Bratislava: Difference between revisions
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{{Geobox|Settlement |
{{Geobox|Settlement |
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<!-- ***536, becoming part of the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg (Austrian) monarchy]] and marking the beginning of a new era. Bratislava became a coronation town and the seat of kings, archbishops (1543), the nobility and all major organisations and offices. Between 1536 and 1830, 11 kings and queens were crowned at [[St. Martin's Cathedral]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 62</ref> Nevertheless, the 17th century was marked by anti-Habsburg uprisings, fighting with the Turks, floods, plagues and other disasters.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", pp. 31–34</ref> |
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The [[Refcessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava became a centre for the [[History of Slovakia#The Slovak national movement|Slovak national movement]]: in 1783, the first newspaper in Slovak, ''Presspurske Nowiny'' (Pressburg Newspaper), and the first Slovak novel were published.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", pp. 350–351</ref> |
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| name = Bratislava |
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| native_name = |
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| category = City |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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| etymology = |
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| official_name = |
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| motto = |
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| nickname = Beauty on the Danube |
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<!-- *** Image *** --> |
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| image = BratislavaNight.jpg |
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| image_caption = Bratislava's [[Old Town, Bratislava|Old Town]] in the evening from [[Petržalka]]. |
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<!-- *** Symbols *** --> |
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| flag = Flag of Bratislava.svg |
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| symbol = Bratislava CoA.jpg |
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| symbol_type = Coat of arms |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| country = Slovakia |
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| country_flag = true |
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| state = |
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| region = [[Bratislava Region|Bratislava]] |
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| district = |
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| municipality = |
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<!-- *** Family *** --> |
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| part_type = Districts |
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| part_fold = |
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| part = Bratislava I |
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| part1 = [[Bratislava II|II]] |
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| part2 = [[Bratislava III|III]] |
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| part3 = [[Bratislava IV|IV]] |
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| part4 = [[Bratislava V|V]] |
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| landmark = |
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| river = [[Danube]] |
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| river1 = [[Morava River|Morava]] |
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| river2 = [[Little Danube]] |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| location = |
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| elevation = 134 |
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| prominence = |
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| lat_d =48 | lat_m =08 | lat_s =41 | lat_NS =N |
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| long_d =17 | long_m =06 | long_s =46 | long_EW =E |
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| highest = Devínska Kobyla |
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| highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_state = |
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| highest_elevation = 514 |
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| highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS = |
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| highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW = |
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| lowest = Danube River |
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| lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_state = |
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| lowest_elevation = 126 |
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| lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS = |
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| lowest_long_d = | lowest_long_m = | lowest_long_s = | lowest_long_EW = |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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| length = | length_orientation = |
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| width = | width_orientation = |
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| area = 367.584 |
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| area_land = |
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| area_water = |
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| area_urban = |
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| area_metro = 2053 |
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<!-- *** Population *** --> |
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| population =426927 | population_date = [[2007-12-31]] |
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| population_urban =500000 |
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| population_metro =600000 |
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| population_density = auto |
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| population_density_urban = |
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| population_density_metro = |
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<!-- *** History & management *** --> |
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| established =907 |
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| established_type = First mentioned |
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| date = |
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| government = City council |
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| government_location = | government_region = | government_state = |
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| government_elevation = |
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| government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS = |
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| government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW = |
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| mayor =[[Andrej Ďurkovský]] |
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| leader = |
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<!-- *** Codes *** --> |
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| timezone =[[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset =+1 |
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| timezone_DST =[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST =+2 |
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| postal_code = 8XX XX |
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| area_code = 421-2 |
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| area_code_type = Phone prefix |
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| code = BA | code_type = [[Slovak car registration plates|Car plate]] |
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** --> |
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| whs_name = |
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| whs_year = |
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| whs_number = |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = |
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| iucn_category = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free =| |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map =Slovakia - outline map.svg |
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| map_caption = Location in Slovakia |
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| map_background = Slovakia - background map.png |
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| map_locator =Slovakia |
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| map1 = Bratislava Region - outline map.svg |
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| map1_caption = Location in the Bratislava Region |
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| map1_background = Bratislava Region - background map.png |
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| map1_locator = Bratislava Region |
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| map1_size = 128 |
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<!-- *** Websites *** --> |
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| commons = Bratislava |
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| statistics = [http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=410190&lstObec=582000&Okruh=sodb MOŠ/MIS] |
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| website = [http://www.bratislava.sk/en www.bratislava.sk] |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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<!--End of infobox--> |
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<!-- BEGIN COMMENTS: EDITORS, PLEASE READ BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES! --> |
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<!-- 1. Do not edit the lead. See discussion. 2. Please read discussion before editing anything connected with historical names of Bratislava. 3a. Please do not add ANY new historical names here – we do not want to be a dictionary and we are listing only prominent names in general. Any new names should be added to the History of Bratislava article (or maybe to Wiktionary), preferably sourced. 3b. Please do not add names anywhere outside Names section, including lead – it is already covered there 4. For sections with main articles, please add any new content to the respective articles (e.g. anything on Economy into Economy of Bratislava) --> |
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'''Bratislava''' ({{Audio|Bratislava.ogg|Slovak pronunciation}}: {{IPA|[ˈbracɪslava]}}, historically known by [[Bratislava#Etymology|foreign and alternative names]]) is the capital of [[Slovakia]] and, with a population of 426,000, the country's largest city.<ref name="stats2006">{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=6772 | title = Population on 31st December 2006 - districts| date = 23 July 2007 | accessdate = 8 January | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava is in the southwest of Slovakia on both banks of the [[Danube]] River. Bordering [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], it is the only national capital that borders two countries.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Finance New Europe | url = http://www.czech-transport.com/fne-portal/index.php?aid=170 | title = Bratislava Blast | author = Dominic Swire | date = 2006 |accessmonthday = May 8 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> It and [[Vienna]] are also two of Europe's closest national capitals, at less than 60 kilometres apart. |
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Bratislava is the seat of the [[List of Presidents of Slovakia|Slovak presidency]], the [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|parliament]], and the government. It is home to several universities, museums, theatres, galleries and other important economic, cultural, and educational institutions.<ref name="Welcomebrochure">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&id_dokumenty=1059 | title = Brochure - Welcome to Bratislava | date = 2006 | format = [[PDF]] |accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The headquarters of many of Slovakia's large businesses and financial institutions are in Bratislava as well. |
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The history of the city, long known by the German name ''Pressburg'', has been strongly influenced by various peoples, including [[Austrians]], [[Czechs]], [[Germans]], [[Hungarians]], [[Jew]]s and [[Slovaks]].<ref name="culturebrochure">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&id_dokumenty=1080 | title = Brochure - Culture and Attractions | date = 2006 | format = [[PDF]] |accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] under the Habsburg monarchy from 1536 to 1783. Bratislava was home to the [[History of Slovakia#The Slovak national movement|Slovak national movement]] of the 19th century and to many [[Slovak people|Slovak]], [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] and [[German people|German]] historical figures. |
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==Etymology== |
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{{seealso|Names of European cities in different languages: B}} |
