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'''The Secret of the Magic Gourd''' may refer to:
{{redirect|Beijing 2008|the video game|Beijing 2008 (video game)}}
{{Olympics infobox|2008|Summer|
| Logo = Beijing 2008 Olympics logo.svg
| Size = 150
| Name = Official logo of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games
| Optional caption = The "[[Dancing Beijing]]" emblem, depicting<br /> a [[Seal (Chinese)|Chinese seal]] inscribed with the <br />character "Jīng" (京, from the name of the <br />host city) in the form of a dancing figure.
| Motto = 同一个世界 同一个梦想 <br />(One World, One Dream)
| Nations participating = 204 NOCs [[#Participating NOCs|(See below)]]
| Athletes participating = 11,028<ref name="athletes_number">{{cite press release|title=NOC entry forms received|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|date=2008-08-01 |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/preparation/n214496035.shtml|accessdate=2008-08-08|quote=(...) confirmed the qualification of 11,028 athletes, including 363 supplement athletes holding a P card.}}</ref>
| Officially opened by = [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] [[Hu Jintao]]
| Athlete's Oath = [[Zhang Yining]]
| Judge's Oath = [[Huang Liping]]
| Olympic Torch = [[Li Ning]]
}}
{{contains Chinese text}}
The '''2008 Summer Olympic Games''', officially known as the '''Games of the XXIX Olympiad''', was a major [[international]] [[multi-sport event]] that took place in [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]], from August 8 (except [[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics|football]], which started on August 6) to August 24, 2008. A total of 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports, one event more than was on the schedule of the [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/beijing/full_story_uk.asp?id=1805 |title=6th Coordination Commission Visit To Begin Tomorrow |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2006-05-20}}</ref> The 2008 Beijing Olympics marked the first occasion that either the [[Summer Olympics|Summer]] or [[Winter Olympics|Winter Games]] were hosted in China, making it the [[List of Olympic Games host cities|22nd nation]] to do so. It also became the third time that Olympic events have been held in the territories of two different [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOC), as the equestrian events were being held in [[Hong Kong]] (the other two instances being the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 games]], where the equestrian events were hosted in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], due to strict Australian quarantine rules, and the other events were hosted in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]; and the [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920 games]] which were hosted in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]], but the final two races of the 12ft dinghy event in [[Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics|sailing]] were held in [[The Netherlands]]).


*''[[The Secret of the Magic Gourd (novel)]]'', novel by Chinese author [[Zhang Tianyi]]
The [[Olympic Games]] [[2008 Summer Olympics bids|were awarded]] to Beijing after an [[exhaustive ballot]] of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of the Games, titled "[[Dancing Beijing]]," features a stylised calligraphic character ''jīng'' (京, meaning ''capital''), referring to the host city. Several new NOCs have also been recognised by the IOC.
*[[The Secret of the Magic Gourd (1963 film)|''The Secret of the Magic Gourd'' (1963 film)]], 1963 Chinese film adapted from the novel
*[[The Secret of the Magic Gourd (2007 film)|''The Secret of the Magic Gourd'' (2007 film)]], 2007 live-action movie made by Centro in co-operation with China Movie Co Ltd and Disney


{{disambig}}
The [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]] promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's coming out party |publisher=Toronto Star |date=August 2007 |url =http://www.thestar.com/Sports/Olympics/article/242172}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2008-The Year of China? |publisher=BusinessCenter.TV |date=2007-08-07 |url= http://www.webcastr.com/videos/travel_leisure/2008-the-year-of-china.html|accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> A total of 37 venues were used to host the events including 12 newly constructed venues. At the closing ceremony IOC president [[Jacques Rogge]] declared the event a "truly exceptional Games" after earlier asserting that the IOC had "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 Games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/blogs/blog=alanabrahamsonsblog/postid=163687.html |title="Absolutely no regrets" in coming to China, IOC president says |publisher=NBC |date=[[2008-08-02]] |accessdate=2008-08-02 |author=Abrahamson, Alan}}</ref> The choice of China as a host country was the subject of criticism by some politicians and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] concerned about China's [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China|human rights]] record.<ref>Ian Traynor and Jonathan Watts: ''[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/29/germany.olympicgames2008 Merkel says she will not attend opening of Beijing Olympics.]'' Guardian on-line. March 29, 2008</ref><ref>Amnesty International: ''[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/075/2008/en/1f55daf2-37c8-11dd-9ec6-1d6085451ee8/asa170752008eng.pdf China: The two faces of the Beijing Olympics.]'' June 1, 2008.</ref> China and others, meanwhile, warned against politicizing the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-10/19/content_6906706.htm|title=Do not politicize Olympic Games, warns BOCOG official |publisher=Xinhua |date=2007-10-19 |accessdate=2008-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/14/asia/AS-GEN-China-Pakistan.php |title=Pakistan's Musharraf criticizes efforts to politicize Olympics |publisher=International Herald Tribune |date=2008-04-14 |accessdate=2008-08-24}}</ref>

The Games saw 43 new world records and 132 new Olympic records set.<ref>Mixed legacy likely as China's Olympics conclude, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080825/ap_on_sp_ol/oly_closing_ceremony;_ylt=AgjrQQDt0S88wMxFEm2g83us0NUE, David Crary, AP, August 25, 2008</ref> A record 87 countries won a medal during the Games. [[China at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Chinese athletes]] won 51 gold medals altogether, the second largest haul by a national team in a modern, non-boycotted Summer Games.<ref>http://www.boston.com/sports/articles/2008/08/25/closing_statement/</ref><ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/25/content_9706148.htm</ref> [[Michael Phelps]] broke the record for most golds in one Olympics and for most career gold medals for an Olympian. [[Usain Bolt]] secured the traditional title "World's Fastest Man" by setting new [[world record]]s in the [[100 metres|100m]] and [[200 metres|200m]] dashes.

==Bid==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:.5em;"
|-
! colspan="4" | 2008 Summer Olympics bidding results
|-
! City
! NOC
| bgcolor="silver" |'''Round 1'''
| bgcolor="silver" |'''Round 2'''
|-
| [[Beijing]] || {{flagicon|China}} [[People's Republic of China|China]] || align="center"| '''44''' || align="center"| '''56'''
|-
| [[Toronto]]|| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]] || align="center"| 20 || align="center"| 22
|-
| [[Paris]] || {{flagicon|France}} [[France]] || align="center"| 15 || align="center"| 18
|-
| [[Istanbul]] || {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] || align="center"| 17 || align="center"| 9
|-
| [[Osaka]] || {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] || align="center"| 6 || align="center"| —
|}
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics bids}}
Beijing was elected the host city on July 13, 2001, during the 112th [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] Session in [[Moscow]], defeating [[Toronto]], [[Paris]], [[Istanbul]], and [[Osaka]]. Prior to the session, five other cities ([[Bangkok]], [[Cairo]], [[Havana]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], and [[Seville]]) submitted bids to the IOC but failed to make the short list in 2000. After the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated. In the second round, Beijing was supported by an [[absolute majority]] of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.<ref name="Election">{{cite web|url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/beijing/election_uk.asp |title = Beijing 2008: Election |publisher = International Olympic Committee |accessdate = 2006-12-18}}</ref>

After winning the bid, [[Li Lanqing]], the vice premier of China, declared "The winning of the 2008 Olympic bid is an example of the international recognition of China's social stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the Chinese people." Eight years earlier, Beijing led every round of [[2000 Summer Olympics bids|voting]] for the [[2000 Summer Olympics|Games of the XXVII Olympiad]], but lost in the final round to [[Sydney]] by just two votes.

