = 2003| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/britain/article/0,2763,1013239,00.html| accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref>
*[[Spencer Tunnick]] mass nude photography.
*[[Mark Storey]] is a member of the [[Naturist Action Committee]] a sister organisation to the US [[The Naturist Society]]. He founded the [[Body Freedom Collaborative]] in [[Seattle]], Washington state in the US, whose goal is to bring attention for the need for legal clothing-optional beaches through "guerilla pranksterism", among other approaches.<ref name=seattle/>
*[[Émile Armand]] French anarchist?.
* The [[Sex Party (British Columbia)|Sex Party of British Columbia]] (Canada) promotes normalization of all parts of the human body and destigmatizing human sexual organs. It would pass legislation requiring all public parks and beaches larger than one hectare to designate areas reserved for nudists.
* The Dutch party [[Naastenliefde, Vrijheid en Diversiteit]] would pass legislation to make [[public nudity]] legal everywhere, provided that a towel is used when sitting on a public [[Bench (furniture)|bench]].
* ''Starkers!'' and the mergance of [[clubbing]] culture and naturism developed in London.
* The short-lived Naturist Lifestyle Party in [[New South Wales]], Australia aimed "to bring naturism fully into the public eye, with view to getting an equitable allocation of public resources to those who support the naturist lifestyle."<ref>In October 2006, the party was dissolved, as announced by party Secretary and parliamentary candidate Sylvia Else: [http://groups.google.com/group/aus.culture.naturist/browse_frm/thread/d3ac57e887edf753/1a1eab763f4f8970#1a1eab763f4f8970 "NLP winding up." (Topic), in aus.culture.naturist at Google Groups]</ref>

Nude protests have a long history :[[Doukhobor]]. [[Calendar Girls|Womens Institute Calendar]]<!--More needed-->

==Philosophy ==
<!--{{POV|date=January 2008}}
{{Globalize}}-->
[[Image:Badstuga, efter illustration i Acerbis Travels, Nordisk familjebok.png|thumb|[[Sauna]] (1802)]]
[[Image:Nacktreiten.JPG|thumb|right|Riding naked]]
'''Naturism''' had many different philosophical sources and means many things to different people. There is no one definition. The INF have framed this definition:
::'''Naturism''' ''is a lifestyle in harmony with nature, expressed through social nudity, and characterised by self-respect of people with different opinions and of the environment.''<ref name="inf"/>

At one end of the spectrum are the nudists who just enjoy a nude life style, and at the other are the naturists, who have deeply held beliefs and see communal nudity as just one of many important principles. The INF definition is a compromise that has held since 1974. In it you can see the elements: ''lifestyle, harmony with nature, social nudity, self respect, differing opinions, respect for the environment''.

===Gymnosophy===
''see also [[Gymnosophist]]''

In the fourth century BC, [[Alexander the Great]] of [[Macedonia]] encountered, in India, wandering groups of naked holy men which he dubbed the ''naked philosophers''. (''Gr ''gymnos'': naked; ''sophist'': knowledge ''). [[Onesicritus]], the philosopher, investigated their beliefs and lifestyle. [[Pyrrho]], the [[Sceptic]], was impressed and incorporated nudity into his philosophy. The Gymnosophists were [[Hindu]]s, but [[Jain]] and [[Ajivika]] monks [[Nudity in religion|practised nudity as a statement]] that they had given up all worldly goods. Nudity was not a new concept to the Greeks as the [[Olympic Games]] (founded in 776 BC) were exclusively male and nude events. ''Gymnastics'' and ''gymnasium'' share the same root word (''Gr gymnos'').{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

The first English naturists adopted the name Gymnosophy as a thinly disguised euphemism for their pastime. The [[English Gymnosophical Society]] was formed in 1922 and became the [[New Gymnosophy Society]] in 1926, they purchased the land at 'Bricketts Wood' to become Britain's first [[nudist colony]]. One of the first members was [[Gerald Gardner]], who in 1945, established the 'Five Acres Club' nearby, ostensibly as a nudist club, but as a front for [[Wicca]]ns{{Fact|date=January 2008}}, as [[witchcraft]] was illegal in England until 1951.

The [[Digambar]], one of the two main divisions of the [[Jainism|Jain]] religion of India, remain 'skyclad', or naked, though generally it is practised by males. Digambar means 'clothed with the sky'. [[Wiccan]]s have adopted this wording and some practise their rituals 'skyclad'.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

The [[Adamites]], a [[Gnostic]] sect, practised [[Nudity in religion|religious nudism]].

Another religious sect, the [[Doukhobors]], migrated from Russia to western Canada. They practise or practised occasional nudity, such as while working in the farm fields. Members of one of the three subdivisions of Canadian Doukhobors, the small radical [[Sons of Freedom (political group)|Sons of Freedom]] group, went so far in the 1900s as to publicly strip in mass public demonstrations to protest against government policies which were meant to assimilate them.<ref>* Jim Hamm Productions Limited ''Spirit Wrestlers'', a 2002 documentary video and DVD about the Russian Christian sect called Freedomite Doukhobors, </ref>

[[Image:Naturista.jpg|right|thumb|Family in Brazil, Praia do Abricó]]

=== Naturist ideals ===
Groups have been formed to live their dreams, and then split up over questions of principles. There are many examples of the differences between various groups, often resulting in two or more national organisations. Here is a non-exclusive list, taken from Descamps,<ref name="VivreNu"/> of the ideas that have united various naturists and become points of fierce contention for others.
* Rapport with animal life — having an [[ecology|ecological]] conscience
* Rapport with the environment — being an [[environmentalist]]
* [[Health]] — bathing in the sun, fresh air and water ([[balneotherapy]], [[thalassotherapy]], [[heliotherapy]]), [[Yoga]], [[Tai Chi]].
* [[Healthy diet|Healthy food]] — moderation with [[alcohol]], meat, [[tobacco]], [[drugs]]; seeking out health foods and adopting healthy eating to prevent [[obesity]]. This can extend to [[teetotalism]] and [[Vegetarian]] or [[Vegan]] eating habits. The latter two also interface with having respect for the environment.
* Agriculture — avoiding unnecessary [[fertilisers]] and [[genetically modified organism]]s. Against [[factory farming]]
* Medicine — should be natural if not entirely [[homeopathic]]
* [[Psychotherapy]] — as a way of effecting personal changes.
* Rapport with other humans — equality and respect. An anti-war, pro-world government stance
* [[Pedagogy]] — children should be respected as equals instead of being patronised
* [[Spirituality]] — man is more than an animal.
* Dress — [[nudism]], as clothes are unnecessary, unheathly and build social barriers.
* [[Sports]] — to develop a healthy body.
* [[Arts]] — should be to develop individual talents, not as a means of financial exploitation
* [[Tourism]] — to understand other peoples' culture, concentrating on camping to remain close to the earth.

