Psychic and User talk:99.228.155.139: Difference between pages
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{{Totally-disputed|date=October 2008}} |
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{{for|the DC Comics heroine|Rose Psychic}} |
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[[Image:Cayce 1910.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Edgar Cayce]] (1877–1945) was one of the best-known American psychics of the 20th century and made many highly publicized predictions.]] |
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The word '''psychic''' ({{pronEng|ˈsaɪkɨk}}; from the Greek psychikos—"of the soul, mental") refers to the claimed ability to [[perception|perceive]] things hidden from the [[senses|normal senses]] through what is described as [[extra-sensory perception]], or to those people said to have such abilities. It is also used to refer to [[stage magicians|theatrical performers]] who use [[techniques]] such as [[slight of hand|prestidigitation]] and [[cold reading]] to produce the appearance of such abilities. |
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== October 2008 == |
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Belief in psychic phenomena is widespread in the [[United States]], where a 2005 [[Gallup poll]] revealed that 41 percent of Americans believe in extra-sensory perception.<ref name = gallup/> Psychics appear regularly in fiction and science fiction, such as the ''[[The Dead Zone (novel)|The Dead Zone]]'' by [[Stephen King]] and [[Jean Grey]] from the Marvel comic book universe. A large industry exists where psychics provide advice and counsel to clients,<ref>{{cite article|author=Matthew Nisbet|date=May-June, 1998|title=Psychic telephone networks profit on yearning, gullibility|publisher=''[[Skeptical Inquirer]]''|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_/ai_20615402}}</ref> though [[debunk]]ers attribute such putative powers to [[fraud|intentional trickery]] or self-[[delusion]].<ref name=Gracely>{{cite web |last=Gracely, Ph.D. |first=Ed J. |authorlink= |title=Why Extraordinary Claims Demand Extraordinary Proof |work=PhACT |date=1998 |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/extraproof.html |
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|accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref><ref>'''[[NOVA (TV series)|Nova]]''', 15 April 1993 (Season 19, Episode 3), ''Psychic Debunking''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/01/18/2007-01-18_she_told_them_boy_was_dead_crystal_ball_.html|author=NY Daily News|title=SHE TOLD THEM BOY WAS DEAD. CRYSTAL BALL FAILS PSYCHIC IN MO. KIDNAP}}</ref><ref>{{cite article|title=Shooting crap:Alleged psychic John Edward actually gambles on hope and basic laws of statistics.|author=Shari Waxman|date=June 13, 2002|publisher=[[Salon.com]]|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/people/feature/2002/06/13/probability/index.html}}</ref> Some famous contemporary psychics include [[Miss Cleo]], [[Sylvia Browne]], and [[John Edward]].<ref>[http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/02/accessresource.htm FTC Charges "Miss Cleo" Promoters with Deceptive Advertising, Billing and Collection Practices]</ref>{{Facts|date=October 2008}} |
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[[Image:Information.png|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. The <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah?diff=244471241 recent edit]</span> you made to [[:Cheetah]] has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. You may also wish to read the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction to editing]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-huggle1 --> [[User:DavidWS|DavidWS]] ([[User talk:DavidWS|talk]]) 23:33, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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The [[Scientific consensus|scientific community]] has rejected claims of psychic phenomena,<ref name="CaliBoard">{{cite book |last=|first=|title=Science Framework for California Public Schools|publisher=California State Board of Education|year=1990}}</ref><ref>*{{cite journal|author=[[John Archibald Wheeler|Wheeler, J. A.]]|title=''Point of View: Drive the Pseudos Out...''|journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|volume=3|year=1979|pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Paul Kurtz|Kurtz, P.]]|title=''Is Parapsychology a Science?''|journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]]|volume=3|year=1978|pages=14–32}}</ref> and no compelling evidence of psychic phenomena has been found.<ref name=MK/> A study using [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|neuroimaging]] published in 2008 provides the strongest evidence yet obtained that paranormal mental phenomena do not exist.<ref name=MK>{{cite journal |author=Moulton ST, Kosslyn SM |title=Using neuroimaging to resolve the psi debate |journal=Journal of cognitive neuroscience |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=182–92 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18095790 |doi=10.1162/jocn.2008.20.1.182 |url= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> In 1988 the [[U.S. National Academy of Sciences]] gave a report on the subject that concluded there is "no scientific justification from research conducted over a period of 130 years for the existence of parapsychological phenomena."<ref name=NAS>{{cite book|author=Druckman, D. and Swets, J. A. eds.|year=1988|title=''Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories and Techniques''|publisher=National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.|page=22|isbn=0-309-07465-7}}</ref> |