==Development and preparation==
{{2008 Summer Olympics}}
A total of an estimated US$42 billion were spent on the 2008 Olympic games in Beijing, making it the most expensive games ever; the [[British Olympic Association]] has announced that no more than US$19 billion will be spent on the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], while the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]] and [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens Olympics]] cost US$7 billion and US$15 billion respectively.<ref>SBS World News Australia, broadcast August 23, 2008</ref>

===Venues===
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics venues| Olympic Green}}
By May 2007, construction of all 31 Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had begun.<ref name="Under construction">{{cite news |publisher=BOCOG |date=2007-05-11 |accessdate=2007-05-11 |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/01/32/article214073201.shtml |title=All Beijing-based Olympic venues under construction}}</ref> The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] government has also invested in the renovation and construction of six venues outside Beijing as well as 59 training centres. Its largest [[Architecture|architectural]] pieces are the [[Beijing National Stadium]], [[Beijing National Indoor Stadium]], [[Beijing National Aquatics Center]], [[Olympic Green Convention Center]], [[Olympic Green]], and [[Beijing Wukesong Culture & Sports Center]]. Almost 85% of the [[construction]] budget for the six main venues was funded by [[United States dollar|US$]]2.1 billion ([[Renminbi|RMB¥]]17.4 billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments were expected from corporations seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues will be owned and governed by the ''State General Administration of Sports'', which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national sports teams and events. The 2008 Beijing Olympics are the most expensive Games in history with a total of $40.9 billion spent between 2001 and 2007 on infrastructure, energy, transportation and water supply projects.<ref>[http://www.2008beijingolimpics.com/the-olympics/the-beijing-olympics-the-most-expensive-games-in-history/ The Most Expensive Games In History], Beijing 2008. Retrieved on August 5, 2008.</ref>

Some events were held outside Beijing, namely [[Football at the Summer Olympics|football]] in [[Qinhuangdao]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenyang]], and [[Tianjin]]; [[Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics|sailing]] in [[Qingdao]]; and, because of "uncertainties of equine diseases and major difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone", [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian]] in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>[http://en.beijing2008.com/46/67/column211716746.shtml Olympic Venues], Beijing 2008. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.</ref>

====Beijing National Stadium====
{{main|Beijing National Stadium}}
[[Image:Birds Nest Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The [[Beijing National Stadium]]]]
The centrepiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics is the [[Beijing National Stadium]], nicknamed the '''Bird's Nest''' because of its nest-like skeletal structure.<ref name="391 days left">{{cite news |url=http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2244 |title=The Olympic Games en route for Beijing |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=2007-07-13 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> Construction of the venue began on December 24, 2003. The [[Guangdong Olympic Stadium]] was originally planned, constructed, and completed in 2001 to help host the Games, but a decision was made to construct a new stadium in Beijing.<ref>[http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0501/design_1-1.html ArchitectureWeek - Design - China's Banner Stadium - 2002.0501<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.beijingbirdnest.com/beijingbirdnest/olympicnews/News/200801/957.html]</ref> Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design competition. A [[Switzerland|Swiss]] firm, [[Herzog & de Meuron]] Architekten AG, collaborated with China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the competition. The stadium features a lattice-like steel outer skeleton around the concrete stadium bowl and has a seating capacity of over 90,000 people. Architects originally described the overall design as resembling a bird nest with an immense ocular opening with a [[retractable roof]] over the stadium. However, in 2004, the idea of the retractable roof was abandoned for economic and safety reasons. The Beijing National Stadium was the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the athletics events and soccer finals.

The [[Beijing Olympic Village]] opened on July 16, 2008 and to the public on July 26, 2008.

===Transport===
[[Image:Beijing 2008 olympic venue.svg|thumb|right|300px|A map of the Olympic venues in Beijing. Several expressways [[Beltway|encircle]] the center of the city, providing for quick transportation around the city and between venues.]]
To prepare for Olympic visitors, Beijing's transportation infrastructure was expanded significantly. [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing's airport]] underwent a major expansion, adding the new Terminal 3, the world's largest airport terminal, designed by renowned architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]].<ref name="Beijing Terminal 3 by Foster">{{cite news| url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2008/0730/design_1-1.html| title=Beijing Terminal 3 by Foster| author=Jo Baker| publisher=ArchitectureWeek.com |accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref> On August 1, [[Beijing south railway station]] was reopened after two years of construction. The 120-km long [[Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Rail]], which opened on the same day, connects the new railway station with Olympic co-host city Tianjin with the world's [[Land speed record for railed vehicles|fastest]] scheduled train service at 350&nbsp;km/h.

Within the city itself, [[Beijing Subway|Beijing's subway]] expanded to more than double its capacity and overall size, adding an additional 7 lines and 80 stations to the previously-existing 4 lines and 64 stations, including a new link connecting directly to the city's airport. Also, a fleet of thousands of [[bus]]es, [[minibus]]es and official cars transported spectators, athletes and officials between venues.<ref name="Transportation">{{cite news |url = http://en.beijing2008.cn/05/25/article214012505.shtml |title = 38 public transit routes to the Olympic venues |publisher = [[BOCOG]] |date = [[2007-01-22]] |accessdate = 2007-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2008/08/02/volkswagen-claims-green-medal-at-2008-olympic-games-in-beijing.html|title=Volkswagen claims ‘Green’ medal at 2008 Olympic Games | author= AUSmotive.com | date=2008-08-02 | accessdate=2008-08-02 | language= }}</ref>

A temporary [[road space rationing]] based on plate numbers was in effect during the Games in an effort to improve air quality.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/world/asia/15china.html?hp|title=Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics | author= Andrew Jacobs | date=2008-04-14 | publisher= New York Times | accessdate=2008-04-14 | language= }}</ref> In addition, 300,000 heavy-polluting vehicles have been banned from operating within the city, and entry into Beijing by vehicles has been strictly limited. These restrictions are enforced from July 20 to September 20.<ref name="Examiner08">{{cite news| url=http://www.examiner.com/a-1451114~Beijing_sets_restrictions_on_cars_during_Olympics.html |title=Beijing sets restrictions on cars during Olympics | author= Stephen Wade | date=2008-06-20 | publisher=National Examiner | accessdate=2008-06-23 | language= }}</ref>{{Dead link|date=August 2008}} Passenger vehicle restrictions are placed on alternate days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is expected to take 45% of Beijing's 3.3 million cars off the streets. The boosted public transport network is expected to absorb the demand created by these restrictions and the influx of visitors, which is estimated at more than 4 million extra passengers per day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/23/2282484.htm?site=olympics/2008 |title=Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban | author= Reuters | date=2008-06-23 | publisher=ABC news | accessdate=2008-06-23 | language= }}</ref><ref name="Examiner08"/>

