Electronics and Wikipedia:Main Page/Errors: Difference between pages
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{{for|personal-use electronic devices|consumer electronics}} |
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[[Image:Arduino ftdi chip-1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Surface mount electronic components]] |
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'''Electronics''' refers to the flow of charge (moving [[electron]]s) through [[nonmetal]] [[electrical conductor|conductors]] (mainly [[semiconductor]]s), whereas '''electrical''' refers to the flow of charge through [[metal]] [[electrical conductor|conductors]]. For example, flow of charge through [[silicon]], which is not a metal, would come under electronics; whereas flow of charge through [[copper]], which is a metal, would come under electrical. This distinction started around [[1908]] with the invention by [[Lee De Forest]] of the [[triode]]. Until [[1950]] this field was called "Radio technics" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio [[transmitter]]s and [[Receiver (radio)|receivers]]. |
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--><noinclude>{{Floatinglink|Administrator instructions|Administrator instructions}}<div style="color:black; background-color:#fff; padding:1em; margin-bottom:1.5em; border: 2px solid #a00; text-align: center; clear:all;"><div style="font-size:150%;">'''Error reports'''</div>Please post error reports regarding only what is '''''currently''''' on the [[Main Page]] or on [[Main Page/Tomorrow]] here.<br> For general main page discussions, go to [[Talk:Main Page]].</div></noinclude> |
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The study of new [[semiconductor]] devices and related technology is considered a branch of [[physics]] whereas the design and construction of [[electronic circuit]]s to solve practical problems comes under [[electronics engineering]]. This article focuses on [[engineering]] aspects of electronics. |
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For dental querries and appoinments. Please contact +919972938609. |
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== Electronic devices and components == |
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{{Main|Electronic component}} |
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An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be in mutual electromechanical contact, usually by being [[soldering|soldered]] to a [[printed circuit board]] (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are [[capacitor]]s, [[resistor]]s, [[diode]]s, [[transistor]]s etc. |
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== Types of circuits == |
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=== Analog circuits === |
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{{main|Analog circuits}} |
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[[Image:HitachiJ100A.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis.]] |
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Most [[analog signal|analog]] electronic appliances, such as [[radio]] receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. |
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The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components. |
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Analog circuits are sometimes called [[linear circuit]]s although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators. |
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Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal." |
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Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled [[switch]] having essentially two levels of output. |
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=== Digital circuits === |
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{{Main|Digital circuits}} |
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Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. |
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In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low"(0) and "High"(1). Often "Low" will be near zero volts and "High" will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use. |
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[[Computer]]s, electronic [[quartz clock|clock]]s, and [[programmable logic controller]]s (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of [[digital]] circuits. [[Digital Signal Processor]]s are another example. |
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Building-blocks: |
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* [[Logic gate]]s |
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* [[Adder (electronics)|Adder]]s |
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* [[Binary multiplier|Binary Multiplier]]s |
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* [[Flip-flop (electronics)|Flip-Flop]]s |
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* [[Counter]]s |
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* [[Processor register|Register]]s |
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* [[Multiplexer]]s |
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* [[Schmitt trigger]]s |
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Highly integrated devices: |
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* [[Microprocessor]]s |
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* [[Microcontroller]]s |
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* [[Application-specific integrated circuit]] (ASIC) |
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* [[Digital signal processor]] (DSP) |
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* [[Field-programmable gate array]] (FPGA) |
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== Heat dissipation and thermal management == |
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{{Main|Thermal management of electronic devices and systems}} |
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[[Heat]] generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include [[heatsink]]s and [[fan (mechanical)|fans]] for air cooling, and other forms of [[computer cooling]] such as [[water cooling]]. These techniques use [[convection]], [[Heat conduction|conduction]], & [[radiation]] of heat energy. |
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== Noise == |
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{{main|Electronic noise}} |
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Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is defined<ref>IEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms ISBN-13: 978-0471428060</ref> as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. |
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== Electronics theory == |
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{{Main|Mathematical methods in electronics}} |
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Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis. |
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Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain [[Node (circuits)|node]] or the current though a certain [[Path (graph theory)|branch]] of a [[Graph (mathematics)|network]]. A common analytical tool for this is the [[SPICE]] circuit simulator. |
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Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of [[electromagnetic field]] theory. |
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== Computer aided design (CAD) == |
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{{Main|Electronic design automation}} |