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In a 1991 survey of opinion amongst scientists in the National Academy of Sciences, 96% described themselves as "[[Skepticism|skeptical]]" of ESP, although 2% believed in [[psi (parapsychology)|psi]] and 10% felt that parapsychological research should be encouraged.<ref>McConnell, R.A., and Clark, T.K. (1991). "National Academy of Sciences' Opinion on Parapsychology" Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 85, 333-365.</ref> The National Academy of Sciences had previously sponsored the ''Enhancing Human Performance'' report on mental development programs, which was critical of parapsychology.<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n3_v56/ai_13771782/pg_5 Retrieved February 4, 2007</ref> |
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==History== |
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===Etymology=== |
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The word psychic is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''psychikos'' (of the soul/mental) and refers in part to the human mind or psyche (ex. "psychic turmoil"). French astronomer and [[spiritualist]] [[Camille Flammarion]] is credited as having first used the word psychic, while it was later introduced to the [[English language]] by Edward William Cox in the 1870s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. G. |authorlink= |title=Psychic. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |date=1996 |pages= |isbn=978-0810394872}}</ref> |
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===Early seers and prophets=== |
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[[Image:Pythia1.jpg|thumb|right|125px|[[Aegeus]], a mythical king of [[Athens]], consults the Pythia, who sits on a tripod.]] |
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Elaborate systems of [[divination]] and [[fortune-telling]] date back to ancient times. Perhaps the most widely-known system of early civilization fortune-telling was [[astrology]], where practitioners believed the relative positions of [[celestial bodies]] could lend insight into people's lives and even predict their future circumstances. Some fortune-tellers were said to be able to make [[predictions]] without the use of these elaborate systems (or in conjunction with them), through some sort of direct apprehension or [[Vision (religion)|vision]] of the future. These people were known as [[seers]] or [[prophets]], and in later times as [[clairvoyants]] and [[psychics]]. |
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Seers formed a functionary role in early civilization, often serving as advisors, priests, and judges.<ref name="Melton1">{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. G. |authorlink= |title=Prophecy. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |date=1996 |pages= |isbn=978-0810394872}}</ref> A number of examples are included in biblical accounts. The book of [[1 Samuel]] (Chapter 9) illustrates one such functionary task when [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] is asked to locate the donkeys of the future king [[Saul]].<ref>[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a09.htm 1 Samuel Chapter 9/Hebrew - English Bible]. Retrieved [[19 September]] [[2007]].</ref> The role of prophet appeared perennially in ancient cultures. In [[Egypt]], the priests of [[Ra]] at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] acted as seers. In ancient [[Assyria]] seers were referred to as ''nabu'', meaning "to call" or "announce".<ref name="Melton1" /> |
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The [[Delphic Oracle]] is one of the earliest stories in [[classical antiquity]] of prophetic abilities. The [[Pythia]], the priestess presiding over the [[Oracle]] of [[Apollo]] at [[Delphi]], was believed to be able to deliver [[prophecy|prophecies]] inspired by [[Apollo]] during rituals beginning in the 8th century BC.<ref name=Morgan>Morgan 1990, p. 148.</ref> It is often said that the Pythia delivered oracles in a frenzied state induced by vapors rising from the ground, and that she spoke gibberish, believed to be the voice of Apollo, which priests reshaped into the enigmatic prophecies preserved in Greek literature. Other scholars believe records from the time indicate that the Pythia spoke intelligibly, and gave prophecies in her own voice.<ref> |
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*[[Joseph Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations'', 1978. pp. 196-227 |
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*Maurizio, Lisa, ''The Voice at the Centre of the World: The Pythia's Ambiguity and Authority'' pp. 46-50 in Andre Lardinois and Laura McClure, eds., ''Making Silence Speak: Women's Voices in Greek Literature and Society'', (Princeton University Press 2001). pp. 38-54.</ref> The Pythia was a position served by a succession of women probably selected from amongst a guild of priestesses of the temple. The last recorded response was given in 393 AD, when the emperor [[Theodosius I]] ordered pagan temples to cease operation. Recent geological investigations raise the possibility that [[ethylene]] gas caused the Pythia's state of inspiration.<ref> |
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*Spiller, Henry A., John R. Hale, and Jelle Z. de Boer. "The Delphic Oracle: A Multidisciplinary Defense of the Gaseous Vent Theory." ''Clinical Toxicology'' 40.2 (2000) 189-196. |
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*de Boer, J.Z., J.R. Hale, and J. Chanton, "New Evidence for the Geological Origins of the Ancient Delphic Oracle," ''Geology'' 29.8 (2001) 707-711. |
