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{{WPBiography
{{otheruses}}
|living = yes
{{Infobox Single |
|class = Stub
| Name = Strange Fruit
|needs-infobox = yes
| Cover =
|a&e-work-group = yes <!-- Arts and Entertainment -->
| Artist = [[Billie Holiday]]
|needs-photo = yes
| from Album =
|listas = Connor, Alan}}
| A-side = [[Fine and Mellow]]
{{BBCproject|class=stub}}
| B-side =
{{WikiProject Journalism}}
| Released = 1939
| Format = [[Gramophone record|78 rpm]]
| Recorded = April 20, 1939<ref>[http://www.billieholidaysongs.com/all_songs.htm#1939 Billie Holiday recording sessions]</ref>
| Genre = [[Blues music|Blues]]
| Label = [[Commodore Records|Commodore]]
| Length =
| Writer = [[Abel Meeropol]]
| Producer =
}}

"'''Strange Fruit'''" is a song performed most famously by [[Billie Holiday]]. It condemned American [[racism]], particularly the [[lynching]] of [[African American]]s that had occurred chiefly in the [[Southern United States|South]] but also in the North for decades before this was written. Holiday's version of the song was inducted into the [[List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Q-Z|Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 1978.<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame/#s Grammy Hall of Fame]</ref> It was also included in the list of ''[[Songs of the Century]]'', by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.

==Author==
[[Image:ThomasShippAbramSmith.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The photograph that was cited by the songwriter as the inspiration for the song: Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, August 7, 1930.]]
"Strange Fruit" began as a poem written by [[Abel Meeropol]], a Jewish high-school teacher from the Bronx, about the lynching of two black men. He published under the pen name Lewis Allan (the two names he and wife would have named their own children).<ref>David Margolick, ''Strange Fruit: Billie Holiday, Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights'' (Philadelphia: Running Press, 2000), pp. 25-27.</ref> Meeropol and his wife adopted Robert and Michael, sons of [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]], who were convicted of espionage and executed by the United States ,<ref>Robin Shulman: ''Rosenberg Sons Say Father Was Guilty, Mother Was Framed.'' Washington Post, September 23, 2008.</ref>

Meeropol wrote "Strange Fruit" to express his horror at lynchings after seeing [[Lawrence Beitler]]'s photograph of the lynching of [[Thomas Shipp]] and [[Abram Smith]] in [[Marion, Indiana]]. He published the poem in 1937 in ''The New York Teacher'', a union magazine. Though Meeropol/Allan had often asked others (notably [[Earl Robinson]]) to set his poems to music, he set ''Strange Fruit'' to music himself. The song gained a certain success as a protest song in and around New York. Meeropol, his wife, and black vocalist Laura Duncan performed it at [[Madison Square Garden]].<ref>Margolick, ''Strange Fruit'', pp. 36-37.</ref>

[[Barney Josephson]], the founder of [[Cafe Society]] in Greenwich Village, New York's first integrated nightclub, heard the song and introduced it to [[Billie Holiday]]. Holiday performed the song at Cafe Society in 1939. She said that singing it made her fearful of retaliation. Holiday later said that because the imagery in "Strange Fruit" reminded her of her father, she persisted in singing it. The song became a regular part of Holiday's live performances.<ref>Margolick, ''Strange Fruit'', pp. 40-46.</ref>

Holiday approached her recording label, Columbia, about recording the song. Columbia, fearing a backlash by record retailers in the South, as well as negative reaction from affiliates of Columbia's co-owned radio network, [[CBS]], refused to record the song. <ref>Margolick, ''Strange Fruit'', pp. 61-62.</ref> Even her great producer at Columbia, John Hammond, refused. In frustration she turned to her friend [[Milt Gabler]] (uncle of comedian Billy Crystal) whose [[Commodore Records|Commodore]] label produced alternative jazz. Holiday sang the song for him a cappella which so moved Gabler that he wept. In 1939 Gabler worked out a special arrangement with Vocalian Records to record and distribute the song <ref>Billy Chrystal, "700 Sundays", pp. 46-47.</ref> and Columbia allowed Holiday a one-session release from her contract in order to record it.

She recorded two major sessions at Commodore, one in 1939 and one in 1944. "Strange Fruit" was highly regarded. In time it became Holiday's biggest selling record. Though the song became a staple of her live performances, Holiday's accompanist Bobby Tucker recalled that Holiday would break down every time after she sang it.