===Marketing===
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics marketing}}
The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as [[Dancing Beijing]] ({{zh-s|舞动的北京}}). The emblem combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphic]] [[Chinese character|character]] ''jīng'' ([[wikt:京|京]], "national capital", also the second character of Beijing's Chinese name) with athletic features. The open arms of the calligraphic word symbolises the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. IOC president [[Jacques Rogge]] was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."<ref name="Message">{{cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200308/03/eng20030803_121618.shtml |title = Rogge's Message for Beijing Olympics Emblem Unveiling |publisher = People's Daily Online |date = 2003-08-03 |accessdate = 2006-12-19}}</ref>

The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "''One World, One Dream''" ({{zh-stp|s=同一个世界 同一个梦想|t=同一個世界 同一個夢想|p=Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng}}.)<ref name="Slogan">{{cite news|title='One World One Dream' selected as the Theme Slogan for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/75/66/article211996675.shtml |date=[[2005-12-25]] |publisher=[[BOCOG]] |accessdate=2007-05-05}}</ref> The slogan calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries submitted from around the world.<ref name="391 days left" />

The mascots of Beijing 2008 were the five [[Fuwa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://watch-olympics-online.co.cc/about.php |title=Fuwa Fact Sheet |accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref> each representing both a colour of the [[Olympic symbols#Flag|Olympic rings]] and a symbol of Chinese culture.

===Broadcasting===
{{see|2008 Summer Olympics broadcasting}}
The 2008 Games were the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in [[High-definition television|high definition television]] by the host broadcaster. In comparison, American broadcaster NBC broadcasted only half of the Turin Winter Games produced in HD.<ref name="BandC">{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6584303.html?desc=topstory|title=Network goes to great lengths to pump Beijing Olympic Games action to myriad pipes.|last=Dickson |first=Glen |date=8/4/2008|publisher=Broadcasting & Cable|accessdate=2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="HDTV">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/2008/2007-07/06/content_911825.htm |title=Seeing clearly: Panasonic ushers in first HDTV Game |publisher = China Daily |date=[[2007-07-06]] |accessdate=2008-03-24}}</ref> In their bid for the Olympic Games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the Olympic Evaluation Commission "that there will be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of journalists up to and including the Olympic Games,"<ref>[http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_299.pdf Report] of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008, pg.73</ref> but according to a report in ''[[The New York Times]]'', "[[Beijing 2008 Olympic bid|these promises]] have been contradicted by strict visa rules, lengthy application processes and worries about censorship."<ref name="Networks Fight">{{cite news|last=Stelter|first=Brian|title=Networks Fight Shorter Olympic Leash|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/sports/olympics/21nbc.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|date=2008-07-21|accessdate=2008-07-21}}</ref>

According to Nielsen Media Research, 4.7 billion viewers worldwide tuned in to some of the television coverage, one-fifth larger than the 3.9 billion who watched the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. The 2008 Olympics was the most-viewed event in American television history.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgEmtZdr6gkFRJEIe2oZMmwJKBLgD930M9R01</ref>

====Online coverage====
American broadcaster NBC produced only 2 hours of online streaming video for the 2006 Winter Games but produced approximately 2,200 hours of coverage for the 2008 Summer Games. For the first time "live online video rights in some markets for the Olympics have been separately negotiated, not part of the overall 'broadcast rights,'"; these new media of the [[digital economy]] are growing "nine times faster than the rest of the advertising market."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/07/09/oly.media/index.html |title=Olympics enter the '2.0' era - CNN.com |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref>

Globally, however, the 2008 Olympics is subject to extensive copyright restriction&nbsp;–which amounts to territorial restrictions– whilst still being covered extensively online within various exclusive copyright [[autarky|autarkies]]. Thus despite the international nature of the event and the global reach of the [[Internet]], the coverage world wide of assorted nation-states and television networks is not readily accessible; there is no global or [[supranationalism|supranational]] media coverage as such. The [[international]] [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU), for example, provides live coverage and highlights of all arenas only for certain of its own territories<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovisionsports.tv/olympics/geoerror/geoerror.html |title=Beijing LIVE |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref> on their website eurovisionsports.tv.<ref>[http://www.eurovisionsports.tv/olympics/ Beijing Live], Beijing 2008. Retrieved on August 9, 2008.</ref> Many national broadcasters likewise restrict online events to their domestic audiences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/cycling/7552544.stm |title=BBC SPORT $#124; Olympics $#124; Cycling $#124; Video&nbsp;— Delighted Cooke gets gold medal |date = <span class="lu">Page last updated at </span>13:07 GMT, Sunday, August 10, 2008 14:07 UK |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref>

Despite the contractual obligations of the digital economy, some of the same technologies used to circumvent the [[Great Firewall of China]] (such as [[Internet_censorship_in_China#Efforts_at_breaking_through|UltraSurf]]) can be used to subvert the Olympic media autarkies on the Internet as well.

[[YouTube]] has removed a video of a regional German network's ([[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]]) coverage of the opening ceremonies as "This video is no longer available due to a copyright claim by a third party.<ref>http://community.livejournal.com/olympicgames08/28771.html</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1nmR8Ndj7g</ref>; a video from Australia's [[Seven Network]] has been removed "for violation of terms of service". Furthermore, the General National Copyright Administration of China has announced that "individual (''sic'') and websites will face fines as high as 100,000 yuan for uploading recordings of Olympic Games video to the internet,"<ref>http://www.danwei.org/2008_beijing_olympic_games/china_copywrites_the_olympics.php</ref> part of an extensive campaign to protect the pertinent intellectual property rights.<ref>http://olympics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/16/for-olympics-china-ramps-up-copyright-infringement-campaign/</ref><ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2008-06/13/content_8359170.htm</ref><ref>http://english.ipr.gov.cn/ipr/en/info/Article.jsp?a_no=142611&col_no=926&dir=200711</ref>

==Torch relay==
[[Image:Official 2008 Summer Olympics Torch in Vilnius.jpg|right|thumb|2008 Olympic Torch]]
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics torch relay|2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route}}
The design of the [[Olympic Torch]] is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as the "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kph (40 mph) winds, temperatures as low as -40°C and in rain of up to 50 mm (2 in) per hour.