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The first written reference (as ''Brezalauspurc'', another variant is ''Preslavaspurc'') comes from the [[Salzburg Annals]], in relation to the [[Battles of Bratislava|battles between the Bavarians and the Hungarians]], fought outside the walls of [[Bratislava Castle]] in 907.<ref>Janota, "Bratislavské rarity", p. 152; {{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1030&p1=1596 | title = Historical calendar | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 3 August | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The castle was probably named after Predslav, third son of King [[Svatopluk I|Svätopluk I]];<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 6; Janota, "Bratislavské rarity", p. 154</ref> however, ''Brezalauspurc'' literally means "Braslav's Castle" and therefore the town was probably named after [[Braslav of Pannonia|Braslav]], the last military commander of [[Pannonia]], a province in [[East Francia]].<ref name='Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon'>{{cite book | last = Kristó | first = Gyula (editor) | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század) ''(Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History - 9-14th centuries)''| publisher = Akadémiai Kiadó | date = 1994 | location = Budapest | pages = 128, 553| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 963 05 6722 9}}</ref> This ancient name reappears under the variant ''Braslava'' or ''Preslava'' on coins minted by [[Stephen I of Hungary|King Stephen I of Hungary]] and dated around 1000.<ref name="melting">{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://www.spectacularslovakia.sk/ss2001/bratislava_history.html | title = Historical melting pot of cultures | year = 2001 | accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007 | author = Zuzana Habšudová | year = 2001}}</ref> Later in the Middle Ages, it found its final form in the German name ''Pressburg'' and the Slovak name ''Prešporok'' derived from it.<ref name="melting">{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://www.spectacularslovakia.sk/ss2001/bratislava_history.html | title = Historical melting pot of cultures | year = 2001 | accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007 | author = Zuzana Habšudová | year = 2001}}</ref><ref name="Czechreview"/> ''Pressburg'' was used to refer to the city by most English-speaking writers until 1919,<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition | url = http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo&vol=22&page=ED2A313 | title = Pressburg | year = 1911 | accessmonthday = June 13 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> and it is occasionally so used even today. The Hungarians used ''Pozsony''<ref name="Czechreview"/> (spelled ''Posony'' before the 19th century) and it is still in use in Hungarian. The Latin name ''Posonium'' is derived from the Hungarian.<ref name = "lohyvb">Janota, "Bratislavské rarity", p. 155</ref> Its Hungarian and Latin denominations might have come from the Hungarian name ''Poson'',<ref name='Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon'>{{cite book | page = 553}}</ref> or from the name of ''Božaň'', an 11th-century ruler (1053–99) of Bratislava Castle.<ref name = "lohyvb"/> In addition to these names, [[Renaissance]] documents called the city ''Istropolis'', meaning "Danube City" in [[Ancient Greek]] (for example, see [[Universitas Istropolitana]]). |
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The current name, ''Bratislava'', has its beginnings in 1837, when Slavist scholar [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]] reconstructed a variant of it (''Břetislaw'')<ref name = "mhpmxn">Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 6</ref> from old names, believing that they were derived from that of [[Bohemia]]n ruler [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislav I]]. The name was used for the first time by members of the [[History of Slovakia#The Slovak national movement|Slovak movement]] in 1844 as ''Bratislav''.<ref name = "mhpmxn"/> After [[World War I]], non-Slovak representatives attempted to rename the city "Wilson City" after American president [[Woodrow Wilson]] in their effort to prevent annexation to Czechoslovakia. The proposal was rejected, and the official name of the city was changed to ''Bratislava'' in March 1919, after the city became part of Czechoslovakia. |
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==History== |
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{{main|History of Bratislava}} |
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[[Image:Web Biatec.jpg|thumb|left|An original [[Biatec]] and its replica on a modern 5-[[Slovak koruna|koruna]] coin.]] |
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The first known permanent settlement of the area began with the [[Linear Pottery Culture]], around 5000 BC in the [[Neolithic]] era. About 200 BC, the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Boii]] tribe founded the first significant settlement, a fortified town known as an [[oppidum]], and also established a [[Mint (coin)|mint]] which produced silver coins known as [[biatec]]s.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1005&p1=1569 | title = History - Celtic settlements | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007 | year = 2005}}</ref> |
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The area fell under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] influence from the 1st century AD until the 4th century and formed part of the [[Limes|Limes Romanus]], a border defence system.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 73</ref> The Romans introduced [[viticulture|grape growing]] to the area and began a tradition of [[winemaking]], which survives to the present.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1006&p1=1570 | title = History - Bratislava and the Romans | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007 | year = 2005}}</ref> |
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The [[Slavic people|Slavic]] ancestors of the modern Slovaks arrived between the 5th and 6th centuries during the [[Migration Period]].<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 90</ref> As a response to onslaughts by [[Avars]], the local Slavic tribes rebelled and established [[Samo]]'s Empire (623–658), the first known Slavic political entity. In the 9th century, the castles at Bratislava and [[Devín]] were important centres of the Slavic states the [[Principality of Nitra]] and [[Great Moravia]].<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 95</ref> The first written reference to the city dates to 907 and is related to the fall of Great Moravia under the attacks of the Hungarians.<ref>Špiesz, "Bratislava v stredoveku", p. 9</ref> |
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[[Image:Bratislava (Posonium) by Matthaus Merian 1638.jpg|thumbnail|Bratislava (Pressburg) in the 17th century]] |
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In the 10th century, the territory of Bratislava (what would later become the [[Pressburg county]]) became part of Hungary (called "the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]" from 1000) and became a key economic and administrative centre on the kingdom's frontier.<ref name="middleages">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1008&p1=1572 | title = History - Bratislava in the Middle Ages | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> This strategic position destined the city to be the site of frequent attacks and battles, but also brought it economic development and high political status. Bratislava was granted its first known town privileges in 1291 by [[Andrew III of Hungary|Andrew III]],<ref>Špiesz, "Bratislava v stredoveku", p. 43</ref> and was declared a free royal town in 1405 by King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxemburg]], who also entitled the town to use its [[Coat of arms of Bratislava|own coat of arms]] in 1436.<ref>Špiesz, "Bratislava v stredoveku", p. 132</ref> |
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The Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526. Thereafter the Turks besieged and damaged Bratislava but failed to conquer the city.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 30</ref> Owing to Ottoman advances into Hungarian territory, Bratislava was designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536, becoming part of the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg (Austrian) monarchy]] and marking the beginning of a new era. Bratislava became a coronation town and the seat of kings, archbishops (1543), the nobility and all major organisations and offices. Between 1536 and 1830, 11 kings and queens were crowned at [[St. Martin's Cathedral]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 62</ref> Nevertheless, the 17th century was marked by anti-Habsburg uprisings, fighting with the Turks, floods, plagues and other disasters.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", pp. 31–34</ref> |
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The [[Reformation]] arrived in the second half of the 16th century and found supporters mainly in the urban class. As a result of frequent insurrections against the [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] Habsburgs, the suburbs were ravaged. The city and the castle were conquered several times by insurgents, then reconquered by the Imperial troops. This period of uprisings ended in 1711 with the signing of the [[Peace of Szatmár]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 31–33</ref> |
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[[Image:Bratislava 1787.jpg|left|thumb|Bratislava (Pressburg), in a drawing from 1787]] |
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Bratislava flourished during the 18th century reign of [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], becoming the largest and most important town in the territory of present-day Slovakia and Hungary.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", pp. 34–36</ref> The population tripled; many new palaces, monasteries, mansions, and streets were built, and Bratislava was the centre of social and cultural life of the region.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", pp. 35–36</ref> However, Bratislava started to lose its importance under the reign of Maria Theresa's son [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], especially when the crown jewels were taken to [[Vienna]] in 1783 in an attempt to strengthen the union between Austria and Hungary. Many central offices subsequently moved to [[Buda]], followed by a large segment of the nobility.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1010&p1=1574 | title = History - Maria Theresa’s City | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava became a centre for the [[History of Slovakia#The Slovak national movement|Slovak national movement]]: in 1783, the first newspaper in Slovak, ''Presspurske Nowiny'' (Pressburg Newspaper), and the first Slovak novel were published.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", pp. 350–351</ref> |
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[[Image:Presburg.jpg|left|thumb|Bratislava (Pressburg), ca. 1840]] |
[[Image:Presburg.jpg|left|thumb|Bratislava (Pressburg), ca. 1840]] |
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The [[Peace of Pressburg]] between Austria and France was signed in Bratislava in 1805.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", ungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of Bratislava to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city. However, the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] arrived in the city on 1 January 1year = 2007}}</ref> The [[Port of Bratislava]] provides access to the [[Black Sea]] via the Danube and to the [[North Sea]] through the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal]]. [[M. R. Štefánik Airport]] is {{convert|9|km|mi|1}} north-east of the city centre. It served 2,024,000 passengers in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = TASR, published in Bratislavské Noviny | url = http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/73806/cestovny-ruch/letisko-vybavilo-vlani-viac-ako-2-miliony-pasazierov | title = Airport served more than 2 million passengers last year (''Letisko vybavilo vlani viac ako 2 milióny pasažierov'') | language = Slovak | date = January 13, 2008 | accessmonthday = January 13 | acceveku (Bratislava in the Middle Ages) |
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The [[Peace of Pressburg]] between Austria and France was signed in Bratislava in 1805.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 384</ref> Devín Castle was ruined by [[Napoleon]]'s French troops in 1809, and Bratislava Castle destroyed by fire in 1811.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 385</ref> As a reaction to the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Revolutions of 1848]], [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]] signed the so-called [[March laws]] (also called April laws), which included the abolition of [[serfdom]], at the [[Primate's Palace]].<ref name="Napoleon">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1011&p1=1575 | title = History - Between the campaigns of the Napoleonic troops and the abolition of bondage | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}<br>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 444</ref> Industry grew rapidly in the 19th century. The first [[horsecar|horse-drawn railway]] in the Kingdom of Hungary,<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Železničná spoločnosť Cargo Slovakia | url = http://www.zscargo.sk/en/company-profile/history/ | title = History - Austro-Hungarian Empire | date = no date |accessmonthday = May 28 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> from Bratislava to [[Svätý Jur]], was built in 1840.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", pp. 426–427</ref> A new line to Vienna using [[steam locomotive]]s was opened in 1848.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 451</ref> Many new industrial, financial and other institutions were founded; for example, the first bank established in present-day Slovakia was founded in 1842.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 430</ref> The city's first permanent bridge over the Danube, ''[[Starý most (Bratislava)|Starý most]]'', was built in 1891.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 41</ref> |
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[[Image:Apollo bombing damage.jpg|thumbnail|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] ordnance damage at the [[Slovnaft|Apollo company]] industrial plant in Bratislava, September 1944]] |