Some of these ideas have become mainstream. Others have been quietly forgotten. It is generally agreed among naturists that [[erotism]] and blatant sexuality have no place in naturism and are, in fact, antithetical to its ideals.

===Naturism and the Romantics===

[[Walt Whitman]] American writer, A Sun-bathed Nakedness:

:''Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Sweet, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Is not nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that is indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours are not only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.''<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity19.htm| accessdate = }}</ref>

[[Henry David Thoreau]], Walking, in In wildness is the preservation of the world.

:''We cannot adequately appreciate this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It will elude us if we allow artifacts like clothing to intervene between ourselves and this Other.''
:''To apprehend it, we cannot be naked enough.''<ref name="autogenerated1" />

'''Naturism''' was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see the writings of [[André Gide]]) which also influenced the art movements of the time specifically [[Henri Matisse]] and other [[Fauve]] painters. This movement was based on the French concept of [[joie de vivre]], the idea of revelling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life.<ref name=GillPerry>(see Gill Perry's writing on The Decorative, The Expressive and The Primitive in [[Primitivism]], [[Cubism]], [[Abstraction]]: The Early Twentieth Century)</ref> Later this movement became called [[Naturalism (arts)|Naturalism]].

===Naturism for health===
German naturism came from the [[:de:Lebensreform|Lebensreform]] movement. The [[:de:Wandervogel|Wandervogel]] youth movement of 1896, from [[Steiglitz]], [[Berlin]] promoted ideas of fitness and vigour inspired by thoughts of nationalism, rebelling against the thoughts of their parents. At the same time doctors of the [[:de:Naturheilbewegung|Natural Healing Movement]] were using [[heliotherapy]], treating diseases such as [[TB]], [[rheumatism]] and [[scrofula]] with exposure to sunlight.<ref name=anderh >{{Citation | last =anderson | first =howard | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Why be a naturist:A brief history of modern naturism| date = | year = | url = http://anderh.com/fkk/book/history.htm| accessdate =2007-11-30 }}</ref> <!-- In any cases the facts can be sourced from German wikipedia, and I have provided links. Each of these articles does need to be translated into English, when time permits. Anderson provides a good source with a selection of quotes and references from the original German, there may be others. Warning most webtexts make oblique references which cannot be verified --> ([[Sunlight]] has been shown to be beneficial in some skin conditions and enables the body to make [[vitamin D]]).<ref name=bupa2004 >{{Citation | last = BUPA's Health Information Team| first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Hot topic - Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer| date =24 March | year =2004 | url =http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/261103vitd.html | accessdate = 2/12/2007}}</ref>
*[[:de:Arnold Rickli|Arnold Rickli]] in 1853, opened a light bathing clinic in Switzerland.<ref name=Rickli>{{Citation |last= |first= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |title=Bodo Niemann, Gerhard Riebicke und die Freikörperkultur |date= |year= |url=http://www.amadelio.de/vlog/2007/06/26/vlog-videoblog-bodo-niemann-gerhard-riebicke-und-die-freikoerperkultur/ |accessdate = 2/12/2007}}</ref>
*[[:de:Heinrich Pudor|Heinrich Pudor]] wrote on methods to improve social hygiene in his book ''Nackende Menchen und Jauchzen der Zukunft'' (Naked people and the future of Mankind) and then ''Nacktkultur'' (The cult of the nude). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.<ref name=anderh />

*[[:de:Paul Zimmermann|Paul Zimmermann]], opened the Freilicht Park in Lübeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur principles.<ref name=anderh />

*[[:de:Richard Ungewitter|Richard Ungewitter]] wrote Die Nacktheit (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be nude, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blonde hair.<ref name=anderh />

*[[:de:Adolf Koch|Adolf Koch]], a left wing primary school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Naturism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's ''Körperschülen'' schools.<ref name=anderh />

*[[:de:Werner Zimmermann|Werner Zimmermann]], a Swiss, preached against body guilt and encouraged naked education. He sought to eliminate body guilt and encourage openness and end the repression of the human spirit,which he saw as the cause of sexual deviation.<ref name=anderh /><!--[[:de:Karl Venselow]].They examined the negative psychological effect of self-hate of the body based on both religious and severely negative community views. The basic position that the human body, in and of itself, was neither sinful nor obscene was combined with a new philosophy to create the modern Western nudist movement.-->

*'''[[:de:Hans Suren|Hans Surén]]''' taught nude gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being forced to leave the army, he wrote in 1924, ''Mensch und die Sonne'' (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.<ref name=anderh /> Later, in 1936, Surén proposed physical exercise and naturism as a means of creating a pure German race and of beauty.<ref> [[:fr:Naturisme]]</ref>. In the early 1940s he was out of favour and arrested. By 1945, he had turned full circle and was writing religious texts. Though never a member of any FKK club he was awarded honorary membership of the [[Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur|DFK]] in 1952.

*Nudists became a large element in German Left Wing Politics. The ''Proletarische Freikörperkulturbewegung'' subsection of the Workers Sports Organisation had 60000 members.<ref name=anderh />

With the increased awareness of [[skin cancer]], wearing of [[sunscreen]] is now part of the culture.<ref name=local> Local knowledge </ref><ref name=bupa2004 />

===Naturism and equality===
Many people say that being nude in groups makes them feel more accepted for their entire being &mdash; physical, intellectual and emotional. They say that they tend to be more accepted, in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health. Without clothing, one's social rank is generally obscured. They report feeling more united with humanity, with less regard to a person's wealth, position, nationality, race, and sex.<ref name= >Discussed in:{{Citation | last = Veltheim| first = Andrew| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Naturism: Naked Beneath Your Clothing| date = 2000| year = | url = http://www.parama.com/html/naturism.html| accessdate =2/12/2007 }}</ref>
<!-- this needs reworking and expanding -->

==History of social nudity==
[[Image:Koch, Max (1854-1925) - 1897 - Freilicht - vmp 01.jpg|right|thumb|Max Koch, ''Freilicht'', 1897.]]
Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many [[cultures]] at all time periods. Social nudity is most frequently encountered in the contexts of [[bathing]], swimming and in [[sauna]]s, whether in single-sex groups, within the family or with mixed-sex friends.