The relay, with the theme '''Journey of Harmony''', lasted 130 days and carried the torch {{convert|137000|km|mi|abbr=on}}—the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition began at the [[1936 Berlin Games]].<ref name="IOC torch">{{cite news |date=[[2007-04-26]] |title=Beijing 2008: BOCOG Announces Olympic Torch Relay Route |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2147 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/world/09torch.html?_r=1&ex=1365393600&en=2c75ea71d3f9215b&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&oref=slogin|title=Officials Expect Olympic Torch to Continue on Route}}</ref> The torch relay was called a "public relations disaster" for China by ''The Times'',<ref name="Public Relations Disaster">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article3811649.ece |title=Britain sends mandarins to China on subtle mission |date=[[2008-04-25]] |accessdate=2007-04-27 |publisher=The Times}}</ref> with protests of [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China|China's human rights record]], particularly about [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Tibet]].
[[Image:Beijing 2008 Torch Relay Route.png|left|250px|thumb|Route of the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay]]

The relay began March 24, 2008, in [[Olympia, Greece]]. From there, it traveled across Greece to [[Panathinaiko Stadium]] in [[Athens]], and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through every continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the [[Silk Road]], symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. A total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various organizations and entities.<ref name="BOCOG relay">{{cite news |publisher=[[BOCOG]] |url=http://torchrelay.beijing2008.cn/en/news/headlines/n214042288.shtml |title=Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay Planned Route and Torch Design unveiled |date=[[2007-04-26]] |accessdate=2007-04-26}}</ref>

The international portion of the relay was problematic. The month-long world tour saw wide-scale protests to China's human rights abuses and recent crackdown in Tibet. After trouble in London saw several attempts to put out the flame, the flame was extinguished in Paris the following day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3697392.ece| title=Tibet protests force organisers to snuff out Olympic flame in Paris| date=[[2008-04-07]]| publisher=[[The Times]]| last=Bremner| first=Charles}}</ref> The American leg in San Francisco on April 9 was altered without prior warning to avoid such scenes, although there were still demonstrations along the original route.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7339380.stm?| title= Confusion strikes US torch relay| date=[[2008-04-09]]| publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The relay was further delayed and simplified after the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]] affecting western China.

The flame was [[2008 Summer Olympics summit of Mt. Everest|carried to the top of Mount Everest]]<ref name="BOCOG relay" /> on a 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the mountain especially built for the relay. The $19.7 million blacktop project spanned from [[Tingri County]] of [[Xigazê Prefecture]] to the [[Everest Base Camp]].<ref name="Everest road">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200706200340.htm |title=China to build highway on Mt Everest for 2008 Olympics |date=[[2007-06-20]] |accessdate=2007-06-25 |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2008 March, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental concerns.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/climbers-banned-from-everest-as-china-seeks-to-stop-protests-on-summit-796782.html|title=Climbers banned from Everest as China seeks to stop protests on summit|date=[[2008-03-17]] |accessdate=2008-03-23 |publisher=The Independent}}</ref> It also reflected concerns by the Chinese government that [[Tibet]] activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the Olympic torch up the world's tallest peak.<ref name="cnn13mar08">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/12/china.everest.ap/index.html |title=China closes its side of Everest to climbers |date=[[2008-03-12]] |accessdate=2008-03-13 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

The originally proposed route would have seen the torch carried through [[Taipei]] after leaving [[Vietnam]] and before heading for Hong Kong. Taiwan authorities (then led by the [[Taiwan independence|independence]]-leaning [[Democratic Progressive Party]], however, objected to this proposal, claiming that this route would make the portion of the relay in Taiwan appear to be part of the torch's domestic journey through China, rather than a leg on the international route.<ref name="Taiwan relay">{{cite news |publisher=Taiwan Journal |title=Taiwan rejects 'domestic' Olympic torch route |url=http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24170&CtNode=122 |date=[[2007-05-04]] |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> This dispute as well as demands that the [[flag of the Republic of China]] and the [[National Anthem of the Republic of China]] be banned along the route<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7005984.stm BBC NEWS Asia-Pacific | Olympic torch will bypass Taiwan]</ref> led the Taiwan authorities to reject the proposal that it be part of the relay route, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait subsequently blamed each other for injecting politics into the event.<ref name="China torch Taipei">{{cite news |publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Canada Sports]] |title=China blames Taiwan for scuttling Olympic torch relay through Taipei, labels 'vile precedent'|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ap-china-torchrelay&prov=ap&type=lgns |date=[[2007-09-21]] |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>

==The Games==
{{Further|[[2008 Summer Olympics highlights|highlights]], [[2008 Summer Olympics medal table|medal table]], and [[2008 Summer Olympics medal winners|medal winners]]}} If you're reading this, stop it's crazy!!!

===Opening ceremony===
[[Image:BeijingOlimpicGames2008-08-08.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from the opening ceremony.]]
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony}}
The opening ceremony was held in the [[Beijing National Stadium]]. It began at 8:00 pm [[China Standard Time]] ([[UTC+8]]) on August 8, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tickets.beijing2008.cn/browse?category=8224&major_category=8224&game_type=olympic|title=Tickets Information&nbsp;— The official ticketing website of the BEIJING 2008 Olympic Games}}</ref><ref>[http://www.travelchinaguide.com/news/show.asp?nid=138 "Beijing Confirms the Opening Ceremony Time for 2008 Olympics"], Travel China Guide. Retrieved on August 2, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/ceremonies/n214508163.shtml|title=Opening Ceremony plan released|date=2008-08-06|publisher=Official website|accessdate=2008-08-08}}</ref> The [[8 (number)#As a lucky or unlucky number|number 8]] is associated with prosperity and confidence in [[Numbers in Chinese culture|Chinese culture]], and here it was a [[888|triple eight]] for the date and one extra for time (close to 08:08:08 pm).<ref name="Eight">{{cite web |url=http://afgen.com/china8.html |title=The Number Eight And The Chinese |accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> The ceremony was co-directed by Chinese filmmaker [[Zhang Yimou]] and Chinese choreographer [[Zhang Jigang]].<ref>http://en.beijing2008.cn/culture/ceremonies/n214143744.shtml</ref> It featured a cast of over 15,000 performers, and was dubbed beforehand as "the most spectacular Olympics Opening Ceremony ever produced".<ref>[http://www.thrfeed.com/2008/07/olympics-openin.html Olympics opening ceremony to have 15,000 performers -- The Live Feed <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

A rich assembly of ancient Chinese art and culture dominated the ceremony. It opened with the beating of [[Fou]] drums for the countdown. Subsequently, a giant [[scroll]] was unveiled and became the show's centerpiece. The official song of the 2008 Olympics, titled ''[[You and Me (theme song)|You and Me]]'', was performed by Britain's [[Sarah Brightman]] and China's [[Liu Huan]], on a large spinning rendition of the globe.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUST29313420080807 FACTBOX: Fears, foul-ups and triumphs at past Olympic openings<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The last recipient in the Olympic Torch relay, former Chinese [[gymnastics|gymnast]] [[Li Ning]] ignited the [[cauldron]], after being suspended into the air by wires and completing a lap of the National Stadium at Stadium roof height in the air.