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Today's electronics engineers have the ability to [[Circuit design|design]] [[Electronic circuit|circuit]]s using premanufactured building blocks such as [[power supply|power supplies]], [[semiconductor]]s (such as [[transistor]]s), and [[integrated circuit]]s. [[Electronic design automation]] software programs include [[schematic capture]] programs and [[printed circuit board]] design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are [[NI Multisim]], Cadence ([[ORCAD]]), Ea"gle PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus) and many others." |
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== Construction methods == |
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{{Main|Electronic packaging}} |
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Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used [[Point-to-point construction|point to point wiring]] with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. [[Printed circuit board#.22Cordwood.22 construction|Cordwood construction]] and [[wire wrap]]s were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use [[printed circuit board]]s (made of [[FR4]]), and highly [[integrated circuit]]s. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its [[Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive]] (RoHS) and [[Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive]] (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006. |
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== Electronics industry == |
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* [[Semiconductor sales leaders by year]] |
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== Branch pages == |
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* [[Analog electronics]] |
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* [[Circuit Design]] |
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* [[Digital electronics]] |
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* [[Fuzzy electronics]] |
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* [[Integrated circuit]] |
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* [[Microelectronics]] |
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* [[Optoelectronics]] |
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* [[Semiconductor]] |
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* [[Semiconductor device]] |
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== See also == |
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{{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}} |
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<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> |
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* [[Analog signal processing]] |
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* [[Circuit diagram]] |
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* [[Computer engineering]] |
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* [[Datasheet]] |
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* [[Digital signal processing]] |
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* [[E-waste]] |
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* [[Electrical engineering]] |
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* [[Electronic circuit]] |
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* [[Electronic tuner]] |
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* [[Electronic Waste Recycling Fee]] |
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* [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] - the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
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* [[List of 4000 series integrated circuits]] |
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* [[List of 7400 series integrated circuits]] |
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* [[Mechatronics]] |
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* [[Signal theory]] |
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* [[Transducer]] |
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</div> |
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== References == |
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{{refimprove|article|date=June 2007}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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2. The Art of Electronics ISBN-13: 978-0521370950 |
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3. All New Electronics Self Teaching Guide ISBN-13: 978-0470289617 |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.capacitorx.com/capacitors/ Capacitor Types and Tutorial] |
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* [http://www.audiocircuits.wikidot.com Audio Circuits] - [http://www.circuits.wikidot.com Circuits1] - [http://www.freecircuits.wikidot.com |
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* [http://www.electroniq.net Electronics tutorials, projects and software] |
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Circuits2] |
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{{Wikibooks}} |
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* [http://www.phy.davidson.edu/instrumentation/NEETS.htm Navy 1998 Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)] |
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* DOE 1998 Electrical Science, Fundamentals Handbook, 4 vols. |
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** [http://hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1011/h1011v1.pdf Vol. 1, Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory] |
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** [http://hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1011/h1011v2.pdf Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors] |
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** [http://hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1011/h1011v3.pdf Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators] |
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** [http://hss.energy.gov/NuclearSafety/techstds/standard/hdbk1011/h1011v4.pdf Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems] |
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* {{dmoz|Science/Technology/Electronics/Tutorials/|Electronics Tutorials}} |
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* {{dmoz|Science/Technology/Electronics/Reference/Circuit_Archives/|Electronics Schematics}} |
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* {{dmoz|Recreation/Audio/Do-It-Yourself/|DIY Audio Projects}} |
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* {{dmoz|Shopping/Consumer_Electronics/Communications/Wireless/Radios/Kits_and_Components/|DIY Radio Projects}} |
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* {{dmoz|Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Components/|Sources of Electronic Components}} |
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* [http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/ Lessons in Electric Circuits] - A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics. |
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{{Technology}} |
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[[Category:Electronics| ]] |
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Revision as of 11:22, 10 October 2008
Error reports
Please post error reports regarding only what is currently on the Main Page or on Main Page/Tomorrow here.For general main page discussions, go to Talk:Main Page.
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