It is difficult to nominate exactly when naturism started as a movement. In 1903 Paul Zimmermann opened the first club, ''Freilichtpark'', near Hamburg.<ref name=buchy /> By 1951, the national federations united to form the [[International Naturist Federation]] or [[International Naturist Federation|INF]].<ref name="VivreNu"/> Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure was put to designate beaches for naturist use. The two groups did not cooperate until 2000.

In the twenty-first century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected a standard of comfort and amenity equal to, or exceeding, that found at textilist resorts.<ref name=buchy />

<!--Nude activities can be indoors and outdoors. Typical activities were [[relaxation]], [[Sunlight#Sunbathing|sunbathing]] and [[recreation]] (including many [[sport]]s). Some also prefer to work nude, etc., when the temperature and the social situation allows it (including when one is alone). A nude party (not to be confused with a [[sex party]]) may be public (e.g. [[Starkers Nightclub]]) or private.--> <!-- Some clothing-optional communities do exist for those who wish to live, year round in a naturist environment. There are communities under development that even cater specifically to Christians that desire to practise [[Christian naturism]]. <ref name="SundayTimes">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article767461.ece| Sunday Times 18.12.2005. Times Online]</ref> -->

<!--===Prehistory===
[[genetics|Genetic]] [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Kittler.CurBiol.2003.pdf studies] of the human [[louse|body louse]] ''Pediculus humanus'', which feeds on the body but lives in and requires clothing, suggests that humans started wearing garments 72,000 years ago +/- 42,000 years. This estimate matches that of the first appearance of physical evidence of clothing-making [[tool]]s. The [[species]] ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' itself has existed for 200,000 or more years, so there is a strong argument that the 'natural' condition of early humans was nude. Early humans are thought to have been covered in somewhat more body hair than we are today, and preferentially inhabited the warmer areas of the earth. The competitive advantage that clothing gave these early peoples as they expanded into the less hospitable parts of the globe was a strong driver for its widespread adoption. In tropical conditions however, the human body does not physically require clothing and it continues as more a social convention than as a biological necessity.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}-->

===Historical era===
''See main article [[History of nudity|Nudity in History]]''
<!-- Ancient cultures (the Greeks for example) sometimes had quite different attitudes toward the unclothed human body than are common today. In fact, the word "gymnasium" comes from the Greek word "gymnos", meaning "nude," because athletics in Greece was routinely practised naked by its participants.

Nudity taboos may have developed simply because people got accustomed to wearing clothes for practical reasons, as in temperate or desert climates. Perhaps it became a habit, was culturally ingrained, and was elevated to a requirement.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Feminist theory, however, generally links the historic and pre-historic development of body "modesty" to the subjugation of women. In patriarchal societies, it is often the men who most desire to cover the women, ostensibly to protect the women, but, according to the theory, it is more to keep a woman from developing relationships without the approval of her father or husband. An alternative formulation of this theory is that hiding women's bodies (or at least a given society's selection of "erogenous zones") keeps the ardour of unauthorized males at bay. Women may feel that this protection, whether or not it is really meaningful, has value.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Objections to being nude are often religiously motivated, even when that idea started as a cultural taboo, as in the previous two paragraphs. Though that is more likely just a spread of western values ingrained into the people, and the religion itself, from millennia of wearing clothing. Many peoples around the world started wearing clothes only after [[missionaries]] argued that it is more civilized. However, there are many religiously devout nudists who attend worship services regularly. They argue that they do not need to shed their morals with their clothes.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Although there is no well-defined date in Western society when it became unacceptable to be seen nude in public, the era of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] certainly ended whatever remained of it, with nothing emerging until after her death in 1901. -->

===The spread of philosophy and the rise of formal communities===

The earliest known naturist club in the "western" sense of the word was established in British [[India]] in 1891. It was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower, who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service at Thana. Evidence for its existence is only known by a few letters he sent to friends, and the club which had three members, reportedly closed in 1892.<ref name=CCBNWeb >{{Citation | last = Farrer| first =Michael | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | date = | year = | url = http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=44| | issn= 0264 0406 |accessdate = 2007-11-27}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, a series of philosophical papers was published in [[Germany]]. Dr. [[:de:Heinrich Pudor|Heinrich Pudor]], under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, wrote a book titled ''Nacktkultur'', which discussed the benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing.<ref name=buchy >{{Citation | last = Buchy| first = Philip Edward| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = A Nudist Resort, thesis for MA| publisher = Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Department of Architecture| volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | year = 2005| url = www.ohiolink.edu/etd/send-pdf.cgi?acc_num=miami1114115398| dateofaccess = 29/11/2007 | doi = | id = | issn = }}</ref>[[:de:Richard Ungewitter|Richard Ungewitter]] ( ''Nacktheit'', 1906, ''Nackt'', 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view.<ref name=buchy />

The wide publication of those papers and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism, in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude.

The first known organized club for nudists, ''Freilichtpark'' (Free-Light Park), was opened near [[Hamburg]] in 1903 by [[Paul Zimmerman]].<ref name=buchy />

====Germany====
[[Image:FKK-Gelande Sudstrand Strandimpressionen (2200637243).jpg|thumb|right|Naturist beach on the Unterbacher See, near [[Düsseldorf]], Germany.]]
''See also: [[Freikörperkultur]]''

The nudist movement gained prominence in Germany in the 1920s, but was suppressed during the [[Nazism|Nazi]] ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' after [[Adolf Hitler]] came to power. The state-controlled leisure organization of the Nazis, [[Kraft durch Freude]], refused to recognize it. However, it was later discovered that [[Luftwaffe]] (Air Force) head [[Hermann Göring]] had single-handedly written his own strict anti-nudity views into the ''Gleichschaltung'', thereby imposing his views on everyone (he had been one of its main authors). Many in the Nazi party thought he had gone too far, so after nearly a decade, the rules were eventually softened in July 1942.<ref>[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur#Geschichte Freikörperkultur Geschichte]</ref> Nevertheless, all naturism clubs had to register with Kraft durch Freude, which meant excluding [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[Communism|Communists]]. Also, they had to keep all activities well out in the countryside so there would be virtually no chance of being seen by others.