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*Hale, John R., Jelle Zeilinga de Boer, Jeffrey P. Chandon and Henry A. Spiller, ''Questioning the Delphic Oracle'', Scientific American August 2003.</ref><ref>Mason, Betsy. ''[http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/cgi/content/full/2006/1002/2 The Prophet of Gases]'' in ScienceNow Daily News [[2 October]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[11 October]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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[[Image:Nostradamus.jpg|thumb|left|125px|Michel de Nostredame ([[Nostradamus]]) was a seer who published collections of [[prophecy|prophecies]] in the 1500s.]] One of the most enduring historical references to what some consider to be psychic ability is the prophecies of [[Michel de Nostredame]] (1503 – 1566), often [[Latin]]ized to [[Nostradamus]], published during the [[French Renaissance]] period. [[Nostradamus]], was a [[France|French]] [[apothecary]] and seer who wrote collections of [[prophecy|prophecies]] that have since become famous world-wide and have rarely been out of print since his death. He is best known for his book ''Les Propheties'', the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Taken together, his written works are known to have contained at least 6,338 [[quatrain]]s or prophecies,<ref name=Bernard>Chevignard, Bernard, ''Présages de Nostradamus'' 1999</ref> as well as at least eleven annual calendars. Most of the quatrains deal with disasters, such as plagues, earthquakes, wars, floods, invasions, murders, droughts, and battles — all undated. |
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Nostradamus is a controversial figure. His many enthusiasts, as well as the popular press, credit him with predicting numerous major world events. Interest in his work is still considerable, especially in the media and [[Nostradamus in popular culture|in popular culture]]. By contrast, most academic scholars maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus' quatrains are largely the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate) or else are so tenuous as to render them useless as evidence of any genuine predictive power.<ref>Lemesurier, Peter, ''The Unknown Nostradamus'', 2003</ref> |
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In addition to the belief that some historical figures were endowed with a predisposition to psychic experiences, some psychic abilities were thought to be available to everyone on occasion. For example, the belief in prophetic dreams was common and persistent in many ancient cultures.<ref name="Melton2">{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. G. |authorlink= |title=Dreams. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |date=1996 |pages= |isbn=978-0810394872}}</ref> |
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===Modern psychics=== |
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In the mid-nineteenth century, [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Modern Spiritualism]] became prominent in the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The movement's distinguishing feature was the belief that the [[spirit]]s of the dead could be contacted by [[mediumship|medium]]s to lend insight to the living.<ref name="Carroll1">{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Bret E. |authorlink= |title=Spiritualism in Antebellum America |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-253-33315-6}}</ref>{{page number}} The movement was fueled in part by anecdotes of psychic powers. One such person believed to have extraordinary abilities was [[Daniel Dunglas Home]], who gained notoriety during the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] period for his reported ability to levitate to a variety of heights and speak to the dead.<ref name="Podmore">{{cite book |last=Podmore |first=Frank |authorlink= |title=Mediums of the Nineteenth Century |publisher=University Books |date=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-253-33315-6}}</ref> |
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As the Spiritualist movement grew other comparable groups arose, including the [[Theosophical Society]], which was co-founded in 1875 by [[Blavatsky|Helena Blavatsky]] (1831–1891). Theosophy coupled spiritualist elements with [[Eastern mysticism]] and was influential in the early 20th century, later influencing the [[New Age]] movement during the 1970s. Blavatsky herself claimed numerous psychic powers.<ref name="Melton3">{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. G. |authorlink= |title=Theosophical Society. In Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |publisher=[[Thomson Gale]] |date=1996 |pages= |isbn=978-0810394872}}</ref> |
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==Popular culture== |
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===Belief in psychic abilities=== |
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A survey of the beliefs of the general [[United States]] population regarding paranormal topics was conducted by [[The Gallup Organization]] in 2005.<ref name=gallup>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/Three-Four-Americans-Believe-Paranormal.aspx |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |author=David W. Moore|date=June 16, 2005 |publisher=[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup News Service]] |accessdate=2008-10-08}}<br>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_5_29/ai_n15400020 Gallup poll shows that Americans' belief in the paranormal persists], Skeptical Inquirer, accessed [[October 28]], [[2006]]</ref> The survey found that 41 percent of those polled believed in [[extrasensory perception]] and 26 percent believed in [[clairvoyance]]. Thirty-one percent of those surveyed indicated that they believe in telepathy or psychic communication. |