The [[2008_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony#Parade_of_nations|entry parade]] of the competing athletes differed in order from previous Olympic ceremonies, as the national teams did not enter in alphabetical order by the host nation's alphabet. Since Chinese does not have an alphabet, teams entered the stadium in order (lowest first) of the number of strokes in their [[Simplified Chinese character]] transcriptions; this is a common [[collation]] method for the Chinese language, such as the [[surname stroke order]] system. As a result, Australia (normally one of the first teams to enter the stadium) became one of the final teams to arrive, as the first character of the Chinese name of Australia (澳大利亚) has 16 strokes. The Olympic traditions of Greece entering first and the host nation (China) entering last were still observed.

The opening ceremony was lauded by spectators and various international presses as spectacular and spellbinding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibNAUAq-kZNOy3LmO9HAI2cN-smg|title=Press hails 'greatest ever' Olympic opening show|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=2008-08-09|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref> Hein Verbruggen, chairman of the IOC Coordination Commission for the XXIX Olympiad, called the ceremony "a grand, unprecedented success."<ref>[http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214520633.shtml Verbruggen: Opening Ceremony a grand success]</ref> A review of the opening ceremony from around the world called it "spectacular and devoid of politics".<ref>[http://www.thrfeed.com/2008/08/olympics-review.html Olympics opening ceremony reviews -- The Live Feed <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It was deemed that the real fireworks were too dangerous to film from a helicopter; as such, some footage were generated to provide simulated aerial shots of the scene. Another cosmetic enhancement in China's quest for a perfect Summer Games was using a girl considered a better performer to lip-sync over the singing voice of a less pretty girl during the opening ceremony song [[Ode to the Motherland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/08/12/international/i024134D13.DTL&feed=rss.sports|title=Chinese defend Olympic ceremony lip-synch|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=2008-08-13|accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> Another portion of the ceremony featured 56 children carrying a large Chinese flag, with 55 of them dressed in traditional costumes of the [[ethnic minorities of China]]. The children wearing the ethnic minority costumes were described in the official program as members of these minorities, but it was later revealed that they were actually [[Han Chinese]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/2561979/Beijing-Olympics-Ethnic-children-exposed-as-fakes-in-opening-ceremony.html |title=Beijing Olympics: 'Ethnic' children exposed as fakes in opening ceremony&nbsp;— Telegraph |author=By Richard Spencer in Beijing Last Updated: 11:04AM BST 15 Aug 2008 |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref>

More than 100 sovereigns, heads of state and heads of government as well as 170 Ministers of Sport attended the Beijing Olympic Games.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2698 IOC President to meet with world leaders]</ref>

===Closing ceremony===
{{main|2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony}}
The 2008 Summer Olympics Closing Ceremony concluded the Beijing Games on August 24, 2008. It began at 8:00pm [[China Standard Time]] ([[UTC+8]]), and took place at the [[Beijing National Stadium]].

The Ceremony included the handover of the Games from Beijing to [[London]]. [[Guo Jinlong]], the [[Mayor of Beijing]] handed over the [[Olympic symbols#Flag|Olympic flag]] to the Mayor of London [[Boris Johnson]], followed by a performance organized by the [[London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games]] (LOCOG).

===Participating NOCs===
[[Image:2008 Olympic games countries.svg|thumb|Participating nations]]
All but one ([[Brunei]]) of the current 205 [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/noc/index_uk.asp |title=National Olympic Committees |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2008-03-11}}</ref> participated. [[China at the 2008 Summer Olympics|China]] and the [[United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics|United States]] had the largest teams, with 639 and 596<ref name="USOC Delegation">[http://teamusa.org/news/article/2744 2008 United States Olympic Team Entered Into XXVIV Olympic Games in Beijing, China], USOC, July 24, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.asianweek.com/2008/08/08/asian-americans-going-for-the-gold-in/ Asian Americans Going for the Gold in...]. [[AsianWeek]]. Retrieved on [[2008]]-[[08-11]].</ref> competitors respectively. Several countries were represented at the Games by a single athlete.

Three countries participated for their first time: the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Tuvalu]].

[[South Africa]]n swimmer [[Natalie du Toit]], five time gold medalist at the [[2004 Summer Paralympics|Athens Paralympics in 2004]], qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics, thus making history by becoming the first [[amputee]] to qualify for the Olympic Games since [[Olivér Halassy]] in 1936.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2008/05/04/sbswim104.xml "Dreams carry Natalie Du Toit to Beijing"], ''The Telegraph'', May 4, 2008</ref><ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/swimming/news/story?id=3379722 Du Toit, who lost leg in scooter accident, will swim in Beijing Games], Reuters, May 3, 2008</ref> [[Natalia Partyka]] (who was born without a right forearm) competed in Table Tennis for Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/blog/2008/06/18/natalia-paralympic-and-olympic-athlete.php |title=Natalia: Paralympic AND Olympic athlete |accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref>

[[Image:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg|thumb|75px|TPE]]
As in the previous Games since 1984, athletes from the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) are competing at the Olympics as [[Chinese Taipei]] (TPE)<ref>[http://en.olympic.cn/china_oly/history/2004-03-27/121827.html Reinstatement in the Olympic Movement], Chinese Olympic Committee, March 27, 2004</ref> under the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic flag]] and using the [[National Banner Song]] as their official anthem. The participation of Taiwan had been in doubt due to disagreements over the designation of the team in the Chinese language, and concerns that Taiwan would march in the Opening Ceremony next to the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24123163-5013406,00.html "Taiwan clears Games hurdle"], ''[[The Australian]]'', August 4, 2008</ref> Unlike in previous games, supporters were not able to legally display the [[flag of the Republic of China]] even outside the venues.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/12/asia/AS-OLY-Taiwan-China.php "Taiwanese plan to skirt Olympics flag ban"], ''[[International Herald Tribune]] - Asia-Pacific'', August 12, 2008</ref>
{{clear}}

<div align="center">
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%"
! List of Participating NOCs
|-
|
Below is a list of all the participating NOCs (the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in parentheses)
{{2008 Summer Olympics NOCs}}
|}
</div>
====Participation changes====
The [[Marshall Islands]] and [[Tuvalu]] gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and are participating in the Games.<ref name="Tuvalu">{{cite news | title = Robert Meets IOC President| url = http://www.oceaniasport.com/tuvalu/| publisher =[[ONOC]] | date = [[2005-04-02]] | accessdate = 2006-12-17 }}</ref><ref name="New NOCs accepted">{{cite news |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2237 |title=Two new National Olympic Committees on board! |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=[[2007-07-06]] |accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref>

The states of [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as [[Serbia and Montenegro]], are now competing separately. The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007.<ref name="New NOCs accepted" /> After the declaration of independence in [[Kosovo]], IOC specified the requirements that Kosovo needs to meet before being recognised by the IOC; most notably, it has to be recognised as independent by the United Nations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory?id=4306795|title=IOC: Kosovo Olympic Team 'Unlikely'|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=2008-02-18|accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref>