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After [[World War I]] and the formation of [[Czechoslovakia]] on [[October 28]], [[1918]], Bratislava was incorporated into the new state despite its representatives' reluctance.<ref name = "peyqxj">Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 42</ref> The dominant Hungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of Bratislava to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city. However, the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] arrived in the city on 1 January 1919, thereby making it part of Czechoslovakia.<ref name = "peyqxj"/> The city immediately became the seat of Slovakia's political organs and organizations, preferred over [[Martin, Slovakia|Martin]] and [[Nitra]] for Slovakia's capital because of its economic importance and its strategic position on the Danube.<ref>{{cite book| author=Tibenský, Ján et al.| title =Slovensko: Dejiny| publisher =Obzor| date =1971| location =Bratislava}}</ref> On [[March 27]], [[1919]], the name ''Bratislava'' was officially adopted for the first time.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1012&p1=1576 | title = History - First Czechoslovak Republic | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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In 1938, [[Nazi Germany]] annexed neighbouring Austria in the [[Anschluss]]; later that year it also annexed the still-independent [[Petržalka]] and Devín boroughs on ethnic grounds.<ref name="WWII"/><ref>Kováč et al., "Bratislava 1939–1945", pp. 16–17</ref> Bratislava was declared the capital of the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|first independent Slovak Republic]] on [[14 March]] [[1939]], but the new state quickly fell under Nazi influence. In 1941–1942 and 1944–1945, the new [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)#Politicians and rulers|Slovak government]] expelled most of Bratislava's approximately 15,000 Jews,<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 43. Kováč et al., "Bratislava 1939–1945, pp. 174–177</ref> with most of them being sent into [[concentration camp]]s.<ref name="post-war"/> Bratislava was bombarded by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], occupied by German troops in 1944 and eventually taken by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] on [[April 4]], [[1945]].<ref name="WWII">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1014&p1=1578 | title = History - Wartime Bratislava | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 2", p. 300</ref> At the end of World War II, most Bratislava Germans were evacuated by German authorities; a few returned after the war, but were expelled under the [[Beneš decrees]].<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 2", pp. 307–308</ref> |
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[[Image:Novy Most d.JPG|thumbnail|Nový Most (New Bridge) and the Petržalka borough from the Bratislava Castle]] |
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After the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia|Communist Party]] seized power in [[History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)|Czechoslovakia]] in February 1948, the city became part of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. The city annexed new land, and the population rose significantly, becoming 90% Slovak. Large residential areas consisting of high-rise [[prefabrication|prefabricated]] [[Panelák|panel buildings]], such as those in the Petržalka borough, were built. The Communist government also built several new grandiose buildings, such as the ''[[Nový Most]]'' bridge and the [[Slovak Radio]] headquarters, sometimes at the expense of the historical cityscape. |
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In 1968, after the unsuccessful [[Prague Spring|Czechoslovak attempt]] to liberalize the Communist regime, the city had to suffer [[Warsaw Pact]] troops occupation. Shortly after, the city became capital of the [[Slovak Socialist Republic]], one of the two states of the federalized Czechoslovakia. |
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Bratislava's dissidents anticipated the fall of the Communism with the [[Candle demonstration in Bratislava|Bratislava candle demonstration]] in 1988, and the city became one of the foremost centres of the anti-Communist [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989.<ref>Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 2" p. 498</ref> |
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[[Image:Bratislava's Hviezdoslavovo Square 2005-02-24.jpg|left|thumbnail|President [[George W. Bush]] and Slovakia's former Prime Minister [[Mikuláš Dzurinda]] are greeted by a crowd of thousands gathered in Bratislava's [[Hviezdoslavovo námestie (Bratislava)|Hviezdoslavovo Square]].]] |
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In 1993, the city became the capital of the newly formed [[Slovak Republic]] following the [[Velvet Divorce]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1016&p1=1580 | title = History - Capital city for second time | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In the 1990s and the early 21st century, the city's economy boomed due to foreign investment. The flourishing city also hosted several important cultural and political events, including the [[Slovakia Summit 2005]] between [[George W. Bush]] and [[Vladimir Putin]]. |
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==Geography== |
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{{main|Geography of Bratislava}} |
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[[Image:Bratislava SPOT 1027.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Bratislava seen from Spot Satellite]]Bratislava is situated in southwest Slovakia, within the [[Bratislava Region]]. Its location on the borders with [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]] makes it the only national capital that borders two countries. It is only 62 kilometres (38.5 [[Mile|mi]]) from the border with the [[Czech Republic]] and only 60 kilometres (37 mi) from the [[Austria]]n capital [[Vienna]].<ref>{{cite map | publisher = Vojenský kartografický ústav a.s. | title = Autoatlas - Slovenská republika | url = http://www.vku.sk/index.php?newlang=english | edition = 6th | year = 2006 | isbn = 80-8042-378-4}}</ref> |
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The city has a total area of {{convert|367.58|sqkm|sqmi|1|lk=on}}, making it the second-largest city in Slovakia by area (after the township of [[Vysoké Tatry (town)|Vysoké Tatry]]).<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=440706&lstObec=560103&Okruh=zaklad | title = Vysoké Tatry - Basic characteristics | date = [[31 December]] [[2005]] | accessdaymonth = 16 August | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava straddles the [[Danube River]], which crosses the city from the west to the south-east. The [[Danube#Sectioning|Middle Danube]] basin begins at [[Devín Gate]] in western Bratislava. Other rivers are the [[Morava River (Central Europe)|Morava River]], which forms the north-western border of the city and enters the Danube at Devín, the [[Little Danube]], and the [[Vydrica]], which enters the Danube in the borough of [[Karlova Ves]]. |
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The [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] mountain range begins in city territory with the [[Little Carpathians]] (''Malé Karpaty''). The [[Záhorie]] and [[Danubian Lowland|Danubian]] lowlands stretch into Bratislava. The city's lowest point is at the Danube's surface at {{convert|126|m}} [[above mean sea level|AMSL]], and the highest point is [[Devínska Kobyla]] at {{convert|514|m}}. The average altitude is {{convert|140|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2011414 | title = Basic Information - Position | date = [[February 14]] [[2005]] |accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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{{wide image|Bratislava Panorama 01.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the [[Old Town, Bratislava|Old Town]] (left) and [[Petržalka]] (right) from [[Bratislava Castle]]}} |
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===Climate=== |
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Bratislava lies in the [[Temperate|north temperate zone]] and has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons. It is often windy with a marked variation between hot summers and cold, humid winters. The city is in one of the warmest and driest parts of Slovakia.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 10</ref> Recently, the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid, with short autumn and spring periods. Snow occurs less frequently than previously.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700013&id=1109&p1=1996 | title = Bratislava Weather | date = [[March 14]] [[2007]] |accessmonthday = November 1 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Some parts of Bratislava, particularly Devín and [[Devínska Nová Ves]], are vulnerable to floods from the Danube and Morava rivers.<ref>{{cite news | first = Nick | last = Thorpe | title = Defences hold fast in Bratislava | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2198850.stm | date = 16 August 2002 | accessdate = 27 April | accessyear = 2007 | publisher = [[BBC]]}}</ref> New flood protection is being built on both banks.<ref>{{cite news | first = Juraj | last = Handzo | title = ''Začne sa budovať protipovodňový systém mesta'' (Construction starts for city's flood protection) | url = http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/buxus/generate_page.php?page_id=12325 | date = 24 January 2007 | accessdate = 28 April | accessyear = 2007 | publisher = Bratislavské Noviny | language = Slovak}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox Weather |
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|metric_first= Yes |
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|single_line= Yes |
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|location = Bratislava |
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|Jan_Hi_°F = 36 |Jan_Hi_°C = 2 |Jan_REC_Hi_°F = |Jan_REC_Lo_°F= <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely--> |
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|Feb_Hi_°F = 40 |Feb_Hi_°C = 4 |Feb_REC_Hi_°F = |Feb_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Mar_Hi_°F = 51 |Mar_Hi_°C = 10 |Mar_REC_Hi_°F = |Mar_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Jun_Hi_°F = 75 |Jun_Hi_°C = 23 |Jun_REC_Hi_°F = |Jun_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Jul_Hi_°F = 79 |Jul_Hi_°C = 26 |Jul_REC_Hi_°F = |Jul_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Aug_Hi_°F = 79 |Aug_Hi_°C = 26 |Aug_REC_Hi_°F = |Aug_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Nov_Hi_°F = 45 |Nov_Hi_°C = 7 |Nov_REC_Hi_°F = |Nov_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Dec_Hi_°F = 38 |Dec_Hi_°C = 3 |Dec_REC_Hi_°F = |Dec_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Year_Hi_°F = 58 |Year_Hi_°C = 15 |Year_REC_Hi_°F = |Year_REC_Lo_°F = |
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|Oct_Lo_°F = 42 |Oct_Lo_°C = 5 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = |
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|Nov_Lo_°F = 34 |Nov_Lo_°C = 1 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = |
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|Aug_Precip_cm = 6 |Aug_Precip_mm = |
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|Dec_Precip_cm = 5 |Dec_Precip_mm = |
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|Year_Precip_cm = 58 |Year_Precip_mm = |
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|source =Weatherbase<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=61811&refer=&units=metric | title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Bratislava, Slovakia | accessdaymonth = 30 April | accessyear = 2007 |
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| publisher = Weatherbase }}</ref> |
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|accessdate = 2007-04-30}} |
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==Cityscape and architecture== |
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The cityscape of Bratislava is characterized by medieval towers and grandiose 20th century buildings, but has undergone profound changes in a construction boom at the start of the 21st century.<ref name='habsudova'> {{cite journal|title=City to cut tall buildings down to size|journal=The Slovak Spectator|date=2007-04-23|first=Zuzana|last=Habšudová|coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd=2006010&cl=22734|format=|accessdate=2006-03-13}}</ref> |
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===City=== |
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[[Image:Bratislava-old town hall.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Old Town Hall (Bratislava)|Old Town Hall]], viewed from the [[Hlavné námestie (Bratislava)|Main Square]]]] |
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Most historical buildings are concentrated in the [[Old Town, Bratislava|Old Town]]. [[Old Town Hall (Bratislava)|Bratislava's Town Hall]] is a complex of three buildings erected in the 14th–15th centuries and now hosts the [[Bratislava City Museum]]. [[Michael's Gate]] is the only gate that has been preserved from the [[Bratislava Fortifications|medieval fortifications]], and it ranks among the oldest of the town's buildings;<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava Culture and Information Centre | url = http://www.bkis.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=28 | title = Michael's Gate | accessdaymonth = 10 June | accessyear = 2007 | year = 2007}}</ref> the narrowest house in Europe is nearby.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava Culture and Information Centre | url = http://www.bkis.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=43&Itemid=29 | title = Narrowest house in Europe | accessdaymonth = 10 June | accessyear = 2007 | year = 2007}}</ref> The University Library building, erected in 1756, was used by the Diet (parliament) of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1802 to 1848.<ref name="unilibrary">{{cite web | publisher = University Library in Bratislava | url = http://phobos.ulib.sk/univerzitna_kniznica.pdf | title = University Library in Bratislava - The Multifunctional Cultural Centre | format = [[PDF]] | pages=pp. 34–36 | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 14 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Much of the significant legislation of the [[Hungarian Reform Era]] (such as the abolition of [[serfdom]] and the foundation of the [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) was enacted there.<ref name="unilibrary"/> |