After the war, [[East Germany|East Germans]] enjoyed nudism as one the few freedoms they had under the communist government, chiefly at beaches rather than clubs (private organizations being regarded as potentially subversive by the regime). It quickly rebounded in the [[West Germany|west]] also, and today, united [[Germany]] has many clubs, parks and beaches for nudism.<ref name=inf/><!-- List:p160-165 -->
Since [[German reunification]], however, nudity is said to have become rare at some locations in the former eastern zone. Vacationing in [[Mediterranean]] [[France]] at the large [[Cap d'Agde]] resort also became popular for Germans when it opened in the late 1960s, and Germans are typically the most commonly-seen foreigners at nude beaches all around Europe.

====France====
[[Image:Port Leucate (Aude), Oasis, plage naturiste.jpg|thumb|left|Naturist beach at [[Leucate|Port Leucate]] (Aude),France, which illustrates the mixed clothing habits on leading French beaches]]
From 1857 Dr. Duhamel spoke of the importance of ''Heliotherapy'', and she worked with children suffering from [[tuberculosis]] on the beach at [[Berck]]. In 1903 S. Gay created a naturist community at Bois-Fourgon. In 1908, supported by his superiors, ''Abbé Legrée'' encouraged the students at his catholic college to bathe nude on the rocky beaches near [[Marseille]]. A report on German naturism was published in la ''Revue des deux mondes''.

Marcel Kienné de Mongeot, who came from a noble family and who was an aviator in the [[World War 1|Great War]], is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. By then he was a journalist who wrote a defense of the dancer, Malkowski, in the journal ''Vouloir''. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine ''Vivre intégralement'' (later called ''Vivre'') and the first French naturist club, ''Sparta Club'' at Garambouville, near Evreux. Others quickly followed as did local opposition. His victory in court established that: nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened.<ref name="VivreNu"> Vivre Nu: Psychosociologie du Naturisme, Marc-Alain Descamps, Edition Trismégiste, 1987, ISBN 2-86509-026-4 </ref>
Drs. André and Gaston Durville opened a naturist health centre, edited the ''La vie sage''(1924) and bought a 70 hectare site, [[Île du Levant|Héliopolis]] on the [[Île du Levant]]. The village was open to the public. Dr François Fougerat de David de Lastours was gassed in the Great War and was saved by exposure to the sun. In 1925 wrote a thesis on heliotherapy and in 1925 opened the ''Club gymnique de France''. Jacque de Marquette wrote on naturism and vegetarianism. In 1936, government minister [[Léo Lagrange]] recognised the naturist movement.<ref name="VivreNu"/>

Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but after disagreements left and 1944 founded their own travel club ''Club du Soleil''. It was popular and had adherents in 84 cities, becoming the worlds largest naturist club. In 1948 they founded the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]]. In 1949 there was a magazine, ''Vie au Soleil'' then in 1950 they opened the [[CHM-Montalivet (naturist resort)|CHM-Montalivet]] at [[Vendays-Montalivet|Montalivet]], the worlds first naturist holiday centre. In 1951 they assisted in the formation of the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]].<ref name="VivreNu"/>

The [[Cap d'Agde|Quartier Naturiste at Agde]] opened offering a different form of social nudity. In 1975, [[Euronat (naturist resort)|Euronat]], the largest holiday centre (335ha) opened 10 km north of [[Vendays-Montalivet|Montalivet]] which was running at capacity. In 1983 the FFN was accepted as an official tourist and youth movement. SOCNAT provided the management and financial stability to the movement and runs 5 centres in France and one in Spain.<ref name=":fr:naturisme">[[:fr:Naturisme| French wikipedia]] </ref> Holiday centres started to form cooperative marketing groups and aim for 5 star status. Publicity material was of a quality indistinguishable from textile holiday companies.

In this benign climate, [[Naked hiking|Randonue]], an unauthorised form of ''naturisme sauvage'' has become popular, and areas traditionally known for discreet sunbathing have been revisited. Naturist is accepted and can even be practised on many popular textilist beaches.<ref name=":fr:naturisme"/>

As of 2007, France has 150 members clubs offering holiday accommodation, 50 holiday centres, official naturist beaches, unofficial beaches and many homes where naturist swimming and sunbathing is normal.<ref name=":fr:naturisme"/><ref name="inf"/> Naturism employs more than 3000 people, and is estimated to be worth 250 million Euro to the French economy.<!-- ref needed -->

France is represented on the [[International Naturist Federation|INF]] by the [[:fr:Féderation Française de Naturisme|FFN]].

====United Kingdom====
[[Image:BrightonFKKStrand5843.JPG|thumb|Brighton. Dukes Mound, Madeira Drive. The Naturist section of the beach is protected by an artificial bank of shingle.]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], the first nudist club was established in [[Wickford]], [[Essex]] in 1924. According to Michael Farrar, writing for [[British Naturism]] the club adopted the name "Moonella Group" from the name of the owner of the ground, '''Moonella''', and called its site '''The Camp'''. Moonella, who was still living in 1965 but whose identity remains to be discovered, had inherited a house with land in 1923 and made it available to certain members of the [[New Gymnosophy Society]]. This society had been founded a few years before by H.C. Booth, M.H. Sorensen and Rex Wellbye under the name of the [[English Gymnosophical Society]]. It met for discussions at the '''Minerva Cafe''' at 144 [[High Holborn]] in London, the headquarters of the [[Women's Freedom League]]. Those who were permitted to join the Moonella Group were carefully selected, and the club was run by an "aristocracy" of the original members, all of whom had "club names" to preserve their anonymity. The club closed in 1926 because of building on adjacent land.<ref name=bntimeline >{{Citation | last = Farrar| first =Michael | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = The history of naturism - a timeline| date = | year = 2007| url = http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=50| accessdate = 02/01/2008}}</ref><ref name=bnmoonella >{{Citation | last = Farrar| first =Michael | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = The Moonella Group| date = | year = 2007| url = http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42| accessdate = 02/01/2008}}</ref>

By 1943 there were a number of these so-called "sun clubs" and together they formed the [[British Sunbathers Association]] or BSBA. In 1954 a group of clubs unhappy with the way the BSBA was being run split off to form the Federation of British Sun Clubs or FBSC. These two organisations rivalled each other for a while before eventually coming together again in 1964 as the [[British Naturism|Central Council for British Naturism]] or [[British Naturism|CCBN]]. This organisation has remained much the same but is now more commonly known simply as [[British Naturism]] or BN.<ref name=bntimeline />

