New Zealand design

New Zealand design is both a product of indigenous Maori culture and European traditions and practices where the concept of design applies to Maori Kaupapa (fundamental principles) as well as other cultural spheres.

Maori design

Design and art are inseparable in Māori culture. Māori design encompasses many areas of design and art genres. The compartmentalisation of Māori design as belonging or defined in regards to either design or art fields comes from a modernist framework of understanding in order to construct universal meaning. However, a Māori worldview believes in a holistic interaction of things both animate and inanimate as connecting. From this belief Māori design specifies that no separation should be made between one art form and another. Therefore Māori design as defined, encompasses both traditional and contemporary design and art genres.

Early colonial New Zealand design

New Zealand was explored and colonised by Great Britain, European settlement beginning in the late 18th century with the arrival of sealing and whaling crews. The construction of a schooner was started at Luncheon Cove in Dusky Sound in 1790 and completed by castaway sealers in 1795. The Providence was successfully sailed to Norfolk Island. Early colonial housing was influenced by both Western and Maori traditions where whare (Māori houses) were adapted for temporary accommodation. Early colonial house types were shaped by both English, Australian and North American practice. The verandah was a typical colonial addition to the regular Georgian era timber cottage. Furniture was made in New Zealand from the earliest period of colonisation. Whaler’s furniture from the lower South Island displayed contemporary American taste.

Victorian New Zealand

While smaller settlements emerged in the North and South Islands prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the development of New Zealand’s urban centres followed the legal sale of land under the British Crown. Small craft-based industries emerged producing neccessities for immigrants. Some furniture makers such as Anton Seuffert (1815-1887) worked on a more ambitious level producing complex inlaid pieces for a connoiseur’s market.

Industrial manufacturing was spurred by the discovery of gold in Central Otago in 1861. Large firms such as H. E. Shacklock and Co. in Dunedin produced cast iron coal ranges designed for specific New Zealand conditions while Reid and Gray specialised in agricultural implements. A number of foundries specialised in decorative ironwork for the building industry. Steam powered joinery factories such as Guthrie and Larnach's Iron and Woodware Co. in Dunedin published extensive catalogues of fittings; designs often sourced from North America along with the machinery used to produce them.

Early brick-making industries expanded into domestic pottery. Production grew during the 1870s and potteries were established at Milton, Benhar, Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland. R O Clark's Amalgamated Brick and Pipe Co. became Crown Lynn Potteries and later became the largest producer of domestic wares in the southern hemisphere.

Small scale craft production of silverware and jewelry allowed for a distinctive New Zealand decorative language to emerge, focussing on the country's unique flora and fauna.

20th Century New Zealand design

New Zealand’s isolation from the source of production of many goods encouraged self sufficiency and the development of manufacturing industries that used local raw materials as well as imported resources. These included foundries, potteries and brickworks, glass works and textile mills.

Industrial scale furniture production began in the late 19th century and expanded so that the main centres each had a range of manufacturers serving different parts of the market. Modernist Scandinavian furniture design was influential in New Zealand. Jon Jansen furniture opened in 1951 and Bente and Kaj Vinther established the Danske Møbler factory and store in Auckland in 1962. The multi-disciplinary design group Brenner Associates was established in 1949 and specialised graphic design agencies including that of Bill Haythornthwaite emerged in the post-war period.

Much industrial, interior, graphic, jewellery and fashion design in New Zealand was influenced by international trends although distinctive New Zealand motifs and iconography were often evident. Flair for experimentation encouraged mechanical inventions such as the jet boat and the John Britten motorcycle. The challenging New Zealand environment and the success of local climbers Like Sir Edmund Hillary stimulated clothing, backpacks and equipment for the outdoors. A more confident handling of Māori, Pacific and New Zealand images and materials emerged in the 1990s.

Organisations and structures

Various organisations were established to foster New Zealand design from 1949 onwards. The New Zealand Industrial Design Council operated from 1967 until the late 1980s. Finally in 1991 the remaining organisations merged to form the Designers Institute of New Zealand, promoting graphic, spatial, industrial, fashion and craft design, and the management and teaching of these disciplines. Architecture and design is taught at a wide range of tertiary institutions including Auckland, AUT, Massey, Victoria and Otago Universities, Unitec and Otago Polytechnic.

References

http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/CreativeLife/1/en

http://www.betterbydesign.org.nz/readingandlinks/features/thecreativecontinuum/