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The historic centre is characterised by many [[baroque]] palaces. The [[Grassalkovich Palace]], built around 1760, is now the residence of the Slovak president, and the Slovak government now has its seat in the former [[Summer Archbishop's Palace|Archiepiscopal Palace]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 147</ref> In 1805, diplomats of emperors [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] and [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] signed the fourth [[Peace of Pressburg]] in the [[Primate's Palace]], after Napoleon's victory in the [[Battle of Austerlitz]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 112</ref> Some smaller houses are historically significant; composer [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]] was born in an 18th century house in the Old Town. |
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Notable cathedrals and churches include the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Martin's Cathedral]] built in the 13th–16th centuries, which served as the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1563 and 1830.<ref name="cathedral"/> The [[Franciscan Church (Bratislava)|Franciscan Church]], dating to the 13th century, has been a place of knighting ceremonies and is the oldest preserved sacral building in the city.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700013&id=1122&p1=2001 | title = Františkánsky kostol a kláštor | accessdaymonth = 10 June | accessyear = 2007 | date = [[14 February]] [[2005]] | language = Slovak}}</ref> The [[Church of St. Elisabeth (Bratislava)|Church of St. Elisabeth]], better known as the Blue Church due to its colour, is built entirely in the [[Art Nouveau]] style. |
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A curiosity is the underground (formerly ground-level) restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where 19th century Rabbi [[Moses Sofer]] is buried, located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 179</ref> The only military cemetery in Bratislava is [[Slavín]], unveiled in 1960 in honour of [[Soviet Army]] soldiers who fell when liberating Bratislava from German troops. It offers an excellent view of the city and the [[Little Carpathians]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700013&id=1129&p1=2001| title = Turistické informácie - Slavín | accessdaymonth = 6 May | accessyear = 2007 | date = 2005 | language = Slovak}}</ref><ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 135</ref> |
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Other prominent 20th century structures include the [[Nový Most]] (New Bridge) across the [[Danube]] featuring a [[UFO]]-like tower restaurant, [[Slovak Radio]]'s inverted pyramid-shaped headquarters, and the uniquely designed [[Kamzík TV Tower]] with an observation deck and rotating restaurant. In the early 21st century, new edifices have transformed the traditional cityscape. The construction boom has spawned new public buildings,<ref name="realestate">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1084&p1=1859 | title = Visit Bratislava: Real Estate Market | accessmonthday = June 3 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> such as the [[Most Apollo]] and a new building of the [[Slovak National Theatre]],<ref name='liptakova'> {{cite journal|title=New Slovak National Theatre opens after 21 years|journal= The Slovak Spectator | date= 23 April 2007 | first= Jana |last=Liptáková |coauthors= |volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd=2007016&cl=27432|format=|accessdate=16 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref> as well as private [[real-estate developer|real-estate development]].<ref name='nahalkova'>{{cite journal|title=Bratislava's mayors lay out real estate plans |journal= The Slovak Spectator |date=29 January 2007 |first=Ela |last=Nahálková |coauthors=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id= |url=http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd=2007004&cl=26445|format=|accessdate=16 August|accessyear=2007}}</ref> |
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===Bratislava Castle=== |
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{{main|Bratislava Castle}} |
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[[Image:Bratislava Castle.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bratislava Castle]] at night]] |
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One of the most prominent structures in the city is [[Bratislava Castle]], on a plateau {{convert|85|m|ft|0}} above the Danube. The castle hill site has been inhabited since the transition period between the [[Stone Age|Stone]] and [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] ages<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", pp. 11–12</ref> and has been the [[acropolis]] of a [[Celt]]ic town, part of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Limes Romanus]], a huge Slavic fortified settlement, and a political, military and religious centre for [[Great Moravia]].<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 121</ref> A stone [[castle]] was not constructed until the 10th century, when the area was part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. The castle was converted into a [[International Gothic|Gothic]] anti-[[Hussite]] fortress under [[Sigismund of Luxemburg]] in 1430, became a [[Renaissance]] castle in 1562,<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 124</ref> and was rebuilt in 1649 in the baroque style. Under [[Queen regnant|Queen]] [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], the castle became a prestigious royal seat. In 1811, the castle was inadvertently destroyed and lay in ruins until the 1950s,<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 128</ref> when it was rebuilt mostly in its former Theresan style. |
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===Devín Castle=== |
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{{main|Devín Castle}} |
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The ruined and recently renovated [[Devín Castle]] is in [[Devín]], on top of a rock where the [[Morava River]], which forms the border between Austria and Slovakia, enters the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites, and contains a museum dedicated to its history.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava City Museum | url = http://www.muzeum.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700016&id=1025&p1=52 | title = Bratislava City Museum: Museums: Devín Castle - National Cultural Monument | author = Beáta Husová | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 21 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Due to its strategic location, Devín Castle was a very important frontier castle of [[Great Moravia]] and the early Hungarian state. It was destroyed by Napoleon's troops in 1809. It is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 191</ref> |
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===Rusovce=== |
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[[Rusovce mansion]], with its [[English park]], is in the Rusovce borough. The house was originally built in the 17th century and was turned into an English [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic]]-style mansion in 1841–1844.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Rusovce | url = http://www.bratislava-rusovce.sk/rusovce/architektura_kastiel.html | title = ''Pamiatkové hodnoty Rusoviec - Rusovský kaštieľ'' (Historical landmarks of Rusovce - Rusovce mansion) | date = 6 May 2004 | accessmonthday = June 1 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The borough is also known for the ruins of the Roman military camp [[Gerulata]], part of Limes Romanus, a border defence system. Gerulata was built and used between the 1st and 4th centuries [[AD]].<ref> {{cite web | publisher = Rusovce | url = http://www.bratislava-rusovce.sk/kultura/kultura_gerulata.html | title = ''Múzeum Antická Gerulata'' (Ancient Gerulata Museum) | date = [[6 May]] [[2004]] | accessmonthday = June 1 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> |
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===Parks and lakes=== |
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[[Image:Sad Janka Krala, Bratislava, Slovakia.JPG|thumbnail|right|[[Sad Janka Kráľa]] in Petržalka]] |
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Due to its location at the foothills of the [[Little Carpathians]] and its [[riparian vegetation]] on the Danubian [[floodplains]], Bratislava has forests close to the city centre. The total amount of public green space is {{convert|46.8|sqkm|sqmi|1}}, or {{convert|110|sqm|sqft}} per inhabitant.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1039&p1=1816 | title = Natural Environment | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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The largest city park is Horský park (literally, Mountainous Park), in the Old Town. [[Bratislavský lesný park]] (Bratislava Forest Park) is located in the Little Carpathians and includes many locales popular among visitors, such as ''Železná studienka'' and [[Koliba]]. The Forest Park covers an area of {{convert|27.3|sqkm|sqmi}}, of which 96% is forested, and contains original flora and fauna such as [[European badger]]s, [[red fox]]es and [[mouflon]]s. On the right bank of the Danube, in the borough of Petržalka, is [[Sad Janka Kráľa|Janko Kráľ Park]] founded in 1774–76.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Borough of Petržalka | url = http://www.petrzalka.sk/buxus/generate_page.php?page_id=934 | title = Environment: Sad Janka Kráľa (Životné prostredie: Sad Janka Kráľa) | date = [[January 29]], [[2007]] | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> A new city park is planned for Petržalka between the Malý Draždiak and Veľký Draždiak lakes.<ref name='nahalkova'/> |
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[[Bratislava Zoo|Bratislava's zoological park]] is located in [[Mlynská dolina]], near the headquarters of [[Slovak Television]]. The zoo, founded in 1960, currently houses 152 species of animals, including the rare [[white lion]] and [[white tiger]]. The Botanical Gardens, which belong to [[Comenius University]], can be found on the Danube riverfront, and house more than 120 species of domestic, foreign, and exotic origin.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava Culture and Information Centre | url = http://www.bkis.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55&Itemid=30 | title = Bratislava Culture and Information Centre - Botanical gardens | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 28 July | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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The city has a number of natural and man-made lakes, most of which are used for recreation. Examples include Štrkovec lake in [[Ružinov]], Kuchajda in [[Nové Mesto, Bratislava|Nové Mesto]], [[Zlaté Piesky]] and the [[Vajnory]] lakes in the north-east, and [[Rusovce]] lake in the south, which is popular with [[nudists]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2005914 | title = Rusovce | date = [[February 14]], [[2005]] | accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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{{main|Demographics of Bratislava}} |
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{{seealso|List of personalities from Bratislava}} |
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{| class="wikitable" align="right" border="1" bordercolor="#EEEEEE" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; align="left"; text-align: center;" |
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| colspan="6" | <div align="center">'''2001 census results'''<ref name = "population">{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=410190&lstObec=582000&Okruh=sodb | title = Urban Bratislava | date = [[December 31]], [[2005]] |accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref name = "2001census">{{cite web | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic | url = http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=3035 | title = Population and Housing Census 2001 | date = 2001 |accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061129153653/http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/english/census2001/tab/tab3a.htm Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts - archive link]</ref></div> |
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|- |
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|'''District''' |
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|'''Population''' |
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|'''Ethnic group''' |
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|'''Population''' |
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|- |
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|Bratislava I–V |
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|428,672 |
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|[[Slovaks]] |
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|391,767 |
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|- |
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|[[Bratislava I]] |
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|44,798 |
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|[[Hungarians]] |
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|16,541 |
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|- |
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|[[Bratislava II]] |
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|108,139 |
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|[[Czechs]] |
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|7,972 |
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|- |
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|[[Bratislava III]] |
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|61,418 |
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|[[Germans]] |
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|1,200 |
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|- |
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|[[Bratislava IV]] |
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|93,058 |
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|[[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] |
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|635 |
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|- |