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A poll of 439 college students conducted in 2006 by researchers Bryan Farha of [[Oklahoma City University]] and Gary Steward of [[University of Central Oklahoma]], suggested that college seniors and graduate students were more likely to believe in psychic phenomena than college freshmen.<ref>http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_1_30/ai_n26718251</ref> Twenty-three percent of college freshmen expressed a belief in paranormal ideas. The percentage was greater among college seniors (31%) and graduate students (34%).<ref>Britt, R.: [http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/060121_paranormal_poll.html "Higher Education Fuels Stronger Belief in Ghosts"] LiveScience, January 2006, Retrieved September 18, 2007. </ref> The poll showed lower belief in psychic phenomena among science students than social science and education students. |
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Some people also believe that psychic abilities can be activated or enhanced through the study and practice of various disciplines and techniques such as meditation, with a number of books and websites being dedicated to instruction in these methods. Another popular belief is that psychic ability is hereditary, with a psychic parent passing their abilities on to their children.<ref>Hargreaves, Julie: ''Psychics - myths & misconceptions'', Nov 2002, Retrieved April 25, 2007. http://www.hark.net.au/articles/psychics_info.htm</ref> |
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===Psychic advice industry=== |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=October 2008}} |
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Many people proclaim to have psychic abilities and some make a living as professional psychics or earn celebrity hosting their own TV programs. Individuals such as [[John Edward]] and [[Sylvia Browne]] either have their own television shows or are frequently featured on talk shows. (see [[Paranormal television]]). |
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Some psychics are first known by the public as celebrities. Rock singer and actress [[Danielle Egnew]], whose psychic work with law enforcement and claim to many predictions such as the 2001 New York 9/11 Twin Towers disaster and the Iraq War, have resulted in her frequent radio and television appearances as a psychic, rather than a singer. |
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Other celebrity psychics, like Tana Hoy, attempt to help people identify and fine tune their psychic abilities. They teach classes and liken the instruction to coaching a fine art like singing, painting or writing. |
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===Science fiction=== |
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The use of psychic abilities as a plot device or super power is common in [[fiction]]. Psychic abilities in science fiction are frequently depicted as inborn and heritable, as in [[Alfred Bester]]'s ''[[The Demolished Man]]'', [[A. E. van Vogt]]'s ''[[Slan]]'', and the television series ''[[Babylon 5]]''. Another recurring [[trope]] is the conveyance of psychic power through psychoactive drugs, as in the ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' novels and indirectly in the ''[[Scanners]]'' films. Somewhat differently, in [[Madeleine L'Engle]]'s ''[[A Wind in the Door]]'' and [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'', psychic abilities may be achieved by any human who learns the proper mental discipline, known as ''kything'' in the former work and ''grokking'' in the latter. Psychic characters are also common in [[superhero]] [[comic book]]s, for instance [[Jean Grey]] and [[Professor X]] from the Marvel comic [[X-Men]]. In the [[Pokémon]] series, one of the seventeen elemental types is called the Psychic-type. In addition, an attack of said type is also named Psychic. |
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==Research and criticism== |
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{{POV-section|date=October 2008}} |
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[[Image:Ganzfeld.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Participant of a [[Ganzfeld experiment|Ganzfeld Experiment]] whose results have been criticized as being misrepresented as evidence for [[telepathy]].]] [[Parapsychology|Parapsychological research]] has attempted to use [[random number generators]] to test for [[psychokinesis]], mild sensory deprivation in the [[Ganzfeld experiment]] to test for [[extra-sensory perception]], and research trials conducted under contract by the U.S. government to investigate [[remote viewing]]. Some of these tests such as the Ganzfeld have been put forward as good evidence for psychic phenomena by parapsychologists, and according to the [[Parapsychological Association]], the consensus within that field is that there is good evidence for [[extrasensory perception]], [[psychokinesis]], and presentiment, though the [[Survivalism (life after death)|survival of death]] remains unproven.<ref>http://www.parapsych.org/faq_file3.html#20 FAQ of the Parapsychological Association</ref> {{Fact|date=October 2008}} Critics such as Ed J. Gracely say that this evidence is not sufficient for acceptance, partly because the intrinsic probability of psychic phenomena is very small.<ref name=Gracely>{{cite web |last=Gracely, Ph.D. |first=Ed J. |authorlink= |title=Why Extraordinary Claims Demand Extraordinary Proof |work=PhACT |date=1998 |url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/extraproof.html |
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|accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Myers |first=David G |authorlink= |coauthors=Blackmore, Susan |title=Putting ESP to the Experimental Test |work=Hope College |url=http://www.davidmyers.org/Brix?pageID=61&article_part=4 |accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref> |
