Hurricane Donna and White Hall of the Winter Palace: Difference between pages

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Location of the White Hall within the Winter Palace

The White Hall of the Winter Palace was designed by the architect Alexander Briullov to commerate the marriage of the Tsarevich to Maria of Hesse in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a sever fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.

The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855.

The hall is in a classical style, its vaulted ceiling supported by Corinthian columns crowned by statues representing the arts .

References

The State Hermitage Museum retrieved 23 September 2008. Published by The State Hermitage Museum.

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+[[Image:Winter Palace Whitehall.jpg|thumb|300px|the White Hall, the Winter Palace, St Petersburg.]]
-{{Infobox Hurricane
-| Name=Hurricane Donna
-| Type=hurricane
-| Year=1960
-| Basin=Atl
-| Image location=Hurricane_Donna.jpg
-| Image name=Donna over the Florida Keys
-| Formed=[[August 29]], [[1960]]
-| Dissipated=[[September 14]], [[1960]]
-| 1-min winds=140
-| Pressure=930
-| Damages=900
-| Fatalities=364 direct
-| Areas=[[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Haiti]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Cuba]], [[Bahamas]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[South Carolina]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]], [[Maryland]], [[Delaware]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York]], [[Connecticut]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[Maine]], [[Atlantic Canada]] (Most land areas ever affected by an Atlantic hurricane)
-| Hurricane season=[[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]]
-}}
-'''Hurricane Donna''' in the [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]] was a [[Cape Verde-type hurricane|Cape Verde-type]] [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]] which moved across the [[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispanola]], [[Cuba]], [[The Bahamas]], and every state on the [[East Coast of the United States]].  Hurricane Donna holds the record for retaining "major hurricane" status (Category&nbsp;3 or greater on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]) in the Atlantic Basin for the longest period of time on record.  For nine days, September 2 to September 11, when Donna consistently had [[maximum sustained wind]]s of at least {{convert|115|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. From the moment it became a [[tropical depression]] to when it dissipated after becoming an [[extratropical storm]], Donna roamed the Atlantic from August 29 to September 14, a total of 17&nbsp;days. While crossing the Atlantic Donna briefly achieved [[Category 5]] strength.
-The [[cyclone]] caused billions of [[US dollars]] in damages and killed an estimated 364 people.
+[[Image:Whitehalllocation.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Location of the White Hall within the Winter Palace]]
-==Meteorological history==
-{{storm path|Donna 1960 track.png}}
-The precursor to this storm was a well-organized tropical disturbance which moved offshore Africa on August 28 and 29th.  The crash of an airliner at Dakar on the 29th was attributed to this disturbance.<ref name="mwr">Gordon E. Dunn. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1960.pdf The 1960 Atlantic Hurricane Season.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  Before reaching the Cape Verde Islands, the system was well enough organized to be considered a tropical depression on the 29th.  On the 30th, Donna had strengthened into a tropical storm.  Moving westward, intensification continued, bringing the cyclone to hurricane strength on September 1.  For nine days, September 2 to 11, Donna consistently had [[maximum sustained wind]]s of at least {{convert|115|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} as it moved west-northwest, briefly briefly achieving [[Category 5]] strength.<ref name="HURDAT">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  Donna passed through the northeasternmost Leeward Islands, subsequently missing Puerto Rico by {{convert|70|mi|km}} to the north.<ref name="NCDC2">National Climatic Data Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/climo02.gif Climatological Data:  Florida - September 1960, pp. 2.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  The hurricane then skirted the Cuban coast on the 9th before heading for the Florida Keys.<ref name="mwr">Gordon E. Dunn. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1960.pdf The 1960 Atlantic Hurricane Season.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