In 1961, the BSBA Annual Conference agreed that the term nudist was inappropriate and should be discarded in favour of naturist.<ref name=bntimeline />

The first official naturist beach was opened at [[Fairlight Cove]], [[Hastings]] in 1978, the beaches at [[Brighton]] and [[Fraisthorpe]], [[Bridlington]] opened in April 1980.<ref name=bntimeline />

====United States and Canada====
In the [[United States]], German immigrant [[Kurt Barthel]] organized the first nudist event in 1929 in the woods just outside of [[New York City]] (NYC) and founded the American League for Physical Culture (ALPC). In 1931, the [[Christian naturism]] movement under the leadership of former [[New Jersey]] [[Dutch Reformed]] minister [[Ilsley Boone]] became the first naturism movement in the United States. Initially, Boone was [[vice president]] of the American League for Physical Culture but by October 1931 became [[president]]. In 1939 Boone renamed the club as the [[American Sunbathing Association]] (ASA). Naturism began expanding nationwide. <ref>[http://www.clothesfree.com/history.html The History of Social Nudism - Nudist History]</ref><ref>[http://www.fcn.ca/history.html History of Naturism]</ref><ref>[http://www.lupinlodge.org/history.html Body Acceptance: A Brief History of Social Nudity]</ref><ref>[http://nef.oshkosh.net/Toni_Egbert_Library/US_District_Courts/Roberts_v__Clement/roberts_v__clement.html Roberts v. Clement]</ref> To create a family atmosphere at nudism venues, Boone insisted that [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] be prohibited at all member clubs. Social nudism in the form of private clubs and campgrounds began appearing in the 1930s.

Elsewhere in the United States, a 1935 advertisement claims Sea Island Sanctuary, [[South Carolina]], was the "largest and oldest" [[resort]] where nudism could be practised year-round. [[Rock Lodge Club]], in Stockholm, New Jersey, about 40 miles (65 km) from New York City, started in 1932 and is still in operation today. Nudism first began appearing on the west coast of the U.S. and [[Canada]] about 1939. In that year, the first club in Canada, the Van Tan Club, formed and continues today in North Vancouver, BC.<ref name=woycke/> [[Kaniksu National Forest|Kaniksu]] Ranch, about 45 miles (70 km) north of [[Spokane, Washington]], opened the same year and is still in operation.<ref name=seattle>[http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/116207_nude07.shtml Exposed and stark naked -- on purpose],Kathy George, [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] [[2003-04-07]] accessed 15/01/2008</ref>

According to the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] history and the Lupin Naturist Club history, Boone was toppled in 1951 by members dissatisfied with his autocratic style. This, together with Boone's desire to open a new club closer to NYC than others had wanted, led him to form the National Nudist Council. After Boone's passing in the 1960s, the ASA became more [[Secularity|secular]], along with [[Society of the United States|American society]] in general.

In 1980 [[The Naturist Society]] (TNS) was founded by [[Lee Baxandall]] as a successor to the [[Nude beach|Free Beach]] Movement. The emphasis of TNS is on nudity in public locations rather than on private premises, though it also sponsors several annual gatherings held at private resorts.<ref name=seattle/>

In 1995, the ASA was renamed as the [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR). The AANR represents over 270 clubs and resorts, and is the US representative on the INF.<ref name="inf"/> The AANR currently has its [[headquarters]] in [[Florida]].

With the beginning of the modern [[internet]] in the mid-1990s, Christian Naturism became much more organized in the U.S. than ever before. Annual [http://www.christiannc.com Christian Nudist Convocations] began early in the decade of the 2000s.

====Canada====

In [[Canada]], individuals around the country became interested in nudism, skinny-dipping, and physical culture in the early part of the 20th century. After 1940 they had their own Canadian magazine, ''Sunbathing & Health'', which occasionally carried local news. Canadians had scattered groups in several cities during the 1930s and 1940s, and some of these groups attracted enough interest to form clubs on private land.<ref name="woycke"/> The most significant clubs were the Van Tan Club and, in Ontario, the Sun Air Club.

Canadians who served in the military during the Second World War met like-minded souls from across the country, and often visited clubs while in Europe. They were a ready pool of recruits for post-war organizers. A few years later the wave of post-war immigration brought many Europeans with their own extensive experience, and they not only swelled the ranks of membership, but often formed their own clubs, helping to expand nudism from coast to coast.<ref name="woycke"/>

Most of those clubs united in the Canadian Sunbathing Association, which affiliated with the American Sunbathing Association in 1954. Several disagreements between eastern and western members of the CSA resulted in the breakup of CSA into the Western Canadian Sunbathing Association (WCSA) and the Eastern Canadian Sunbathing Association (ECSA) in 1960. The ECSA endured much in-fighting over the next decade and a half, leading to its official demise in 1978. The WCSA continues today as the Western Canadian Association for Nude Recreation (WCANR), a region of the [[American Association for Nude Recreation]] (AANR) which itself was formerly known as the ASA.<ref name="woycke"/>

In 1977 the [[La Fédération Québécoise de Naturisme|Fédération québécoise de naturisme]] (FQN) was founded in Québec, by Michel Vaïs, who had experienced European naturism at [[Vendays-Montalivet|Montalivet]]. In 1985 the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] (FCN) was formed with the support of the FQN. In 1988 the FQN and FCN formed the FCN-FQN Union as the official Canadian representative in the [[International Naturist Federation]] (INF).<ref name="woycke"/>

=== Free beaches ===
<!--At the other end of the spectrum are 'unorganized' clothes free events and activities on public lands where there is nothing to join, no one to pay, and only [[law]] to serve as rules of [[etiquette]].{{Fact|date=November 2007}}-->
Many people get their first exposure to the clothes free movement through an informal approach (e.g. a [[naturist beach|clothing optional beach]], a friend's place in the woods, a party on the shore or [[skinny dipping]]).<ref name=fcnstat/>
=== Naturism and sports ===
A naturist race takes place every year in the semi-naturist [[beach]] of [[Barinatxe]], in the town of [[Sopelana]], near [[Bilbao]], in northern [[Spain]]<ref>http://ene-naturismo.org/carrera/ing/index.htm</ref>.
=== Festival naturism ===
From [[Woodstock]] to [[Edinburgh Festival|Edinburgh]], and [[Nambassa]] 1981 in the southern hemisphere communal nudity is commonly recorded at music festivals.
<!-- needs to be expanded -->

== Demographics ==
*In 1999 the [[Federation of Canadian Naturists]] commissioned a national survey on Canadian attitudes towards nudity<ref name=fcnstat /> which found that 8.9% of Canadian have or would visit a naturist facility. A further 11.6% have or would go skinny dipping in mixed company; that 39% go naked in their own homes; that naturists tend to have above average incomes; that urban dwellers are more likely to be naturist than country dwellers; and that the under 25s are the most likely to be naturists.