In her autobiography ''[[Lady Sings the Blues (book)|Lady Sings the Blues]]'', Holiday suggested that she, together with Lewis Allan, her accompanist [[Sonny White]], and arranger [[Danny Mendelsohn]], put the poem to music. David Margolick and Hilton Als dismissed that claim in their work ''Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song''. They wrote that hers was "an account that may set a record for most misinformation per column inch". When challenged, Holiday&mdash;whose autobiography had been [[ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by William Dufty&mdash;claimed, "I ain't never read that book."<ref>Margolick, ''Strange Fruit'', pp. 31-32.</ref>

==Meaning==
The "strange fruit" referred to in the song are the bodies of African American men hanged during a lynching. They contrast the pastoral scenes of the South with the ugliness of racist violence. The lyrics were so chilling that Holiday later said "The first time I sang it, I thought it was a mistake. There wasn't even a patter of applause when I finished. Then a lone person began to clap nervously. Then suddenly everyone was clapping and cheering."

==Impact==
Barney Josephson recognized the impact of the song and insisted that Holiday close all her shows with it. Just as the song was about to begin, waiters would stop serving, the lights in club would be turned off, and a single pin spotlight would illuminate Holiday on stage. During the musical introduction, Holiday would stand with her eyes closed, as if she were evoking a prayer.

The song ultimately became the anthem of the anti-lynching movement. The dark imagery of the lyrics struck a chord. It also contributed to what would later become the [[Civil Rights movement]] of the 50s and 60s.

The song became an instant success and was most identified with Holiday. Numerous other singers have performed it. In October 1939, [[Samuel Grafton]] of ''[[The New York Post]]'' described "Strange Fruit": "If the anger of the exploited ever mounts high enough in the South, it now has its [[Marseillaise]]."

In December, 1999, [[Time (magazine)]] magazine called it the song of the century.<ref>Billy Crystal, "700 Sundays", pp. 47</ref>

In 2002, the [[Library of Congress]] honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to be added to the [[National Recording Registry]].

The [[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] listed the song as Number One on 100 Songs of the South. <ref>[http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/ajc/swf/songsofthesouth/index.html 100 Songs of the South | accessAtlanta.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

[[Bob Dylan]] cited "Strange Fruit" as an influence in the 2005 documentary ''[[No Direction Home]]''. The movie also had a brief clip of Holiday singing.

[[Serbia]]n rock musician, journalist and writer [[Dejan Cukić]] wrote about "Strange Fruit" among forty-five other songs that changed history of [[popular music]] in his book ''[[45 obrtaja: Priče o pesmama]]''.

==Inspiration==
The 1944 novel ''[[Strange Fruit (novel)|Strange Fruit]]'' by author [[Lillian Smith]], was said to have been inspired by Billie Holiday's version of the song.

The short film, ''Strange Fruit'', written and directed by Christopher Browne. [http://www.bipedfilm.com]

Seattle literary magazine ''the strange fruit'' is named after the song.

The opera "Strange Fruit" was inspired by the novel by Lillian Smith (above). A commissioned work, it premiered on June 15, 2007 at the Long Leaf Opera Festival [http://www.longleafopera.org]in Chapel Hill. Chandler Carter was the composer and Joan Ross Sorkin was the librettist.



==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
Sticky Fingaz, Pete Rock, Khadafi & Cappadonna, did a song dedicated to strange fruit with the same title, the song featured a sample from the original that was reversed.
Siouxsie and the Banshees also did a chilling version of the song.
A dazzling hip-hop version also exists, by Danja Mowf, rapped from the vantage point of one of the lynching victims. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHEi7_-m1Yo]

==References==
*Clarke, Donald: ''Billie Holiday. Wishing on the Moon.'' München, Piper 1995. ISBN 3-492-03756-9
*[[Angela Yvonne Davis|Davis, Angela]]: ''Blues Legacies and Black Feminism.'' Diverse Ausgaben, z. B. Vintage Books 1999 ISBN 0-679-77126-3
*Margolick, David and Hilton Als: ''Strange Fruit. Billie Holiday, Café Society and an Early Cry for Civil Rights.'' Running Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7624-0677-1
*Margolick, David and Hilton Als: ''Strange Fruit. The Biography of a Song.'', Ecco 2001. ISBN 0-06-095956-8
*Holiday, Billie (with William Dufty): ''Lady Sings the Blues'', Autobiography.. Edition Nautilus, 1992. ISBN 3-89401-110-6
*Shulman, Robert: ''Rosenberg Sons Say Father Was Guilty, Mother Was Framed.'' Washington Post, September 23, 2008.

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/strangefruit/ PBS]
*[http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0136&s=Strange%20Fruit Strange Fruit]
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACstrangefruit.htm Spartacus]

[[Category:1939 songs]]
[[Category:Billie Holiday songs]]
[[Category:History of African-American civil rights]]
[[Category:Jeff Buckley songs]]
[[Category:Nina Simone songs]]
[[Category:Songs against racism and xenophobia]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]

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[[fa:میوه غریب]]
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[[it:Strange Fruit (canzone)]]
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[[ja:奇妙な果実]]
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Revision as of 07:06, 10 October 2008

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