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|[[Bratislava V]] |
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|121,259 |
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|[[Croats]] |
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|614 |
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|} |
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From the city's origin until the 19th century, Germans were the dominant ethnic group.<ref name="Czechreview">{{cite journal | author= Peter Salner | title = Ethnic polarisation in an ethnically homogeneous town| journal= Czech Sociological Review | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 235–246 | date=2001 | url = http://sreview.soc.cas.cz/upl/archiv/files/171_235SALNE.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> However, after the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], strong [[Magyarisation]] took place, and by the end of World War I Bratislava was a German-Hungarian town, with Slovaks as the biggest minority.<ref name="Czechreview"/> After the formation of the [[History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Czechoslovak Republic]] in 1918, Bratislava remained a multi-ethnic city, but with a different demographic trend. The proportion of Slovaks and Czechs increased, while the proportion of Germans and Hungarians fell. In 1938, 59% of population were Slovaks or Czechs, while Germans represented 22% and Hungarians 13% of the city's population.<ref>Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 43</ref> The creation of the first Slovak Republic in 1939 brought other changes, most notably the expulsion of many Czechs and Jews.<ref name="Czechreview"/> In 1945, most of the Germans were evacuated, or after the restoration of Czechoslovakia, displaced from the city, along with the Hungarians accused of cooperation with the Nazis.<ref name="post-war"/> The city thereby lost its multicultural character.<ref name="post-war"/> Hundreds of citizens were expelled during the communist repression of the 1950s, with the aim of replacing "reactionary" people with the proletarian class.<ref name="post-war">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1015&p1=1579 | title = History - Post-war Bratislava | date = 2005 |accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref><ref name="Czechreview"/> Since the 1950s, the Slovaks have been the dominant ethnicity in the town, making up around 90% of the city's population.<ref name="Czechreview"/> |
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==Government== |
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{{seealso|Boroughs and localities of Bratislava|International relations of Bratislava}} |
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Bratislava is the seat of the [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|Slovak parliament]], [[List of Presidents of Slovakia|presidency]], ministries, supreme court ({{lang-sk|Najvyšší súd}}), and [[National Bank of Slovakia|central bank]]. It is the seat of the [[Bratislava Region]] and, since 2002, also of the Bratislava Self-Governing Region. The city also has many foreign [[diplomatic mission|embassies]] and [[consul (representative)|consulates]]. |
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[[Image:Primate's Palace Bratislava.jpg|thumb|right|[[Primate's Palace]], the seat of the city's mayor]] |
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The current local government (''Mestská samospráva'')<ref name="citygovt">{{cite web |title= Samospráva |url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700000&id=74366&p1=76031 | date = 2007 |accessmonthday = November 21 | accessyear = 2007 |publisher = City of Bratislava |language= Slovak}}</ref> structure has been in place since 1990.<ref name="citygovthistory">{{cite web |title= Historický vývoj samosprávy | url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=74365&p1=52000 | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 6 June | accessyear = 2007 |publisher = City of Bratislava |language= Slovak}}</ref> It is composed of a [[mayor]] (''primátor''),<ref name="mayor">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/o_osoba.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id_o=1097&p1=52000 | title = Primátor | date = 2005 |accessdaymonth = 29 April | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> a city board (''Mestská rada''),<ref name="cityboard">{{cite web |title= Mestská rada | url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=74369&p1=52000 | accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 |publisher = City of Bratislava |language= Slovak}}</ref> a [[city council]] (''Mestské zastupiteľstvo''),<ref name="citycouncil">{{cite web |title= Mestské zastupiteľstvo | url = http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=74368&p1=52000 | date = 2005 |accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 |publisher = City of Bratislava | language= Slovak}}</ref> [[city commission]]s (''Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva''),<ref name="citycommission">{{cite web |title= Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva | url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=74370&p1=52000 | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 |publisher= City of Bratislava | language= Slovak}}</ref> and a city [[magistrate]]'s office (''Magistrát'').<ref name="magistrate">{{cite web | title= Magistrát | url = http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=74377&p1=52000 | date = 2005 |accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 |publisher = City of Bratislava |language= Slovak}}</ref> |
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The mayor, based at the [[Primate's Palace]], is the city's top executive officer and is elected to a four-year term of office. The current mayor of Bratislava is [[Andrej Ďurkovský]], who won the election in 2006 as a candidate of the [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]]–[[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party|SDKÚ]] coalition and is serving his second term in the office.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://slovakspectator.sk/clanok-25394.html | title = Bratislava remains blue, Ďurkovský in charge | date = 11 December 2006 | accessdaymonth = 19 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The city council is the city's legislative body, responsible for issues such as budget, local ordinances, [[city planning]], road maintenance, education, and culture.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = theparliament.com | url = http://www.eupolitix.com/EN/Forums/City+of+Bratislava/a1801f57-40bd-4caf-9749-21724bc3a1f5.htm | title = Bratislava - Local Government System | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = April 30 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The Council usually convenes once a month and consists of 80 members elected to four-year terms concurrent with the mayor's. Many of the council's executive functions are carried out by the city commission at the council's direction.<ref name="citycommission"/> The city board is a 28-member body composed of the mayor and his deputies, the borough mayors, and up to ten city council members. The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor.<ref name="cityboard"/> |
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Administratively, Bratislava is divided into five [[Districts of Slovakia|districts]]: Bratislava I (the city centre), Bratislava II (eastern parts), Bratislava III (north-eastern parts), Bratislava IV (western and northern parts) and Bratislava V (southern parts on the right bank of the Danube, including Petržalka, the most densely populated residential area in [[Central Europe]]).<ref name="petrzalkacity">{{cite web | publisher= City of Bratislava| url= http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1074&p1=1852 |title= Petržalka City | date= 1 March 2007 | accessdaymonth = 29 January | accessyear = 2008 | quote= Petržalka City will transform the largest and most densely populated housing estate in Central Europe from a monotone cement-panel housing scheme into a fully-fledged town with autonomous multipurpose centre.}}</ref> |
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For self-governance purposes, the city is divided into 17 boroughs, each of which has its own mayor (''starosta'') and council. The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough.<ref name="localgovernment">{{cite web | title = Local Government | url= http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1044&p1=1811 | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 | publisher = City of Bratislava}}</ref> Each of the boroughs coincides with the city's 20 [[Cadastre|cadastral areas]], except for two cases: Nové Mesto is further divided into the Nové Mesto and Vinohrady cadastral areas and Ružinov is divided into Ružinov, Nivy and Trnávka. Further unofficial division recognizes additional quarters and localities. |
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{| class="wikitable" border="1" bordercolor="#EEEEEE" cellpadding="2" style="margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" |
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| rowspan="8" | [[Image:Bratislava parts with states.png|130px]] |
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| colspan="5" | Bratislava's territorial divisions (districts and boroughs) |
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|- |
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| '''[[Bratislava I]]''' |
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| '''[[Bratislava II]]''' |
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| '''[[Bratislava III]]''' |
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| '''[[Bratislava IV]]''' |
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| '''[[Bratislava V]]''' |
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|- |
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| [[Old Town, Bratislava|Staré Mesto]] |
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| [[Ružinov]] |
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| [[Nové Mesto, Bratislava|Nové Mesto]] |
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| [[Karlova Ves]] |
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| [[Petržalka]] |
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|- |
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| |
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| [[Vrakuňa]] |
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| [[Rača (Bratislava)|Rača]] |
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| [[Dúbravka, Bratislava|Dúbravka]] |
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| [[Jarovce]] |
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|- |
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| |
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| [[Podunajské Biskupice]] |
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| [[Vajnory]] |
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| [[Lamač]] |
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| [[Rusovce]] |
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|- |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Devín]] |
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| [[Čunovo]] |
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|- |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Devínska Nová Ves]] |
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| |
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|- |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Záhorská Bystrica]] |
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| |
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|} |
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==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Bratislava}} |
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{{seealso|List of tallest buildings in Bratislava}} |
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[[Image:Bratislava-34.jpg|right|thumb|[[High-rise]] buildings at Nivy, one of Bratislava's main [[business district]]s]] |
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The [[Bratislava Region]] is the wealthiest and economically most prosperous region in Slovakia as of 2007, despite being the smallest by area and having the second smallest population of [[Ranked list of Slovak Regions|the eight Slovak regions]]. It accounts for about 26% of the Slovak [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Eurostat | url = http://forum.europa.eu.int/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/sk01_eco.htm | title = Bratislavsky Kraj (Bratislava Region) - Economy | date = February 2004 | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The GDP per capita ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), valued at [[Euro|€]]33,124 (2005), is 147.9% of the [[European Union|EU]] average and is the second-highest level (after [[Prague]]) of all regions in the new EU member states.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Eurostat | url = http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF | title = Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27 | date = [[February 12]], [[2008]] | format = [[PDF]] | accessmonthday = February 13 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> |
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The unemployment rate in Bratislava was 1.83% in December 2007.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family (''Ústredie práce, sociálnych vecí a rodiny'') | url = http://www.upsvar.sk/rsi/rsi.nsf/0/250f977cd12ce5c6c12572bc003184a8/$FILE/0712.ZIP | title = Current statistics; Unemployment - December 2007 (''Aktuálne štatistiky; Nezamestnanosť - december 2007'') | date = December 2007 | format = [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] | accessmonthday = February 13 | accessyear = 2008 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava. More than 75% of Bratislava's population works in the [[service sector]], mainly composed of [[trade]], [[banking]], [[information technology|IT]], [[telecommunication]]s, and [[tourism]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of |