*In 1983 the Naturist Society in the United States sponsored a Gallup poll, which was repeated in 2000,<ref name=gallup>{{Citation | last =anderson | first =howard | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Why be a naturist:Statistics 1983/2000 Gallup poll| date = | year = 2000| url = http://anderh.com/fkk/book/stats.htm| accessdate =2007-11-30 }}</ref> which found the following:

{|border=1
|+'''USA: 1983/2000 Gallup poll'''
|-
!Year
!colspan="2"|1983
!colspan="2"|2000
|-
|Question||Yes||No||Yes||No
|-
|Do you believe that people who enjoy nude sunbathing should be able to do so <br>without interference from officials as long as they do so at a beach that is <br>accepted for that purpose?||72||24||80||17
|-
|Local and state governments now set aside public land for special types of <br>recreation such as snow- mobiling, surfing and hunting. Do you think special <br>and secluded areas should be set aside for people who enjoy nude sunbathing||39||54||48||48
|-
|Have you, personally, ever gone "skinny dipping" or nude sunbathing in a <br>mixed group of men and women at a beach, at a pool, or somewhere else?||15||83||25||73
|}

*In 2005 the British CCBN commissioned a survey of members,<ref name=CCBN164 >{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = BN Members Questionaire| journal = British Naturism| volume = 164| issue = | pages = 26| date = Summer| year = 2005| url = www.british-naturism.org| doi = | id = | issn =0264-0406 }} and two next issue.</ref> which found that:
<!-- Statistics need to be added here -->
{|border=1
|+'''How we discovered Naturism'''
|-
|Beach abroad||29%
|-
|Beach in UK||20%
|-
|Newspaper||15%
|-
|Friend||9%
|-
|Parents||8%
|-
|Conviction||6%
|-
|TV/Radio||5%
|-
|The Web||3%
|-
|H&E||3%
|-
|Other||2%
|}
{|border=1
|+'''Ever been member of a club'''
|-
|Yes||58.5%
|-
|No||41.5%
|}
{|border=1
|+'''Do you use UK Naturist Beaches'''
|-
|Often||22.4%
|-
|Sometimes||40.1%
|-
|Rarely||18.7%
|-
|Never||18.7%
|}

{|border=1
|+'''If you use a naturist holiday facility abroad'''
|-
|Self-catering||58.5%
|-
|Hotel||41.5%
|-
|Own Tent||12.7%
|-
|Hire Caravan||10%
|-
|Own Caravan||8.7%
|-
|Bed and Breakfast||6.6%
|-
|Friends||4.4%
|-
|Motor home||4.2%
|-
|Own accommodation||3.1%
|-
|Hire Tent||2.4%
|-
|Other||3.3%
|}

== Economics ==
Peng Travel, a UK naturist holiday travel agent was valued at 1.8m GBP when it was sold in 2005.<ref name=telegraph/> <!-- more content needed -->

== Issues in social nudity ==
:''See [[Issues in social nudity]]''
<!-- There are many other CC by attrib images of this couple appearing on various wikipedias- sourced from the Nambassa.com website -->

Naturism addresses, challenges and explores a myriad of sometimes [[taboo]] subjects: stereotypes and mores relating to the nude appearance of the human body, mixed gender nudity, personal space, human sexuality, gymnophobia, [[modesty]], physical attractiveness, [[vanity]], [[objectification]], [[exploitation]] and [[consent]]. It can thus be controversial.

=== Problems for the naturist community ===
Any social group is said to go through four phases:
[[Forming-storming-norming-performing| Forming, Storming, Norming,
Performing]], wrote [[Bruce Tuckman]] in 1965. In this context we can understand some of the current pressures on various aspects of Naturism.
* Naturist ghetto- established clubs excluding new members and rejecting new ideas.<ref name=VivreNu/>
* A family movement in a time of social change - a change in needs and expectations, away from one of a permanent commitment towards one of change and choice
* Youth take up- each generation is a new social group and needs to set its own norms
* Clubs v Holiday Centres- organisations with different roots find it difficult to establish common norms. It is an issue between those espousing a year round commitment to an ideal, and those who see it as summer recreation. Club naturism is in decline, while the number of people for assume that naturist facilities will be available at any holiday resort is on the rise. The users of free beaches exceeds the number of people who wish to join a club.<!-- Please add a statistic -->
* Paid staff and volunteers- many clubs were established as cooperatives but the values changes when a few members put in the capital needed, or the work.<ref name=woycke/> This became more difficult when some members were paid to act as site managers.<ref name=VivreNu/>
* Infiltration by other groups- for many years clubs had strict "No singles" policies to maintain the family nature of the club.<ref name=VivreNu/> Many other social groups practice non family nudism, whether it be [[Gay naturism|gay naturists]] or [[swinger]]s.
* Exhibitionists and voyeurs are as unwelcome in a naturist community as in a textile community.<ref name=CCBN172/>
* Relations with [[#Nudist and Naturist magazines|'Naturist Magazines']].
* A movement that is growing too fast
* Militant naturism occurs outside the club scene, though they will also visit clubs.
<!-- This section needs more work and references-->

=== Naturist and nudist magazines ===
Nudist and naturist magazines can be categorised in four ways.
* Magazines published by the official national organisation, such as ''BN'' (CCBN), ''Going Natural / Au naturel'' (FCN/FQN).
* Magazines that are published for naturists such as ''Naturally''.
* Independent magazines, such as ''[[Health and Efficiency]]'', that claim to be naturist but still print an abnormally large percentage of pictures of young female professional models. They do however carry columns eg ''Sunny Trails'' in ''Sunbathing for Health'' and advertisements for genuine naturist clubs and societies, when no other newspaper would carry them. Many clubs and groups were indebted to them for that.<ref name="woycke"/> <!-- It is claimed that there are now less of these photos- but I have no reference for this statement-->
* Magazines that just print photographs of young female professional models, which are disapproved of by naturists and their opponents alike.
This has been a dilemma for naturists, who needed the small amount of editorial content in some magazines while thoroughly disapproving of the photographic content.<ref name=woycke/> Writers who produced copy for these magazines are not respected by many naturists though often quoted as authoritative sources by the textilist press.