+The '''White Hall''' of the [[Winter Palace]] was designed by the architect [[Alexander Briullov]] to commerate the marriage of the [[Alexander II of Russia|Tsarevich]] to [[Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)|Maria of Hesse]] in 1841. This period coincided with a large rebuilding of the Winter Palace following a sever fire in 1837. While the exterior of the palace was recreated in its original 18th century style, much of the interior was rebuilt in a variety of styles, dependent on the whims and tastes of their intended occupants.
-[[Image:donna navy radar.jpg|thumb|right|Hurricane Donna approaching the Florida Keys]]
-The storm made its first Florida landfall in the community of [[Marathon, Florida|Marathon]], centered on [[Key Vaca, Florida|Key Vaca]] in the middle [[Florida Keys]].  At the time, Donna was a [[Category 4]] hurricane with estimated maximum sustained winds of {{convert|140|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and gusts of up to {{convert|180|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, with a minimum central pressure of 27.46&nbsp;inHg (930&nbsp;mbar).
-The storm crossed into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and its course shifted northward. Donna paralleled the southwest coast of [[Florida]] until it made a second Florida landfall between [[Naples, Florida|Naples]] and [[Fort Myers, Florida|Fort Myers]], again as a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane.<ref name="HURDAT">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
+The hall and adjoining rooms formed the suite of the Tsarevich and Tsarevna, and remained their private rooms after their accession in 1855.
-After crossing the Florida peninsula, it continued and moved back out into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] near [[Daytona Beach]]. Donna headed up the East Coast, and made another landfall at [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]]. It then finished its trip by heading into [[New England]], with a final landfall across [[Long Island]], [[New York]].
-{{Highest ACE Atlantic hurricanes}}
-Donna, unlike [[Hurricane Charley]] which followed a similar track in 2004,<ref name="charleytcr">{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|year=2004|title=Hurricane Charley Tropical Cyclone Report|accessdate=2006-05-24|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004charley.shtml}}</ref> was a slow-moving storm. Donna dumped {{convert|10|in|mm}} to {{convert|12|in|mm}} of rain in the southern half of Florida, along with about seven inches in the northern half. The three weeks prior to Donna's landfall produced a {{convert|6|in|mm}} to {{convert|7|in|mm}} surplus in rain before the hurricane hit, exacerbating the problem.  From the moment it became a [[tropical depression]] to when it dissipated after becoming an [[extratropical storm]], Donna roamed the Atlantic from August 29 to September 14, a total of 17&nbsp;days.<ref name="HURDAT">[[National Hurricane Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2007_atl_reanal.txt Atlantic Hurricane Database.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
+The hall is in a [[classical]] style, its [[vault]]ed ceiling supported by [[Corinthian]] columns crowned  by statues representing the arts .
-==Preparations==
-At noon on September 3, a hurricane watch was issued for the Leeward Islands.  At 6 p.m., this watch was upgraded to a warning, and hurricane watches were raised for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.  At 6 a.m. on the 4th, the watch was upgraded to a warning.  By 6 a.m. on the 5th, hurricane warnings were dropped for the Leeward Islands.  At 9 a.m., southwest Puerto Rico and the Virgin Island's hurricane warnings were downgraded to gale warning.  By noon, all remaining hurricane warnings for Puerto Rico were changed to gale warnings.  At 7 a.m. on the 7th, hurricane conditions were considered possible for the southeast Bahamas, with preliminary caution raised for the central Bahamas.  At 1:30 p.m., a hurricane watch was issued for the Florida coast from Key West to Melbourne.  At 11 a.m. on the 8th, hurricane conditions were considered possible for the Cuban coast west of Cayo Romano, and hurricane watches were upgraded to hurricane warnings from Key West to Key Largo, with hurricane watched raised on the west coast northward to Fort Myers.  At 5 p.m., gale warnings were issued from Key Largo to Vero Beach.<ref name="watchwarnings">[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim02.gif Hurricane "Donna" Chronology, September 2-13, 1960.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