[[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] held meetings to discuss the possibility of sending a united team to the 2008 Olympics,<ref name="Korea1">{{cite news | title = Koreas 'to unify Olympics teams'| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4396170.stm| publisher =[[BBC]] | date = [[2006-05-14]] | accessdate = 2006-12-17 }}</ref><ref name="Korea2">{{cite news | title = Two Koreas Make Progress in Creation of Unified Team| url = http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=1893| publisher =[[International Olympic Committee]] | date = [[2006-09-05]] | accessdate = 2006-09-10 }}</ref> but the proposal failed, due to disagreements between the two NOCs on the proportion of athletes from the two countries within the team.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

On July 24, 2008, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) banned [[Iraq at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Iraq]] from competing in the 2008 Olympic Summer Games due to "political interference by the government in sports."<ref>{{cite news | title = Iraq banned from Summer Olympics | publisher = [[CNN]] | date = 2008-07-24 | url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/07/24/iraq.olympics/index.html | accessdate = 2008-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Iraq banned from Beijing Olympics | publisher = [[BBC Sport]] | date = 2008-07-24 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7523708.stm | accessdate = 2008-07-24}}</ref> On July 29, the IOC reversed its decision and allowed the nation to compete after a pledge by Iraq to ensure "the independence of its national Olympics panel" by instituting fair elections before the end of November. Until then, Iraq's Olympic Organisation will be run by "an interim committee proposed by its national sports federations and approved by the IOC."<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/olympics/2008/07/29/bc.oly.iraq.olympicstops.ap/index.html?cnn=yes IOC lifts Iraq's Olympic suspension]</ref>

[[Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]] were due to take part in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. However, they were disqualified on August 8, having failed to register either of their athletes.<ref>{{cite news | title = Brunei Darussalam excluded from Beijing Olympic Games | publisher = [[Xinhua]] | date = 2008-08-08 | url = http://www.china.org.cn/olympics/news/2008-08/08/content_16167337.htm | accessdate = 2008-08-08}}</ref> The [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] spokeswoman [[Emmanuelle Moreau]] said in a statement that "it is a great shame and very sad for the athletes who lose out because of the decision by their team not to register them. The IOC tried up until the last minute, midday Friday August 8, 2008, the day of the official opening, to have them register, but to no avail."<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK32791920080808 Brunei excluded from Beijing Games</ref> Brunei's Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports submitted a Press release why Brunei decided not to participate in Beijing, stated that "one athlete competing in the shot putt event Mohd Yazid Yatimi Yusof (who) has undergone intensive training since March ... injured himself in June (right liotibial strain with mild lateral ministrial knee injury), when he was competing in the Pesta Sukan Kebangsaan (National Sports Festival)". The Brunei Darussalam Olympic Council (BNOC) issued a Press release stating that "it had to wait for approval from the Youth and Sports Department under the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports as to whether Brunei Darussalam could be represented at the Olympic Games".<ref>http://www.bt.com.bn/en/sport/2008/08/10/brunei_not_in_china_because</ref> It is also noted that the withdrawal can lead Brunei to being sanctioned and appropriate action will be taken after the closing of the Olympics on August 24.<ref>http://www.ranoadidas.com/?p=1576</ref>

[[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] announced on August 9, 2008 that it was considering withdrawing from the Beijing Olympic Games due to [[2008 South Ossetia War|current military conflict in South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Sport/Olympics2008/0,,2-9-2370_2372929,00.html |title=24.com - Olympics 2008 - Georgia poised to leave Beijing |date = 09/08/2008 17:00 |accessdate=2008-08-25}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[Image:Bejing Birds Nest Track Olympics.jpg|thumb|right|Inside [[Beijing National Stadium]] during the Games]]
The program for the Beijing 2008 Games was quite similar to that of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Athens]]. The 2008 Olympics saw the return of 28 sports (some of which, such as aquatics, gymnastics and cycling, were divided into multiple disciplines), and held 302 events (165 men’s events, 127 women's events, and 10 mixed events), one event more in total than in Athens.

Overall, 9 new events were held, which included 2 from the new [[Cycling at the Summer Olympics|cycling]] discipline of [[BMX]]. Women competed in the 3000 m [[steeplechase (athletics)|steeplechase]] for the first time. In addition, marathon [[open water swimming]] events for men and women, over the distance of 10 kilometres, were added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men and women) in [[table tennis]] replaced the doubles events. In [[fencing]], women's team foil and women's team sabre replaced men's team foil and women's team [[épée]].<ref>The fencing programme again included all six individual events and four team events, though the team events were a different set than were held in 2004. The [[Fédération Internationale d'Escrime|International Fencing Federation's]] rules call for events not held in the previous Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote.</ref><ref name="FencingTeam">{{cite web |type=pdf |url=http://www.fie.ch/download/letters/2006/urgent/09/en/decisions%20ANG.pdf |title=List of decisions of the 2006 General Assembly |date=[[2006-04-08]] |publisher=[[Federation Internationale d'Escrime]] |accessdate=2007-04-22|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=2008programme>{{cite news |url = http://olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=1797 |title = Beijing 2008: Games Programme Finalised |publisher = International Olympic Committee |date = [[2006-04-27]] |accessdate = 2006-05-10}}</ref><ref>[http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1056.pdf Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008], International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.</ref>

In 2006, the [[Beijing Organizing Committee]] released [[pictogram]]s of 35 Olympic disciplines (for some multi-discipline sports, such as cycling, a single pictogram was released).<!--

REFERENCES
--><ref name="pictograms">{{cite web |url = http://en.beijing2008.cn/spirit/beijing2008/graphic/pictograms/ |title = Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |publisher = [[BOCOG]] |year = 2006 |accessdate = 2008-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://en.beijing2008.com/37/34/article212033437.shtml |title = Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games unveiled |publisher = [[BOCOG]] |date = [[2006-08-07]] |accessdate = 2008-08-22}}</ref>
<!--END OF REFERENCES

-->This set of sport icons is named ''the beauty of seal characters'', due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese [[seal script]].

The following were the 28 sports to be contested at these Games. The number of events contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses (in sports with more than one discipline, as identified by the IOC<ref name="IOC Sport Pages">[http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asp IOC Sport Pages]The list of Olympic Sports is provided at www.olympic.org. The link for each sport provides further links the disciplines of the sport, if applicable.</ref>, these are also specified).