Naturist clubs were willing to allow film shoots on their grounds, though the content proved not to be naturist and naturism ended up being parodied.<ref name=telegraph >{{Citation | last = Edwards| first = Adam| author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Stark naked ambition| date = 10 May| year =2006 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/05/10/ftnude10.xml&sSheet=/arts/2006/05/10/ixartright.html | accessdate = 2/12/2007}} gives a history of naturism, written in a personal style that attempts to use this type of humour.</ref>

Analysis of the Internet shows the trends. Naturist and nudist websites shows that pages fall into the same categories. There are many pages displaying titillating photographs, and even pornagraphic images which are totally alien to the naturist ideal that use the word naturist or naturism on their pages and metatags. These are then harvested by journalists or pro-censorship campaigners to create a false image of naturism.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}

Today there are high quality naturist magazines in many European countries that reflect the gender and age groups found at clubs and resorts. <!-- This paragraph needs to be developed expanded and floated as a separate page -->

<!-- Needs ref and maybe a list of naturist magazines page-->

<!--==Terminology==

* '''Clothist''' is a nickname for a person who does not practice social nudity.-- is there a reference for this term-- never heard it used in Europe- supported by Korky Day
* '''[[Gymnophobia]]''' is an irrational fear or anxiety about being seen naked, or about seeing others naked.
=== Humour ===
* A '''cottontail''' is a description of someone whose [[buttocks]] are paler than his or her legs and back, caused by [[sun tanning]] while wearing a swimsuit. (US specific)
* In uniform, ie nude. <ref name="woycke"/>
* A '''[[acomoclitism|shaved]]''' individual or '''smoothie''' is one who shaves off much of his/her body hair, often including the pubic hair. This is so common now- does the word still exist- it sounds derogatory
* '''[[Topfree]]''' means bare-chested (leaving chest and breasts uncovered), or a place that allows uncovered female and male chests. The term was coined by activists to use instead of the term "topless", which has a negative connotation to some, in part because it is used by strip clubs. Topless is also used. is this not a historical term that no longer has currency-->

== Criticism ==

Descamps<ref name=VivreNu /> assembles a list of criticisms of naturism: it is too cold;<ref name=inuit> The Inuit of the Arctic went nude in their igloos. This features in the Inuit film [[Atanarjuat]]. The indigenous people of [[Tierra del Fuego]] went almost naked under conditions of snow and bitingly cold wind. (In chapter 10 of [[The Voyage of the Beagle]], [[Charles Darwin]] commented on the hardiness of these people[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/vbgle11a.txt]).</ref> normal bodies look ugly—it is only for the physically beautiful; it is too embarrassing; it is against the laws of nature, against the law, or against religion; "nudism makes me think of sex"; it is for primitive people or animals. <!--He then discusses each one in turn. --subedit please -->
<!--# Sexual embarrassment
# Nudisme = sex
# Against the law
# Against religion
# Just Crazy
# Primitive people only
# Nudity is for animals-->

Most popular criticisms for naturism arise from:
* situations of accurate usage of the term, criticisms of situations where naturists and textilists would share the same concerns. For example, naturism is often added as a tag to titillating websites that have naturist content.
* criticisms of activitites which are imagined to be naturist by a writer who has not researched it in the relevant libraries. <!-- POV -->
<!-- See talk page for discussion of Nikki Craft- and her display of disturbing links -->
<!-- Those inexperienced in social nudity often say that they fear that it contributes to an imbalance of power between men and women. {{Fact|date=April 2007}} They say that women and children are more vulnerable when nude, and can be exploited.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} While that might be true in a situation of commercial nudity, such as a strip club, women advocates of social nudity assert the opposite, especially in an established nude group. The men are nude there as well, no money is changing hands, nor is anyone in any sense giving a "performance".{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Padding -->
<!--Move to new page: * [[Arkansas]] has made it illegal for people to advocate nudism under code 5-68-204 section C which states:
:"''It is unlawful for any:
:''(1) Person, club, camp, corporation, partnership, association, or organization to advocate, demonstrate, or promote nudism; or ''
:''(2) Person to rent, lease, or otherwise permit his or her land, premises, or buildings to be used for the purpose of advocating, demonstrating, or promoting nudism.''" its none to easy to do Saudi Arabia either-->

<!-- Some people believe that the naked human body is to be accepted, respected, cherished, and enjoyed. They believe it is not inherently shameful, corrupting, degrading, or dangerous. Many of them enjoy clothes free activities. They reject views that being naked with other people is morally wrong ([[indecent exposure|indecent]]), [[sexual]] ''per se'' ([[erotic]] or [[pornographic]]). They argue that nakedness is a healthy, [[nature|natural]] state, that being nude is to be in the purest form, since everyone was [[birth|born]] nude. They generally find that they quickly become so accustomed to being nude among nudes that it no longer seems very remarkable. It is, rather, simply one part of their [[lifestyle]].
-->

<!-- Practitioners say that they are not pruriently interested in seeing others naked (which, if for sexual pleasure, is called [[voyeurism]]) or in being seen naked by others (likewise: [[exhibitionism]]). -->

==See also==
* [[List of places where social nudity is practised]] (beaches, resorts, public parks and communities)
* [[Issues in social nudity]]
* [[Public nudity]]
* [[Naturist beach]]
* [[Clothing-optional bike rides]]
* [[American Nudist Research Library]]
* [[Christian naturism]]
* [[Gay naturism]]
* [[Nude wedding]]
* [[Society for Indecency to Naked Animals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ''Lee Baxandall's World Guide to Nude Beaches & Resorts: New for the '90s'' (1997) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0934106207] ISBN 0-934106-21-5
* ''Naked Places, A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel'' (2006) [http://www.nakedplaces.info] ISBN 0-9656089-4-8
* ''The Canadian Guide to Naturist Resorts & Beaches'' (2000) [http://fcn.ca/guide.html] ISBN 0-9682332-2-8
* ''North American Guide to Nude Recreation'' (2002) [http://aanr.com] ISBN 1-882033-09-4
* ''Bare Beaches'' (2004) [http://www.barebeaches.com] ISBN 0-9544767-1-9
* [[Mark Storey|Storey, Mark]] ''Social Nudity, Sexual Attraction, and Respect'' [[Nude & Natural]] magazine, 24.3 Spring 2005.
* [[Mark Storey|Storey, Mark]] ''Children, Social Nudity and Academic Research'' [[Nude & Natural]] magazine, 23.4 Summer 2004.
*''The Complete Guide To Nudism And Naturism'' (2006) [http://www.nudistguide.net] ISBN 1846852587 ISBN 978-1846852589