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Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2018019 | title = Economy and employment | date = [[February 23]], [[2006]] |accessmonthday = June 8 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The Bratislava Stock Exchange (BSSE), the organiser of the public securities market, was founded on [[15 March]] [[1991]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.bsse.sk/Content/EN/StockExchange/Basic%20information.htm?LANG=EN | title = Basic Information | date = 2007 |accessmonthday = May 3 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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The automaker [[Volkswagen]] built a factory in Bratislava in 1991 and has expanded since.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' |author = Jeffrey Jones | url = http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok-7923.html | title = VW Bratislava expands production | date = [[August 27]], [[1997]] | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Currently, its production focuses on [[sport utility vehicle|SUVs]], which represent 68% of all production. The [[VW Touareg]] is produced in Bratislava, and the [[Porsche Cayenne]] and [[Audi Q7]] are partially built there.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Volkswagen | url = http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/unternehmen/geschichte.html | title = A brief journey through a long history: 2000-2003 | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}. {{cite web | publisher = Global Auto Systems Europe | url = http://www.globalautoindex.com/maker.plt?no=2082 | title = Volkswagen (Slovak Republic) | date = 2006 | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}. {{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok-27262.html | title = Volkswagen sales up to a record Sk195.5 billion | date = [[April 2]], [[2007]] | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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In recent years, [[Service Sector|service]] and [[high-tech]]-oriented businesses have prospered in Bratislava. Many global companies, including [[IBM]], [[Dell]], [[Lenovo]], [[AT&T]], [[SAP AG|SAP]], and [[Accenture]], have built [[outsourcing]] and service centres here or plan to do so soon.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = |
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Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency | url = http://www.sario.sk/?news&novinka=58 | title = Lenovo invests in Slovakia with new jobs | date = [[April 20]] [[2006]] | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}. {{cite web | publisher = Dell | url = http://www.job.dell.sk/buxus/generate_page.php?page_id=398 | title = Dell in Bratislava | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = April 25 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Reasons for the influx of [[multi-national corporation]]s include proximity to the Western Europe, skilled labour force and the high density of universities and research facilities.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Regional Polarization under Transition: The Case of Slovakia | first = Vladimír | last = Baláž | year = 2007 | journal = European Planning Studies | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 587–602 | doi = 10108009654310600852639 | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 September | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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Other large companies and employers with headquarters in Bratislava include [[Slovak Telekom]], [[Orange Slovensko]], [[Slovenská sporiteľňa]], [[Tatra banka]], [[Doprastav]], [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard Slovakia]], [[Slovnaft]], [[Henkel|Henkel Slovensko]], [[Slovenský plynárenský priemysel]], [[Kraft Foods]] Slovakia, [[Whirlpool Corporation|Whirlpool Slovakia]], [[Železnice Slovenskej republiky]], and [[Tesco]] Stores Slovak Republic. |
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The [[Economy of Slovakia|Slovak economy's]] strong growth in the 2000s has led to a boom in the construction industry, and several major projects have been completed or are planned in Bratislava.<ref name="realestate"/> Areas attracting developers include the Danube riverfront, where two major projects already under construction: River Park<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1072&p1=1850 | title = River Park | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = June 6 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> in the Old Town, and Eurovea<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1072&p1=1849 | title = EUROVEA International Trade Centre | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = June 6 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> near the Apollo Bridge. Other locations under development include the areas around the main railway and bus stations,<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1073&p1=1851 | title = Regeneration of Central Railway Station Square Area | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = June 3 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> around the former industrial zone near the Old Town<ref>{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd=2007004&cl=26446 | title = Twin City to uplift bus station | date = 29 January 2007 | accessdaymonth = 6 June | accessyear = 2007 | author = Tom Nicholson}}</ref> and in the boroughs of Petržalka,<ref name="petrzalkacity"/> Nové Mesto and Ružinov. It is expected that investors will spend €1.2 billion on new projects by 2010.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2011114 | title = New investments in Bratislava, especially near the Danube river | accessdaymonth = 6 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> <!-- This paragraph could still use some improvements, please edit it as needed --> |
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The city has a balanced budget of almost six billion [[Slovak koruna]]s (€182 million, as of 2007), with one fifth used for investment.<ref name="budget">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1034&p1=1812| title = Budget | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly, for example, in the public transport company ([[Dopravný podnik Bratislava]]), the [[Waste collection|waste collection and disposal]] company, and the water utility.<ref name="citycompanies">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo/o_utvar.asp?id_org=700000&id_u=987&p1=52000 | title= Obchodné spoločnosti mesta | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 29 April | accessyear = 2007 | |language= Slovak}}</ref> The city also manages municipal organisations such as the City [[Police]] (''Mestská polícia''), [[Bratislava City Museum]] and [[Bratislava Zoo|ZOO Bratislava]].<ref name="cityorgs">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url= http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo/o_utvar.asp?id_org=700000&id_u=988&p1=52000| title= Mestské organizácie | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth= 29 April | accessyear = 2007 | language= Slovak}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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Bratislava is the cultural heart of Slovakia. Owing to its historical multi-cultural character, local culture is influenced by various ethnic groups, including Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Jews.<ref name="culturebrochure"/><ref name="geniusloci">{{cite web | publisher = Slovak Tourist Board | url = http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?l=2&ami=108102&smi=108102&llt=1&idp=17890 | title = Genius Loci of Bratislava | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 26 July | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Bratislava enjoys numerous theatres, museums, galleries, concert halls, cinemas, film clubs, and foreign cultural institutions.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava Culture and Information Centre | url = http://www.bkis.sk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=52&Itemid=140 | title = Cultural Institutions | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 26 July | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Bratislava divadlo.jpg|thumb|The old [[Slovak National Theatre]] building on Hviezdoslav Square]] |
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===Performing arts=== |
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Bratislava is the seat of the [[Slovak National Theatre]], housed in two buildings. The first is a [[Neo-Renaissance]] theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of [[Hviezdoslavovo námestie (Bratislava)|Hviezdoslav Square]]. The new building, opened to the public in 2007, is on the riverfront.<ref name='liptakova'/> The theatre has three ensembles: opera, ballet and drama. Smaller theatres include the Bratislava Puppet Theatre, the Astorka Korzo '90 theatre, the [[Arena Theatre]], L+S Studio, and the Naive Theatre of Radošina. |
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Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to Viennese musical life. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] visited the town at the age of six. Among other notable composers who visited the town were [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]], [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], who played his ''[[Missa Solemnis (Beethoven)|Missa Solemnis]]'' for the first time in Bratislava.<ref name="cathedral">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2009114 | title = St. Martin's Cathedral | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 8 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> It is also the birthplace of the composer [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]]. Bratislava is home to the [[Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra]]. The city hosts several annual festivals, such as the Bratislava Music Festival and Bratislava Jazz Days.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700014&id=1036&p1=1817 | title = Visit Bratislava - Culture | accessmonthday = May 1 | accessyear = 2007 }}</ref> The [[Wilsonic Festival]], held annually since 2000, brings dozens of international musical acts to the city each year.<ref>{{cite news |title= Wilsonic ako bratislavský hudobný festival| url = http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/buxus/generate_page.php?page_id=41413 |date = [[May 31]] [[2007]] |accessdate = 11 June | accessyear = 2007 | publisher = Bratislavské Noviny | language = Slovak}}</ref> During the summer, various musical events take place as part of the Bratislava Cultural Summer. Apart from musical festivals, it is possible to hear music ranging from underground to well known pop stars.<ref name="travelmusic">{{cite web | publisher = Slovak Tourist Board | url = http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?l=2&ami=108102&smi=108102&llt=1&idp=16546 | title = Musical Bratislava | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 26 July | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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===Museums and galleries=== |
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{{main|Museums and galleries of Bratislava}} |
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[[Image:Bratislava-dom u dobrého pastiera.jpg|thumb|The [[Rococo]]-style "[[House of the Good Shepherd]]", home to the Museum of Clocks]] |
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The [[Slovak National Museum]] (''Slovenské národné múzeum''), founded in 1961, has its headquarters in Bratislava on the riverfront in the Old Town, along with the Natural History Museum, which is one of its subdivisions. It is the largest museum and cultural institution in Slovakia. The museum manages 16 specialised museums in Bratislava and beyond.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Slovak National Museum | url = http://www.snm.sk/?lang=eng§ion=expo&org=1&show | title = Slovak national museum - SNM office | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 7 October | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The [[Bratislava City Museum]] (''Múzeum mesta Bratislavy''), established in 1868, is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava City Museum | url = http://www.muzeum.bratislava.sk/en/vismo/dokumenty2.asp?id_org=700016&id=1004&p1=51 | title = Profile of the museum | author = Beáta Husová | date = [[January 19]] [[2007]] |accessmonthday = May 4 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Its primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections. It offers permanent displays in eight specialised museums. |
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The [[Slovak National Gallery]], founded in 1948, offers the most extensive network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are next to one another at [[Esterházy Palace (Bratislava)|Esterházy Palace]] (''Esterházyho palác'') and the Water Barracks (''Vodné kasárne'') on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town. The [[Bratislava City Gallery]], founded in 1961, is the second-largest Slovak gallery of its kind. The gallery offers permanent displays at [[Johann Pálffy Palace|Pálffy Palace]] (''Pálffyho palác'') and [[Mirbach Palace]] (''Mirbachov palác''), in the Old Town.<ref name="Citygallery">{{cite web | publisher = Bratislava City Gallery | url = http://www.gmb.sk/en/ | title = Bratislava City Gallery - about us - buildings | date = 2007 |accessmonthday = May 17 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is near [[Čunovo]] [[Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams|waterworks]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Danubiana Meulensteen Art Museum | url = http://www.danubiana.sk/eng | title = Danubiana Meulensteen Art Museum - About us | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 21 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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===Media=== |
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[[Image:Slovak Radio Pyramid1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Slovak Radio]] headquarters building]] |
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As the national capital, Bratislava is home to national and many local media outlets. Notable TV stations based in the city include [[Slovak Television]] (''Slovenská televízia''), [[Markíza]], [[TV JOJ|JOJ]] and [[TA3]]. [[Slovak Radio]] (''Slovenský rozhlas'') has its seat in the centre, and many Slovak commercial radio stations are based in the city. National newspapers based in Bratislava include ''[[SME (newspaper)|SME]]'', ''[[Pravda (Slovakia)|Pravda]]'', ''[[Nový čas]]'', ''[[Hospodárske noviny]]'' and the English-language ''[[The Slovak Spectator]]''. Two news agencies are headquartered there: the [[News Agency of the Slovak Republic]] (TASR) and the Slovak News Agency (SITA). |
