Whey protein
Whey protein is the name for a collection of globular proteins that can be isolated from whey, a by-product of cheese manufactured from cow's milk. It is typically a mixture of beta-lactoglobulin (~65%), alpha-lactalbumin (~25%), and serum albumin (~8%), which are soluble in their native forms, independent of pH. Whey has the highest Biological Value (BV) of any known protein.
Native whey protein does not aggregate upon renneting or acidification of milk. Prolonged heat-treatment at sufficiently high temperatures and long duration will denature (i.e. partly unfold) the whey protein, triggering hydrophobic interactions with other proteins, and the formation of disulfide bonds between whey proteins and casein micelles, leading to aggregation with other milk proteins at low pH.
Whey protein can be denatured (irreversibly changed) by heat — similar to the protein in egg whites which, when fried, permanently changes from a clear liquid to a white solid. When subjected to high heat (like the sustained high temperatures above 72 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) associated with the pasteurization process) whey proteins become denatured and lose some bioactive compounds like cysteine, an amino acid that is a precursor to glutathione, an antioxidant.
Whey protein typically comes in three major forms: concentrate, isolate and hydrolysate. Whey protein concentrates contain a low level of fat and cholesterol but generally have higher levels of bioactive compounds, and carbohydrates in the form of lactose — they are 29%-89% protein by weight.. Isolates are processed to remove the fat, and lactose, yet are usually lower in bioactive compounds as well — they are 90%+ protein by weight.[1] Hydrolysates are predigested, partially hydrolyzed whey proteins which consequently are more easily absorbed, but their cost is generally higher.
Uses
Whey protein contains high levels of both essential and non-essential amino acids, and pregnant mothers are sometimes advised by their obstetricians to supplement their diets with whey protein to ensure that their developing babies get all the basic amino acids they might need. [citation needed]
Like other protein supplements, whey powder is commonly used by bodybuilders and athletes desiring to accelerate muscle development and aid in recovery. Some individuals with suppressed/abnormal immune systems and/or degenerative diseases use undenatured bioactive whey proteins to increase their antioxidant levels. Undenatured whey proteins are a good source of cysteine, a conditionally essential amino acid which is the rate limiting factor for the body's production of glutathione, an important antioxidant.
Examples of commercial whey proteins include those available in most health food stores and supermarket health sections; they typically consist of isolate/concentrate or isolate/concentrate/hydrolysate mixtures and they are usually flavoured so they can be mixed with water or milk and consumed as a drink or shake. Whey Protein production has meant that whey is now easily integrated into many nutritional formulae. Due to the fact that whey protein is high in essential amino acids it is beneficial for human consumption. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
References
- ^ Health and Whey Proteins at PDRHealth.com Abstract
- ^ Barth CA, Behnke U. [Nutritional physiology of whey and whey components.] [Article in German.] Nahrung. 1997; 41:2-12.
- ^ Bell S J. Whey protein concentrates with and without immunoglobulins: a review. J med Food. 2000; 3:1-13.
- ^ Bounous G, Batist G, Gold P. Immunoenhancing property of a dietary whey protein in mice: role of glutathione. Clin Invest Med. 1989; 12:154-161.
- ^ Bounous G, Batist G, Gold P. Whey proteins in cancer prevention. Cancer Left. 1991; 57:91-94.
- ^ Bounous G, Gervais F, Amer V, et al. The influence of dietary whey protein on tissue glutathione and the diseases of aging. Clin Invest Med. 1989; 12:343-349.
- ^ Kennedy RS, Konok GP, Bounous G, et al. The use of a whey protein concentrate in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma: a phase I-II clinical study. Anticancer Res. 1995; 15(6B):2643-2649.
- ^ Kinsella JE, Whitehead DM. Proteins in whey: chemical, physical, and functional properties. Adv Food Nutr Res. 1989; 33:343-438.
- ^ Papenburg R, Bounous G, Fleiszner D, Gold P. Dietary milk proteins inhibit the development of dimethylhydrazine-induced malignancy. Tumor Biol. 1990; 11:129-136.
- ^ Tong LM, Sasaki S, McClements DJ, Decker EA. Mechanisms of the antioxidant activity of a high molecular weight fraction of whey. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48:1473-1478.
- ^ Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Van den Borre C, et al. Effect of a whey hydrolysate prophylaxis of atopic disease. Ann Allergy. 1992; 68:419-424.
- ^ Wong CW, Watson DL. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary whey proteins in mice. J Dairy Res. 1995; 62:359-368.