-On the 9th at 11 a.m., hurricane warnings were in effect for southern Florida from Fort Lauderdale to Punta Gorda, while new gale warnings were raised from Punta Gorda to St. Marks and Lake Okeechobeee.  At 1 p.m., a hurricane watch was in effect from Punta Gorda to Cedar Key while a hurricane watch continued between Fort Lauderdale and Melbourne.  By 11 p.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to Melbourne and Clearwater, as well as Lake Okeechobee.  At 5 a.m. on the 10th, hurricane warnings were extended northward to Daytona Beach and Cedar Key.  Gale warnings were issued from Daytona Beach to Savannah.  At 5 p.m., gale warnings were extended northward to Myrtle Beach.  At 11 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered in the Florida Keys but extended northward from Daytona Beach to Savannah.<ref name="watchwarnings">[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim02.gif Hurricane "Donna" Chronology, September 2-13, 1960.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
+== References ==
-At 11 a.m. on the 11th, all warnings were lowered south of Vero Beach and along the Florida west coast, while hurricane warnings were extended northward from Savannah to Myrtle Beach.  At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Fernandina Beach, while they were extended northward to include the entire North Carolina coast.  Gale warnings were issued northward to Cape May.  At 9 p.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], while gale warnings and a hurricane watch were issued northward to [[Eastport, Maine]].  On the 12th at 5 a.m., hurricane warnings were extended northward to Eastport, and dropped south of Cape Hatteras.  At 7 a.m., hurricane warnings were lowered south of Cape Charles.  At 2 p.m., hurricane warnings were dropped south of Cape May.  At 5 p.m., hurricane warnings were discontinued south of [[Manasquan, New Jersey.]]  At 8 p.m., hurricane warnings expired south of Block Island.  By 11 p.m., all hurricane warnings had been lowered.<ref name="watchwarnings">[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/prelim03.gif Hurricane "Donna" Chronology page 2, September 2-13, 1960.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
+*[http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/index.html The State Hermitage Museum] retrieved 23 September 2008. Published by The State Hermitage Museum.
-==Impact==
-[[Image:Donna1960rainpr.gif|thumb|right|Donna's Rainfall around Puerto Rico]]
-Hurricane Donna was a very destructive storm given that it affected numerous countries and island groups.  About 364 people were killed by the hurricane, 148 direct and 216 indirect.
-===Leeward Islands===
-A weather station in [[St. Maarten]] reported wind gusts up to {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} and a 952 pressure reading while [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]] reported a 66&nbsp;mph (52&nbsp;knot) gust as the center of Donna passed {{convert|35|mi|km}} north of the island. In [[Puerto Rico]], Donna produced storm tides between four to six feet. <ref name="mwr" />
+[[Category:Hermitage Museum]]
-Donna killed seven people and caused minimal damage when it passed though the [[Virgin Islands]], in [[Puerto Rico]], although the center of the storm was {{convert|85|mi|km}} offshore, the outer rain bands brought heavy rains that caused serious flashflooding which killed 107 people (85 of them in [[Humacao]]). <ref name="mwr" />
-[[Image:Donna1960rain.gif|thumb|right|Donna's Rainfall in the United States]]
-===Bahamas===
-Turks Island escaped the brunt of the hurricane, receiving only {{convert|50|mph|km/h}} to {{convert|60|mph|km/h}} winds and {{convert|12|in|mm}} of rain which fell in a twelve hour period. However the rest of the [[Bahamas]] were not as lucky as the hurricane tore away the [[anemometer]] in [[Ragged Island]] and forced several people to seek shelter at a missile base. Despite the damage there were no deaths and damage estimates are not available.<ref name="mwr" />
-===Florida===