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===Sport=== |
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{{main|Sport in Bratislava}} |
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Various [[sports]] and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava, with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international [[Sports league|leagues]] and [[competition]]s. |
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[[Image:Tehelne pole-pitch and stand.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tehelné pole]] stadium in [[Nové Mesto, Bratislava|Nové Mesto]], home to the [[ŠK Slovan Bratislava]] [[Association football|football]] club]] |
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[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is currently represented by two clubs playing in the top Slovak football league, the [[Corgoň Liga]]. [[ŠK Slovan Bratislava]], founded in 1919, has its home ground at the [[Tehelné pole]] stadium. ŠK Slovan is the most successful football club in Slovak history, being the only club from the former [[Czechoslovakia]] to win the European football competition the [[Cup Winners' Cup]], in 1969.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Slovan Bratislava | url = http://www.slovanfutbal.com/sk/?go=sien_naj_uspechy | title = Slovan Bratislava - najväčšie úspechy (Slovan Bratislava - greatest achievements) | date = 2006 | accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}. {{cite web | publisher = Slovan Bratislava | url = http://www.slovanfutbal.com/sk/?go=klub_historia | title = Slovan Bratislava - História (History) | date = 2006 | accessmonthday = May 15 | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> |
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[[FC Artmedia Bratislava]] is the oldest of Bratislava's football clubs, founded in 1898, and is based at [[Štadión Petržalka]] in [[Petržalka]]. Another known club from the city is [[FK Inter Bratislava]]. Founded in 1945, they have their home ground at [[Štadión Pasienky]] and currently play in the [[Slovak Second Division]]. |
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Bratislava is home to three winter sports arenas: [[Ondrej Nepela]] Winter Sports Stadium, [[Vladimír Dzurilla|V. Dzurilla]] Winter Sports Stadium, and [[Dúbravka, Bratislava|Dúbravka]] Winter Sports Stadium. The [[HC Slovan Bratislava]] ice hockey team represents Bratislava in Slovakia's top ice hockey league, the [[Slovak Extraliga]]. [[Samsung Arena]], a part of [[Ondrej Nepela]] Winter Sports Stadium, is home to HC Slovan. The [[Ice Hockey World Championships]] in 1959 and 1992 were played in Bratislava, and the 2011 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships will be held in Bratislava and [[Košice]], for which a new arena is being planned.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' | url = http://slovakspectator.sk/clanok.asp?vyd=online&cl=23434 | title = Slovakia to host ice hockey World Championships in 2011 | author = Marta Ďurianová | date = [[May 22]] [[2006]] |accessmonthday = April 27 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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The Čunovo Water Sports Centre is a [[Whitewater Slalom|whitewater slalom]] and [[rafting]] area, close to the [[Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams|Gabčíkovo dam]]. The Centre hosts several international and national [[canoe]] and [[kayak]] competitions annually. |
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The National Tennis Centre, which includes [[Sibamac Arena]], hosts various cultural, sporting and social events. Several [[Davis Cup]] matches have been played there, including the [[2005 Davis Cup]] final. The city is represented in the top Slovak leagues in women's and men's [[basketball]], women's [[handball]] and [[volleyball]], and men's [[water polo]]. The Devín–Bratislava National run is the oldest athletic event in Slovakia,<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.bratislava.sk/soubory/700000/3089784_TwincityApril2006Web.pdf | title = Twin City Journal - The Oldest Athletic Event in Slovakia | format=[[PDF]] | pages= p. 7 | date = April 2006 |accessmonthday = April 28 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> and the Bratislava City Marathon has been held annually since 2006. A [[race track]] is located in [[Petržalka]], where [[horse racing]] and [[dog racing]] events and [[dog shows]] are held regularly. |
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==Tourism== |
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:''For the list of sights in the city, see [[Bratislava#Cityscape and architecture|cityscape and architecture]] above.'' |
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[[Image:Slovakia Bratislava 785.jpg|thumb|right|Tourist train Prešporáčik in the Old Town]] |
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In 2006, Bratislava had 77 commercial accommodation facilities (of which 45 were hotels) with a total capacity of 9,940 beds.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www.bratislava.sk/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=79947 | title = Turistická sezóna v Bratislave (Tourist season in Bratislava) | date = 23 May 2007 | accessdaymonth = 1 June | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> A total of 686,201 visitors, 454,870 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight. Altogether, visitors made 1,338,497 overnight stays.<ref name="Tourism"/> However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Bratislava for a single day, and their exact number is not known. Largest numbers of foreign visitors come from the [[Czech Republic]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Italy]], [[Poland]], and [[Austria]].<ref name="Tourism"/> |
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Among other factors, the growth of [[Low cost airline|low-cost airline]] flights to Bratislava, led by [[SkyEurope]], has led to conspicuous [[Stag party|stag parties]], primarily from the UK. While these are a boon to the city's tourist industry, cultural differences and [[vandalism]] have led to concern by local officials.<ref name="stagparty"> |
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{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.slovakspectator.sk/clanok-23460.html |
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| title = Bratislava wearies of stag tourism |
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| accessmonthday = April 28 | accessyear=2007 |
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| author = Zuzana Habšudová |
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| date = 29 May 2006 |
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| publisher = ''The Slovak Spectator'' |
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| quote = We hope the number of British tourists visiting Slovakia will continue to increase, but we want it to be responsible tourism. |
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}}</ref> |
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==Education and science== |
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[[Image:Comenius University.JPG|thumbnail|right|[[Comenius University]] headquarters at Šafárikovo námestie]] |
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The first university in Bratislava and also in the territory of present-day [[Slovakia]] was [[Universitas Istropolitana]], founded in 1465 by King [[Matthias Corvinus]]. It was closed in 1490 after his death.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://www4.bratislava.sk/en/vismo5/dokumenty2.asp?u=700000&id_org=700000&id=2009414& | title = Academia Istropolitana | date = February 14, 2005 | accessmonthday = January 5 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> |
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Bratislava is the seat of the largest university ([[Comenius University in Bratislava|Comenius University]], 27,771 students),<ref name='uips1'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P01.PDF |title=Univerzita Komenského |accessdate=2008-02-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> the largest technical university ([[Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava|Slovak University of Technology]], 18,473 students),<ref name='uips21'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P21.PDF |title=Slovenská technická univerzita |accessdate=2008-02-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> and the oldest art schools (the [[Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava|Academy of Performing Arts]] and the [[Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava|Academy of Fine Arts and Design]]) in Slovakia. Other institutions of tertiary education are the public [[University of Economics in Bratislava|University of Economics]] and the first private college in Slovakia, [[City University of Seattle (Vysoká Škola Manažmentu)|City University of Seattle]].<ref>{{cite web | publisher = City University of Seattle | url = http://www.cityu.edu/loc_bratislava.htm | title = Bratislava, Slovakia: Vysoka Skola Manazmentu (VSM) | date = 2005 | accessdaymonth = 1 June | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In total, about 56,000 students attend university in Bratislava.<ref name="factsandfigures">{{cite web | publisher = City of Bratislava | url = http://visit.bratislava.sk/en/VismoOnline_ActionScripts/File.aspx?id_org=700014&id_dokumenty=1041 | title = Visit Bratislava - Facts and Figures | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 30 April | accessyear = 2007 | format = [[PDF]]}}</ref> |
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There are 65 public [[primary school]]s, nine private primary schools and ten religious primary schools.<ref name='uips'>{{cite web | title=Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 | date= 2006 | publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva | url =http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P1.PDF | accessdate = 2008-02-15 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Overall, they enroll 25,821 pupils.<ref name='uips'/> The city's system of [[secondary education]] (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of 39 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasia]] with 16,048 students,<ref name='uips2'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P1.PDF |title=Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> 37 specialized [[high school]]s with 10,373 students,<ref name='uips3'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P1.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> and 27 [[vocational school]]s with 8,863 students (data as of 2007).<ref name='uips4'>{{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P1.PDF |title=Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-14 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref><ref name='uips5'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P1.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-15 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> |
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The [[Slovak Academy of Sciences]] is also based in Bratislava. However, the city is one of the few European capitals to have neither an [[observatory]] nor a [[planetarium]]. The nearest observatory is in [[Modra]], {{convert|30|km|mi|0}} away, and the nearest planetarium is in [[Hlohovec]], {{convert|70|km|mi|0}} away. CEPIT, the Central European Park For Innovative Technologies, is slated for development in [[Vajnory]]. This science and technology park will combine public and private research and educational institutions.<ref name="CEPIT">{{cite web | publisher = CEPIT Management | url = http://www.cepit.info/?id=101 | title = Your Innovative Centre in Bratislava-Vajnory | date = 2007 |accessmonthday = April 28 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Construction is expected to begin in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | first = Juraj | last = Handzo | title = CEPIT Project moved one step forward (''Projekt CEPIT sa posunul o krok vpred'') | url = http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/60236/vystavba/projekt-cepit-sa-posunul-o-krok-vpred | date = 21 November 2007 | accessdate = 29 January | accessyear = 2008 | publisher = ''Bratislavské Noviny'' | language = Slovak}}</ref> |
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==Transport== |
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{{main|Transport in Bratislava}} |
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[[Image:DUOBUS Bratislava.JPG||right|thumb|Duobus (a [[trolleybus]] combined with a [[bus]])]] |
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The geographical position of Bratislava in Central Europe has long made it a natural crossroads for international trade traffic.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357955/Bratislava | title = Bratislava in Encyclopædia Britannica | date = 2007 | accessmonthday = April 30 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> |
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Public transport in Bratislava is managed by [[Dopravný podnik Bratislava]], a city-owned company. The transport system is known as ''Mestská hromadná doprava'' (MHD, Municipal Mass Transit) and employs [[bus]]es, [[tram]]s, and [[trolleybus]]es.<ref name="publictransportroutes">{{cite web | publisher = [[Dopravný podnik Bratislava]] | url = http://www.dpb.sk/trasy/trasy.htm | title = Trasy liniek (routes) | date = 2007 | accessdaymonth = 17 May | accessyear = 2007 | language = Slovak}}</ref> An additional service, ''Bratislavská integrovaná doprava'' (Bratislava Integrated Transport), links train and bus routes in the city with points beyond. |