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-4}}
* Aquatics (46)
** {{OlympicEvent|Diving|2008 Summer|8}}
** {{OlympicEvent|Swimming|2008 Summer|34}}
** {{OlympicEvent|Synchronized swimming|2008 Summer|2}}
** {{OlympicEvent|Water polo|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Archery|2008 Summer|4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Athletics|2008 Summer|47}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Badminton|2008 Summer|5}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Baseball|2008 Summer|1}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Basketball|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Boxing|2008 Summer|11}}
{{Col-2-of-4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Canoeing|2008 Summer|16}}
** Slalom (4)
** Flatwater (12)
* {{OlympicEvent|Cycling|2008 Summer|18}}
** BMX (2)
** Road (4)
** Track (10)
** Mountain Bike (2)
* {{OlympicEvent|Equestrian|2008 Summer|6}}
** Dressage (2)
** Eventing (2)
** Jumping (2)
{{Col-3-of-4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Fencing|2008 Summer|10}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Field hockey|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Football|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Gymnastics|2008 Summer|18}}
** Artistic (14)
** Rhythmic (2)
** Trampoline (2)
* {{OlympicEvent|Handball|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Judo|2008 Summer|14}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Modern pentathlon|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Rowing|2008 Summer|14}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Sailing|2008 Summer|11}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Shooting|2008 Summer|15}}
{{Col-4-of-4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Softball|2008 Summer|1}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Table tennis|2008 Summer|4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Taekwondo|2008 Summer|8}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Tennis|2008 Summer|4}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Triathlon|2008 Summer|2}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Volleyball|2008 Summer|4}}
** Beach Volleyball (2)
** Volleyball (2)
* {{OlympicEvent|Weightlifting|2008 Summer|15}}
* {{OlympicEvent|Wrestling|2008 Summer|18}}
** Freestyle (11)
** Greco-Roman (7)
{{Col-end}}

In addition to the official Olympic sports, the Beijing Organising Committee was given special dispensation by the IOC to run a [[wushu (sport)|wushu]] competition in parallel to the Games. The [[Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008]] saw 128 athletes from 43 countries participate, with medals awarded in 15 separate events; however, these were not to be added to the official medal tally since Wushu was not on the programme of the 2008 Olympic Games.<ref>[http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/preparation/n214506999.shtml Wushu Tournament Beijing 2008 to begin August 21] - Beijing 2008, 05/08/08</ref>

===Calendar===
In the following calendar for the 2008 Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held. Each bullet in these boxes is an event final, the number of bullets per box representing the number of finals that was contested on that day.<ref name="Calendar">{{cite web|url = http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/schedule/ |title = Olympic Games Competition Schedule |publisher = [[BOCOG]] |accessdate = 2007-07-05 }}</ref>

{{2008 Summer Olympics Calendar}}

==Medal table==
[[Image:Beijingolympicsmedals.jpg|thumb|right|The reverse side of the medals of the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver (left), gold (center), bronze (right). Each medal has a ring of [[jade]].]]
{{Main|2008 Summer Olympics medal table}}

The top ten ranked NOCs at these Games are listed below. (Host nation is highlighted)

{| {{RankedMedalTable|class=wikitable sortable}}
|-bgcolor=ccccff
| 1 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|CHN|2008 Summer}} || 51 || 21 || 28 || 100
|-
| 2 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Summer}} || 36 || 38 || 36 || 110
|-
| 3 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|RUS|2008 Summer}} || 23 || 21 || 28 || 72
|-
| 4 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GBR|2008 Summer}} || 19 || 13 || 15 || 47
|-
| 5 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GER|2008 Summer}} || 16 || 10 || 15 || 41
|-
| 6 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|AUS|2008 Summer}} || 14 || 15 || 17 || 46
|-
| 7 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|KOR|2008 Summer}} || 13 || 10 || 8 || 31
|-
| 8 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|JPN|2008 Summer}} || 9 || 6 || 10 || 25
|-
| 9 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|ITA|2008 Summer}} || 8 || 10 || 10 || 28
|-
| 10 ||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FRA|2008 Summer}} || 7 || 16 || 17 || 40
|}

==Concerns and controversies==
[[Image:Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing Olympics.jpg|thumb|right|The banner reads: "Human Rights Abuse Cannot Co-exist with Beijing Olympics", picture taken during the opening of the [[Human Rights Torch Relay]] event]]
{{main|Concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics}}
A variety of concerns over the Games, or China's hosting of the Games, have been expressed by various entities; including allegations that China violated its [[Beijing 2008 Olympic bid|pledge]] to allow open media access,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/sports/olympics/09beijing.html?ref=olympics Two Concerns for Olympics - Air and Access - NYTimes.com]</ref> various alleged human rights violations,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3545274,00.html|title=Protestors Rally in Europe on Eve of China Olympics|date=2008-08-07 |publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/theeditorialpage/story.html?id=c06e4f24-ea77-467c-960e-abc94721e094|title=China's un-Olympic human rights record||publisher=Calgary Herald|date=2008-08-09|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iM4HoqRxdb5TWSCC16uQuHn2_q7g|title=Canadian protests over China's human-rights record continue prior to Games|date=2008-08-08 |publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref> [[air pollution]] in both the city of Beijing and in neighbouring areas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/olympics/2008-08/07/content_6912755.htm|title=Ji Xinpeng: Beijing welcomes you with its blue sky|accessdate=2008-08-08|work=China Daily|date=2008-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/world/20080727dy01.htm|title=Beijing failing to clear the air|date= 2008-07-27|publisher=The Daily Yomiuri|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref> proposed [[Olympic boycotts|boycotts]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Kosyrev|first=Dmitry |url=http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080806/115849259.html|title=Beijing Olympics as a diplomatic convention|accessdate=2008-08-09|work=RIA Novosti|date=2008-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1009630.html|first=Saul|last=Newman|title=Why Grandpa boycotted the Olympics|date= |publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref> warnings of the possibility that the Beijing Olympics could be targeted by terrorist groups,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425/BNStory/International/?page=rss&id=RTGAM.20080425.wolyminterpol0425 ''Interpol says Olympic terror attack 'real possibility'.'' The Globe and Mail. Accessed: April 25, 2008]</ref> potentially violent disruption from pro-Tibetan protesters,<ref name="interpol">[http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/25042008/3/interpol-chief-warns-olympic-terror-threat.html ''Interpol chief warns of Olympic terror threat''. Yahoo! Eurosport UK. Accessed: August 8, 2008]</ref> religious persecutions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-08-10-voa26.cfm|title=Bush Olympic Visit Highlights Religion in China|date=2008-08-10|publisher=Voice of America|first=Mike|last=O'Sullivan}}</ref> the banning of ethnic Tibetans from working in Beijing for the duration of the Games,<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2008087495_olystrict02.html ''Seattle Times'' article]</ref> criticisms of policies mandating the electronic surveillance of internationally owned hotels,<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gAkDaSkHWHboscdhQZwdRBt6hZnw AFP: China plans to spy on Olympic hotel guests: US senator]</ref><ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-olyspy30-2008jul30,0,5823677.story Sen. Brownback says China monitoring Internet access in hotels - Los Angeles Times]</ref><ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jiZadkVJSv7CQ7lHqBOIlkTqVmzgD927QP880 The Associated Press: Senator: China spying on Internet use in hotels]</ref> displacement of residents,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/19/AR2008021901612.html|title=China Defends Relocation Policy|first=Maureen|last=Fan|work=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher =[[The Washington Post Company]]|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-08-09|coauthors=Jie, Zhang}}</ref> ticket adversities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/web/british-fraud-ran-beijing-ticket-scam/2008/08/06/1217702097417.html|title=British fraud ran Beijing ticket scam|date=2008-08-06|publisher=theage.com.au |accessdate=2008-07-12}}</ref> manhandling of foreign journalists,<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite web|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/livecoverage/2008/08/protest_zone_iii_purple_bamboo.html|title=After Friend Disappears, Ji Sizun Confronts Police and is Detained Himself|publisher=The Washington Post|date=2008-08-12|accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Chinese police rough up British TV crew at Olympics | date=2008-08-13 | publisher=[[Google News]] | url =http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5irvrCdaocfBP2v4d714WFuK3cyZA | work =Associated Press | pages = | accessdate = 2008-08-17 | language = }}</ref> dubious [[Concerns over the 2008 Summer Olympics#Protest_permits_and_zones|protest zones]],<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= Jill Drew, Ariana Eunjung Cha | title=No Permits, No Protests In Beijing's Special 'Pens' | date=2008-08-15 | publisher=[[The Washington Post]] | url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/14/AR2008081403420.html?hpid=topnews | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-08-16 | language = }}</ref> as well as alleged harassment, house arrests, [[forced disappearance]]s, imprisonment, and torture of dissidents and protest applicants.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1615754_1616169,00.html/ "Zeng Jinyan - The TIME 100," TIME Magazine, May 14, 2007]</ref><ref>[http://observers.france24.com/en/content/blogger_put_prison_criticising_olympic_games "Blogger put in prison for criticizing the Olympic Games" The Observers by France, August 15, 2008]</ref><ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/29-03-2006/78007-China-0/ "Chinese rights activist Zeng Jinyan disappears" International Herald Tribune, August 9, 2008]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28185|title=Blogger put under house arrest to prevent him going to Beijing|work=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/12/china19601.htm|title=Police Detain Would-Be Olympic Protesters|date=2008-08-13|work=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2008/08/06/censored.php|title=Censored!|author=Dáša Van Der Horst|publisher=The Prague Post|date=2008-08-06}}</ref>