==External links==
===National organisations===
<!--==========================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================
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| Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. |
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=========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================-->
<!--This list is sorted alphabetically by the title of the site. If you are adding a link, please put it in the correct place in the list-->
{{wikiquote|Nudity}}
* [http://www.inf-fni.org/ International Naturist Federation (INF-FNI)]
** [http://goscandinavia.about.com/od/thingstodo/qt/nudism_scandin.htm/ About Nudism in Scandinavia]
** [http://www.aanr.com/faq.html American Association for Nude Recreation (AANR)-Nudist Q&A -]
** [http://www.aus-nude.org.au/ Australian Nudist Federation (ANF)]
** [http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/ British Naturism (CCBN)]
** [http://www.dfk.org/ Deutscher Verband für Freikörperkultur (DFK)]
** [http://www.ffn-naturisme.com/ Fédération française de naturisme (FFN)]
** [http://www.fenait.org/ Federazione naturista italiana (FENAIT)]
** [http://www.fcn.ca/ Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN)]
** [http://www.vivrenu.ca/ Fédération québécoise de naturisme (FQN)]
** [http://www.irishnaturism.org/index.php Irish Naturist Association ]
** [http://www.naturism.org.il/Eng/default.asp Israeli Naturist Society]
** [http://www.ahoyplus.com/nam-na/beaches.html Namibian Nudist and Naturist Association NAM-NA]
** [http://www.naturistsociety.com/index.html Naturist Society, The (TNS)]
** [http://www.gonatural.co.nz/ New Zealand Naturist Federation (NZNF)]
** [http://www.naturism.ru/ Russian Naturist Association (Telord) and National Federation for Naturism (Russia)]
** [http://www.geocities.com/turkish_nudist_club/ Turkish Nudist Club (TNC)]
** [http://www.sanfed.com/ South African Naturist Federation]
** [http://www.ynai.com/ Young Naturists Association International (YNAI)]

===Organization and landed site directories===
<!--==========================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================
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| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. |
| |
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| to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) |
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=========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================-->
* [http://www.inudisti.it I Nudisti] - The greater community of nudists in the world
* [http://www.naturistcampingguide.co.uk The Naturist Camping Guide] - An extensive list of naturist campsites worldwide
* [http://www.naturistholiday.info/ NaturistHoliday.Info] - A guide to naturist holidays around the world
* [http://www.nudistbeaches.info/ Nudist Beaches.Info] - A partial guide to the world's nudist beaches
* [http://www.nacktbaden.de/ German Naturist Guide]- location and site reports of hundred of site in Germany and world wide.
* [http://www.nudistclubgreece.gr/ Greece Guide]- a comprehensive listing of sites in Greece.
* [http://www.natuurlijknaakt.nl Dutch Camping Guide] - Dutch Camping Guide (worldwide)
* [http://www.vivrenu.com/ Vivrenu Portail du Naturisme Francophone]- lists of beaches, holiday centres and simple camping spots in France. Navigation confused.
* [http://www.aanr.com/regions_clubs_clubs.html AANR nudist clubs] - AANR directory of US Nudist clubs (covers some in Canada)
* [http://www.internationalnudist.com/USA/Ohio/ Ohio Nudist Homepage] - Nudist and Naturist Resources in Ohio, U.S.A.
* [http://www.netnude.com/main/travel.asp NetNude Reports and Links] - NetNude Portal - Travel Guide
* [http://www.nuff.org.uk/ The Naturist UK Fact File]- Details of beaches and members clubs, and helpful UK specific advice

===Other===
<!--==========================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================
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=========================({{NoMoreLinks}})=============================-->
* [http://www.naturistsociety.com/resources/PDF/205ARGUE.pdf 205 Arguments in Support of Naturism]
* [http://www.n-2.org.uk/nuff/pages/begin/legal1.htm#detail A Naturist's Guide to the Law in England and Wales]
* [http://lorien.loveshade.org/opinions/nudism.html "Is Nudism OK for Children, Preteens, Teens and Adults?"] - Family nudism article
* [http://www.naturistplace.com/nudity26.htm Why Don't More Young Adults Try Social Nudity?] Article about young adults
* [http://www.druidry.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=PagEd&file=index&topic_id=6&page_id=22 Websection on Naturism and Druidry] A history and the spiritual and psychological dimensions of nudity
* [http://www.diaryofanudist.com/ Diary of a Nudist] - Nudist and Naturist news and issues, updated daily
* [http://membres.lycos.fr/francenaturiste/bibliographie Naturist Bibliography] Good reading references
* [http://www.amadelio.com/vlog/2008/01/10/vlog-videoblog-jock-sturges-line-of-beauty-and-grace/ Interview with Jock Sturges, Montalivet, France], Amadelio, July 2007
*[http://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/Article.aspx?TabID=2&MenuID=8&ArticleID=287 Naturism in [[Catalunya]]]
*[http://active-naturists.blogspot.com/ Young active naturists in Berlin]
*[http://www.naturist-christians.org/ Christian Naturist Organization]
* [http://www.nudistday.com/ Nudist Day] - Nudist news and interviews from around the world
* [http://www.nudistbeaches.nl/ Nudist beaches in the Netherlands]

[[Category:Naturism]]
[[Category:Public nudity]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[als:Naturismus]]
[[br:Naturegezh]]
[[bg:Натуризъм]]
[[ca:Naturisme]]
[[cs:Naturismus]]
[[da:Naturisme]]
[[de:Freikörperkultur]]
[[es:Naturismo]]
[[eo:Nudismo]]
[[fa:برهنه‌گرایی]]
[[fr:Naturisme]]
[[gl:Naturismo]]
[[it:Naturismo]]
[[he:נודיזם]]
[[hu:Naturizmus]]
[[nl:Naturisme]]
[[ja:ヌーディズム]]
[[no:Naturisme]]
[[pl:Naturyzm]]
[[pt:Naturismo]]
[[ro:Nudism]]
[[ru:Натуризм]]
[[sk:Nudizmus]]
[[sl:Naturizem]]
[[sr:Натуризам]]
[[fi:Nudismi]]
[[sv:Naturism]]
[[zh:天然主義]]

Revision as of 08:35, 1 August 2008

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