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As a rail hub, the city has direct connections to Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and the rest of Slovakia. The motorway system provides direct access to [[Brno]] in the Czech Republic, [[Trnava]] and other points in Slovakia, and [[Budapest]] in Hungary. The [[Nordostautobahn|A6 motorway]] between Bratislava and Vienna was opened in November 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = Vienna-Bratislava in 50 Minutes (''Wien - Bratislava in 50 Minuten'') | language = German | publisher = [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] | date = 19 October 2007 | url = http://burgenland.orf.at/stories/229622/ | accessdate = 19 October | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> The [[Port of Bratislava]] provides access to the [[Black Sea]] via the Danube and to the [[North Sea]] through the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal]]. [[M. R. Štefánik Airport]] is {{convert|9|km|mi|1}} north-east of the city centre. It served 2,024,000 passengers in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = TASR, published in Bratislavské Noviny | url = http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/73806/cestovny-ruch/letisko-vybavilo-vlani-viac-ako-2-miliony-pasazierov | title = Airport served more than 2 million passengers last year (''Letisko vybavilo vlani viac ako 2 milióny pasažierov'') | language = Slovak | date = January 13, 2008 | accessmonthday = January 13 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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===Citations=== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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===General references=== |
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*{{cite book | title = Dejiny Bratislavy (History of Bratislava)| year = 1979 | publisher = [http://www.obzor.sk/ Obzor] | location = Bratislava, Slovakia | language = Slovak | edition = 2nd edition | last = Horváth, V., Lehotská, D., Pleva, J. (eds.) et al.}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Janota |
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| first = Igor |
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| title = Bratislavské rarity (Rarities of Bratislava) |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
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| year = 2006 |
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| publisher = [http://www.marencin.sk/ Vydavateľstvo PT] |
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| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = Slovak |
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| isbn = 80-89218-19-9 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Kováč |
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| first = Dušan |
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| title = Bratislava 1939–1945 – Mier a vojna v meste (Bratislava 1939–1945 – Peace and war in the town) |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
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| year = 2006 | |
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| publisher = [http://www.marencin.sk/ Vydavateľstvo PT] |
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| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = Slovak |
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| isbn = 80-89218-29-6 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Kováč |
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| first = Dušan et al. |
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| title = Kronika Slovenska 1 (Chronicle of Slovakia 1) |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
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| series = Chronicle of Slovakia |
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| year = 1998 |
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| publisher = [http://www.fortunaprint.sk/index.php?catalogue=1&book=31 Fortuna Print] |
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| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = Slovak |
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| isbn = 80-71531-74-X |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Kováč |
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| first = Dušan et al. |
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| title = Kronika Slovenska 2 (Chronicle of Slovakia 2) |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
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| series = Chronicle of Slovakia |
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| year = 1999 |
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| publisher = [http://www.fortunaprint.sk/index.php?catalogue=1&book=31 Fortuna Print] |
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| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = Slovak |
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| isbn = 80-88980-08-9 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Lacika |
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| first = Ján |
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| title = Bratislava |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
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| series = Visiting Slovakia |
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| year = 2000 |
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| publisher = [http://www.dajama.sk DAJAMA] |
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| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = English |
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| isbn = 80-88975-16-6 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| last = Špiesz |
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| first = Anton |
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| title = Bratislava v stredoveku (Bratislava in the Middle Ages) |
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| edition = 1st ed. |
| edition = 1st ed. |
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| year = 2001 |
| year = 2001 |
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| Line 542: | Line 12: | ||
| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
| location = Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| language = Slovak |
| language = Slovak |
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| isbn = 80 |
| isbn = 80 |
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}} |
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==External links== |
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{{sisterlinks|Bratislava}} |
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* [http://www.bratislava.sk/en/ Official website of the City of Bratislava] |
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* [http://www.bkis.sk/index.php?lang=en Bratislava Culture and Information Centre] |
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* {{wikitravelpar|Bratislava}} |
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* [http://www.bratislavaguide.com Travel guide to Bratislava] |
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* [http://www.imhd.sk/ba/?lang=en Public urban transport in Bratislava] |
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===Images=== |
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* [http://www.bratislava-photos.com Contemporary Bratislava Photography] |
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* [http://www.ba.foxy.sk/ Albums with historical and new photos] |
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** {{Flickr|Bratislava}} |
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{{Bratislava Region}} |
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{{Bratislava city parts}} |
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{{European capitals}} |
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{{Capital cities of the European Union}} |
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{{featured article}} |
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[[Category:Bratislava| ]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]] |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia]] |
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[[arc:ܒܪܛܝܣܠܐܒܐ]] |
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[[roa-rup:Bratislava]] |
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[[frp:Bratislava]] |
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[[ast:Bratislava]] |
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[[az:Bratislava]] |
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[[be:Горад Браціслава]] |
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[[be-x-old:Браціслава]] |
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[[bar:Pressburg]] |
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[[bs:Bratislava]] |
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[[br:Bratislava]] |
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[[bg:Братислава]] |
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[[ca:Bratislava]] |
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[[cv:Братислава]] |
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[[ceb:Bratislava]] |
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[[cs:Bratislava]] |
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[[co:Bratislava]] |
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[[cy:Bratislava]] |
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[[da:Bratislava]] |
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[[de:Bratislava]] |
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[[dsb:Bratislava]] |
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[[et:Bratislava]] |
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[[el:Μπρατισλάβα]] |
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[[es:Bratislava]] |
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[[eo:Bratislavo]] |
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[[eu:Bratislava]] |
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[[fa:براتیسلاوا]] |
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[[fo:Bratislava]] |
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[[fr:Bratislava]] |
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[[ga:An Bhratasláiv]] |
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[[gd:Bratislava]] |
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[[gl:Bratislava]] |
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[[ko:브라티슬라바]] |
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[[hy:Բրատիսլավա]] |
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[[hsb:Bratislava]] |
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[[hr:Bratislava]] |
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[[io:Bratislava]] |
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[[id:Bratislava]] |
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[[is:Bratislava]] |
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[[it:Bratislava]] |
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[[he:ברטיסלאבה]] |
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[[ka:ბრატისლავა]] |
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[[sw:Bratislava]] |
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[[ht:Bratislava]] |
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[[ku:Bratîslava]] |
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[[la:Bratislava]] |
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[[lv:Bratislava]] |
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[[lb:Bratislava]] |
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[[lt:Bratislava]] |
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[[lij:Bratislava]] |
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[[li:Bratislava]] |
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[[hu:Pozsony]] |
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[[mk:Братислава]] |
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[[mt:Bratislava]] |
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[[nl:Bratislava]] |
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[[ja:ブラチスラヴァ]] |
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[[no:Bratislava]] |
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[[nn:Bratislava]] |
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[[nrm:Bratislava]] |
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[[nov:Bratislava]] |
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[[oc:Bratislava]] |
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[[pms:Bratislava]] |
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[[nds:Preßburg]] |
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[[pl:Bratysława]] |
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[[pt:Bratislava]] |
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[[ro:Bratislava]] |
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[[qu:Bratislava]] |
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[[ru:Братислава]] |
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[[sco:Bratislava]] |
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[[sq:Bratisllava]] |
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[[simple:Bratislava]] |
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[[sk:Bratislava]] |
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[[cu:Братислава]] |
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[[sl:Bratislava]] |
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[[sr:Братислава]] |
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[[sh:Bratislava]] |
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[[fi:Bratislava]] |
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[[sv:Bratislava]] |
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[[tl:Bratislava]] |
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[[th:บราติสลาวา]] |
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[[vi:Bratislava]] |
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[[tg:Братислава]] |
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[[tr:Bratislava]] |
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[[uk:Братислава]] |
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[[vec:Bratislava]] |
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[[vo:Bratislava]] |
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[[yi:בראטיסלאווא]] |
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[[zh-yue:布拉迪斯拉發]] |
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[[diq:Bratislawa]] |
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[[bat-smg:Bratislava]] |
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[[zh:布拉迪斯拉发]] |
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Revision as of 14:39, 31 May 2008
{{Geobox|Settlement