-Donna was the first hurricane to affect Miami since October 1950.<ref name="NCDC2">National Climatic Data Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/climo02.gif Climatological Data:  Florida - September 1960, pp. 2.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  Highest sustained winds were {{convert|92|mph|km/h}} at Fort Myers and {{convert|65|mph|km/h}} at Key West.<ref>[[National Climatic Data Center]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1960/donna/prenhc/climo09.gif Climatological Data: Florida - September 1960, pp. 9.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  Florida suffered significant losses from Donna, more than any other state. Damage in the Keys at the original point of landfall was most severe, where Donna's winds and storm surge destroyed many buildings and vessels.  A [[storm surge]] of {{convert|13|ft|m}} was reported from Marathon.  A total of 35% of the state's grapefruit crop was lost, 10% of the orange and tangerine crop was lost, and the avocado crop was almost completely wiped out.  Donna was the most damaging [[tropical cyclone]] to impact Florida up to that time.  The day after the storm hit, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] declared a disaster area from the Keys up to Central Florida.<ref>Public Entity Risk Institute. [http://www.peripresdecusa.org/customsummaryresult.cfm?begyear=1960&endyear=1960&data=Major%20Presidential%20Declarations&column=Disaster%20Types&row=Years&cell=Counts&region=All&state=Florida&pres=All&disaster=All Presidential Disaster Declarations for Florida in 1960 By Type.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
-{{Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes by wealth normalization}}
-===Elsewhere in the East===
-Although weaker, it caused considerable and widespread damage in [[North Carolina]] and [[New York]].  Donna was one of the few hurricanes to affect every state along the East Coast.  Wind gusts of {{convert|105|mph|km/h}} were reported from the Eastern Shore of [[Chesapeake Bay]].  Maximum sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h}} with gusts of {{convert|115|mph|km/h}} were reported from Long Island and Rhode Island.  [[Blue Hill Observatory]] in [[Massachusetts]] reported gusts to over {{convert|145|mph|km/h}}.<ref name="mwr">Gordon E. Dunn. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1960.pdf The 1960 Atlantic Hurricane Season.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>  Fifty people were reported dead in the [[United States]], with damages totalling to $3.35&nbsp;billion (2006 [[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref>Eric S. Blake, [[Chris Landsea]], and Edward N. Rappaport. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf THE DEADLIEST, COSTLIEST, AND MOST INTENSE UNITED STATES TROPICAL CYCLONES FROM 1851 TO 2006 (AND OTHER FREQUENTLY REQUESTED HURRICANE FACTS)] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref> Donna crossed directly over [[Texas Tower #4]], causing severe damage to the structure.<ref>Thomas W. Ray. [http://www.texastower.com/a_history_in_texas_towers_air_defense.htm A HISTORY OF TEXAS TOWERS IN AIR DEFENSE: 1952-1964.] Retrieved on [[2008-10-10]].</ref>
-===Retirement===
-{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
-Because of its devastating impacts and high mortalities, the name Donna was retired and will never be used for an [[Atlantic hurricane]] again; the name was replaced by [[Hurricane Dora|Dora]] in 1964.
-{{clear}}
-==See also==
-{{tcportal}}
-*[[List of retired Atlantic hurricane names]]
-*[[List of Florida hurricanes (1950-1974)]]
-*[[List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_in_the_United_States#Massachusetts|List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-*{{cite journal |last=Tabb |first=Durbin C. |authorlink= |coauthors=Jones, Albert C. |year=1962 |month= |title=Effect of Hurricane Donna on the Aquatic Fauna of North Florida Bay |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=375&ndash;378 |doi=10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[375:EOHDOT]2.0.CO;2 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/hurricanes.cfm Historic Images of Florida Hurricanes (Florida State Archives)]
-*[http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Storm_pages/donna1960/ NOAA Hurricane Research Division Donna page]
-*[http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/donna1960.html HPC Rainfall Page on Donna]
-{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
-{{1960 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
-[[Category:1960 Atlantic hurricane season|Donna]]
-[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:Florida hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:South Carolina hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:North Carolina hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:Virginia hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:New Jersey hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:New York hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:New England hurricanes|Donna]]
-[[Category:1960 meteorology]]
-[[Category:Hurricanes in the United States|Donna, Hurricane]]
-[[Category:1960 in the United States]]
-[[de:Hurrikan Donna]]