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Parapsychology involves research that does not fit within [[Scientific modeling|standard theoretical models]].{{Fact|date=October 2008}} Methodological flaws in parapsychology have been invoked by critics such as [[Ray Hyman]] to explain apparently successful experimental results, as opposed to the paranormal explanations offered by many parapsychologists, and the field has been classed as [[pseudoscience]] by many.{{Who|date=October 2008}}<ref name=Hyman>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Ray |title=Evaluation of the program on anomalous mental phenomena |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |volume=59 |issue=1 |date=1995 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600 |accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref><ref name=Akers>{{cite paper |author=Akers, C. |title=Methodological Criticisms of Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 4 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |date=1986 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |
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|accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |author=Child, I.L. |
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|title=Criticism in Experimental Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |date=1987 |url= http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors=Smith, Matthew, et al. |title=Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments - Psychophysical Research Laboratories |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |date=1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809 |accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref> |
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The evidence presented for psychic phenomena is not sufficiently verified for scientific acceptance, and there exist many non-paranormal alternative explanations for claimed instances of psychic events.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} [[Parapsychologists]], who generally believe that there is some evidence for psychic ability, agree with critics who believe that no psychic ability exists that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena such as [[mediumship| mediumism]], can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as [[cold reading]], [[hot reading]], or even self-[[delusion]].<ref name=critandcont1>EBauer, berhard (1984) "[http://www.psy.gu.se/EJP/EJP1984Bauer.pdf Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology - An Overview]", Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, European Journal of Parapsychology, 5, 141-166 (2007-02-09)</ref><ref name=mediumship1>O',Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard (2005) "[http://www.psy.herts.ac.uk/wiseman/papers/MediumBJP.pdf Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results]", British Journal of Psychology, 96, 165–17</ref> [[Magic (illusion)| Magicians]] such as [[James Randi]], [[Ian Rowland]] and [[Derren Brown]] have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, but they present psychological explanations as opposed to paranormal ones.<ref>Rowland, Ian (2002) "[http://ianrowland.com/ItemsToBuy/ColdReading/ColdReadingMain1.html The Full Facts Book of Cold Reading]", Self-Published, ASIN B000NDYWDA</ref> |
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In January 2008 the results of a study using [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|neuroimaging]] were published. To provide what are purported to be the most favorable experimental conditions, the study included appropriate emotional stimuli and had participants who are biologically or emotionally related, such as twins. The experiment was designed to produce positive results if [[telepathy]], [[clairvoyance]] or [[precognition]] occurred, but despite this no distinguishable neuronal responses were found between psychic stimuli and non-psychic stimuli, while variations in the same stimuli showed anticipated effects on patterns of brain activation. The researchers concluded that "These findings are the strongest evidence yet obtained against the existence of paranormal mental phenomena."<ref name=MK/> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Psychic detective]] |
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*[[Scrying]] |
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*[[Mediumship]] |
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*[[Magic (paranormal)]] |
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*[[Mentalist]] |
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*[[Psychic reading]] |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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<!-- ATTENTION! DO NOT ADD OR REMOVE LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED OR REPLACED. --> |
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* [http://www.wooster.edu/geology/FYSW/NonsenseFYS.html Nonsense (And Why It's So Popular)] A course syllabus from The College of Wooster. |
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{{Parapsychology}} |
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[[Category:Parapsychology]] |
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[[Category:Psychic powers]] |
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[[Category:Paranormal]] |
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[[Category:Paranormal terminology]] |
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[[Category:People claiming to have paranormal abilities]] |
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[[Category:Pseudoscience]] |
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[[fi:Psyykikko]] |
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[[tr:Psişik]] |
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Revision as of 23:33, 10 October 2008
October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to Cheetah has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. DavidWS (talk) 23:33, 10 October 2008 (UTC)