Christiana Morgan
 | This article is written like a story. (December 2007) |
Christiana Drummond Morgan (born Christiana Drummond Councilman; 1897–1967) was an artist, writer and lay psychoanalyst at Harvard University best known for her work co-authoring the Thematic Apperception Test, one of the most widely used projective psychological tests. Morgan administered one of the earliest versions of the test to one of the first diagnosed anorexic patients in Boston. She is mostly remembered as the lover of American psychologist Henry Murray, who commissioned Gaston Lachaise to make a nude portrait statue of her.
Early life and education
Christiana was born in Boston, Massachusetts on October 6, 1897. She attended Miss Winsor’s school for girls in Boston from 1908 to 1914 and later a boarding school in Farmington, Massachusetts. She came of age, a debutante in Boston society and met William Morgan, a young man enlisted to fight in World War I. William went abroad to war and Christiana stayed behind and received a certificate as a nurses aid after completing a training program at the YWCA in New York City. She served as a nurse during the 1918 flu pandemic.[1] From 1921 to 1924 she studied art at the Art Students League of New York with Frank DuMond, Guy Pène du Bois, and Leo Lentelli.[1]
Professional career
Morgan was an artist, writer, and lay psychoanalyst fascinated by depth psychology. Part of the Introvert/Extrovert Club in New York City in the 1920s, she traveled to Zurich to consult Carl Jung. When Jung met Morgan, he considered her the manifestation of the perfect feminine, une femme inspiratrice whose role was to act as a muse to great men. Jung conducted a seminar, called the "Vision Seminars", analyzing Morgan's many drawings and dreams. She created mythic visions chronicling "her struggle with the feminine and masculine forces in her world".[citation needed]
In 1923, she met and fell in love with Henry Murray, psychology professor at Harvard University, who was married 7 years, and did not want to leave his wife. As Murray experienced a serious conflict, Morgan advised him to visit Jung.
In 1934, Morgan co-developed the Thematic Apperception Test with Murray, a projective psychological test to elicit fantasy still used today. It consists of a series of pictures shown to a person who is asked to make up a story about each picture; in its early development, many of Morgan's own drawings were included. She was first author with Henry Murray in the first publication of the test,[2] and as late as 1941 the test was known as the "Morgan-Murray Thematic Apperception Test" .[3] When the current version of the test was published by the Harvard University Press in 1943, authorship was attributed to "Henry A. Murray, M.D., and the Staff of the Harvard Psychological Clinic." As it was further developed, Morgan's pictures were taken out as well as her co-authorship. Murray stated 1985, "Morgan asked to have her name removed as senior author of the 1943/1971 TAT because she disliked the obligation of making the academic responses". [1]
This is sometimes attributed[who?] to her lack of professional credentials.
Death
After a radical sympathectomy surgery for high blood pressure and years of excessive drinking, Morgan died at the age of 69 at Denis Bay, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands on March 14, 1967. Murray found her body near the beach, drowned in less than two feet of water.[1] There is controversy over her death related to Murray's conflicting accounts, and suspicions that Morgan may have committed suicide.[citation needed]
Legacy
The Thematic Apperception Test is one of the most widely used projective psychological tests to date.
Murray had commissioned Gaston Lachaise to create a nude portrait statue of Morgan. It is now owned by the Governor’s Academy, in Byfield, Massachusetts as is Morgan Tower, formerly her residence on the Parker River adjacent to the Governor's campus.[4]
References
- ^ a b c d Staff Test Developer Profiles: Christiana Morgan Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies.
- ^ Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method of investigating fantasies: The Thematic Apperception Test. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 289–306.
- ^ White, R. W., Sanford, R. N, Murray, H. A., & Bellak, L. (1941, September). Morgan-Murray Thematic Apperception Test: Manual of directions [mimeograph]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Psychological Clinic. (Harvard University Archives, HUGFP 97.43.2, Box 5 of 7)
- ^ Budny, V. (Fall 2009) “A ‘New Eve’: Gaston Lachaise’s Portrait of Christiana Morgan,” The Archon (The Governor’s Academy, Byfield, Mass.), pp. 10–13.
- Douglas, C. (1993) Translate This Darkness: The Life of Christiana Morgan the Veiled Woman in Jung's Circle Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Robinson, F. G. (1992) Love's Story Told: A Life of Henry A. Murray, Harvard University Press.
- Weber, Michel, "Christiana Morgan (1897–1967)," in Michel Weber and William Desmond, Jr. (eds.), Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, 2008, v. II, pp. 465–468.