Furthermore, there are allegations that some members of China's women's gymnastics team were too young to compete under the [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique]]'s rules for Olympic eligibility.<ref>[http://www.asianweek.com/2008/08/26/asianweek%E2%80%99s-most-memorable-moments-of-the-2008-beijing-olympics/ "Most Memorable Moments of the 2008 Beijing Olympics"]. [[AsianWeek]]. Retrieved on [[2008]]-[[08-29]].</ref> On August 21, the IOC ordered a probe into the legal ages of double gold medal winning gymnast [[He Kexin]] and her fellow teammates.<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g_Ts7Mez2-NSOzTZbrAStD1DgTuQ Olympic probe into age-fixing of Chinese gymnasts]</ref> After a five and a half week investigation, the Chinese gymnasts were deemed eligible to compete and the original results were allowed to stand.<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 Chinese gymnasts cleared, but 2000 team eyed |publisher=[[ESPN]] |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=2008-10-01 |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/gymnastics/news/story?id=3619325&campaign=rss&source=ESPNHeadlines |accessdate=2008-10-01}}</ref>

In the lead-up to the Olympics, the government allegedly issued guidelines to the local media for their reporting during the Games: most political issues not directly related to the games were to be downplayed; topics such as Pro-Tibetan independence and East Turkestan movements were not to be reported on, as were food safety issues such as "cancer-causing mineral water."<ref>Stephen Hutcheon, [http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/was-chinas-contaminated-milk-scandal-hushed-up/2008/09/15/1221330732015.html Was China's milk scandal hushed up?], [http://www.smh.com.au/news/off-the-field/the-full-list-of-edicts/2008/08/14/1218307066869.html "The full list of edicts"], ''New Zealand Herald'' (15 September 2008)</ref> As the [[2008 baby milk scandal]] broke in September 2008, some western media evoked suspicions that China's desire for a perfect games may have been a factor contributing towards the delayed recall of contaminated [[infant formula]].<ref name=Telegraph> [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/2963808/China-accused-over-contaminated-baby-milk.html China accused over contaminated baby milk], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' (15 September 2008)</ref>

==Legacy==
{{POV-section|Legacy section commented out|date=September 2008}}
In the short term, the 2008 Olympic Games have been generally accepted by the world's media as a logistic success.<ref name="legacy0">{{cite web|last=Skalij |first=Wally |title=Beijing Olympics were logistically successful — and sneaky too|date=2008-09-02|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-olyplaschke24-2008aug24,0,7010079.column|accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref> Contrary to fears before the game, no terrorists struck Beijing; no athlete protested at the podium; and thanks largely to favorable weather conditions the city had the best air quality in ten years.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Launches Olympic-Size Headache |date=2008-08-20|url=http://www.nysun.com/foreign/china-launches-olympic-size-headache/84259/|accessdate=2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Future of Beijing's Cleaner Air|date=2008-09-02|url=http://time-blog.com/china_blog/2008/09/the_future_of_beijings_cleaner.html?xid=rss-china}}</ref>

For the Chinese people, the Olympics itself, as well as the medals won by Chinese athletes, were a great source of national pride. The Olympics have also bolstered domestic support for the Chinese government, and support for the policies of the [[Communist Party of China]], giving rise to concerns that the state will have more leverage to disperse dissent.<ref name="legacy1">{{cite web|last=Gardner |first=Dinah|title=China's Olympic legacy |date=2008-08-25|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/beijing08/2008/08/20088255274440438.html|accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>

The long-term economic impact is not yet clear, but it is generally expected that there will be no lasting effect on the city due to the games.<ref name="legacy5">{{cite web|title=Beijing's economy - Going for gold |date=2008-08-25|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11920899|accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalpar|Olympics|Olympic Rings.svg}}
*[[2008 Summer Paralympics]]
*[[World records at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat|2008 Summer Olympics}}
* [http://en.beijing2008.cn/ Official Website of the 2008 Summer Olympics]
* [http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/beijing/index_uk.asp IOC Official 2008 Summer Olympics Website]
* [http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/GL/95A/GL0000000.shtml 2008 Olympics Medal Count]

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{{succession box|title=''[[Summer Olympic Games]]'' <br> Host City|before=[[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens]]|after=[[2012 Summer Olympics|London]]|years=''XXIX Olympiad'' (2008)}}
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{{Olympic Games}}
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{{EventsAt2008SummerOlympics}}
{{2008 Summer Olympics venues}}

[[Category:2008 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:Sports festivals in China]]
[[Category:2008 in China|Summer Olympics]]

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Revision as of 05:45, 11 October 2008

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