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<!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. -->Justin Timberlake foreva!
: ''For other nobles of the same name, please see [[Sigismund]].''
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{{Infobox Polish monarch|
| name=Sigismund II Augustus
| image_name=Sigismund II Augustus.PNG
| image_caption=[[Image:Sigismundus Augustus Rex.PNG|190px|]]
| birthdate={{birth date|1520|8|1|df=y}}
| birthplace=[[Kraków]], Poland
| deathdate={{death date and age|1572|7|7|1520|8|1|df=y}}
| deathplace=[[Knyszyn]], Poland
| burial_place=[[10 February]] [[1574]] in [[Wawel Cathedral]], Kraków
| reign_start=
| reign_end=
| election_date=
| election_place=
| coronation_date=[[20 February]], [[1530]]
| coronation_place=Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
| family=[[Jagiellon dynasty]], [[Gediminids|Gediminid]]
| CoA_name=Pogoń Litewska
| father=[[Sigismund I of Poland]]
| mother=[[Bona Sforza]]
| consort_1=[[Elisabeth of Austria (1526-1545)|Elisabeth of Austria]]
| children_1=none
| consort_2=[[Barbara Radziwiłł]]
| children_2=none
| consort_3=[[Catherine of Austria]]
| children_3=none
| consort_4=Barbara Giza
| children_4=Barbara Woroniecka
}}


'''Sigismund II Augustus I<ref>Kings Augustus II and Augustus III bore their numbers after him.</ref>''' ({{lang-pl|Zygmunt II August}}, [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]: ''Żygimont III Awgust I'', {{lang-lt|Žygimantas III Augustas I}}, {{lang-de|Sigismund II. August}}; [[1 August]] [[1520]] — [[7 July]] [[1572]]) was King of [[Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], the only son of [[Sigismund I the Old]], whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. Married three times, the last of the [[Jagiellons]] remained childless, and thus the [[Union of Lublin]] introduced [[Elective monarchy]].


Welcome to the sandbox!
== Royal titles ==
my name is haley, P)wjroi;
/
----


Testing Testing ''123''
* Royal titles, in [[Latin]]: "''Sigismundus Augustus Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, nec non terrarum Cracoviae, Sandomiriae, Siradiae, Lanciciae, Cuiaviae, Kijoviae, Russiae, Woliniae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Podlachiae, Culmensis, Elbingensis, Pomeraniae, Samogitiae, Livoniae etc. dominus et haeres''."
Sandbox! Yay!!!

* English translation: "Sigismund Augustus, by the Grace of God, King of [[Poland]], Grand Duke of [[Lithuania]], Lord and heir of the Lands of [[Kraków]], [[Sandomierz]], [[Sieradz]], [[Łęczyca]], [[Kuyavia]], [[Kiev]], Hereditary Lord of [[Russia]]/[[Ruthenia]], [[Volhynia]], [[Prussia]], [[Masovia]], [[Podlachia]], [[Culmer Land]], [[Elbing]], [[Pomerania]], [[Samogitia]], [[Duchy of Livonia|Livonia]] etc."

== Biography ==
[[Image:Zygmunt II August.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Sigismund II Augustus. Drawing by [[Jan Matejko]]]]

From the outset of his reign, Sigismund came into collision with the country's [[nobility]], who had already begun curtailing the power of the great families. The ostensible cause of the nobility's animosity to the King was his second marriage, secretly contracted before his accession to the throne, with the beautiful [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] [[Calvinist]], [[Barbara Radziwiłł]], daughter of [[Hetman]] [[Jerzy Radziwiłł]].

But the real forces behind the movement seem to have been the [[Austria]]n court and Sigismund's own mother, [[Bona Sforza]], and so violent was the agitation at Sigismund's first ''[[sejm]]'' ([[October 31]], [[1548]]) that the deputies threatened to renounce their allegiance unless the King repudiated his wife Barbara. He refused, and his moral courage and political dexterity won the day.

By 1550, when Sigismund summoned his second ''[[Sejm]]'', a reaction had begun in his favor, and the [[nobility]] was rebuked by [[Piotr Kmita]], Marshal of the ''[[Sejm]]'', who accused them of attempting to unduly diminish the legislative prerogatives of the crown.

The death of Queen Barbara, five months after her coronation ([[December 7]], [[1550]]), under distressing circumstances which led to a suspicion that she had been poisoned by [[Bona Sforza]], compelled Sigismund to contract a third, purely political union with his first cousin, the Austrian archduchess [[Catherine of Austria|Catherine]], also the sister of his first wife, [[Elisabeth of Austria (1526–1545)|Elisabeth]], who had died within a year of her marriage to him, while he was still only crown prince.

The third bride was sickly and unsympathetic, and Sigismund soon lost all hope of children by her — to his despair, for as he was the last male Jagiellon in the direct line, the dynasty was threatened with extinction. He sought to remedy this by liaisons with two of the most beautiful of his countrywomen, [[Barbara Giżanka]] and [[Anna Zajączkowska]]. The [[sejm]] was willing to legitimatize, and acknowledge as Sigismund's successor, any male heir who might be born to him; however, the King was to die childless.

[[Image:Barbararadziwill death 19th century.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Death of [[Barbara Radziwiłł]]'' Painting by [[Józef Simmler]]]]

The King's marriage was a matter of great political import to [[Protestants]] and [[Catholics]] alike. Had Sigismund not been so good a Catholic, he might have imitated [[Henry VIII of England]] by pleading that his detested third wife was the sister of his first wife, and that consequently the union was uncanonical. The Polish [[Protestantism|Protestants]] hoped that he would do so and thus bring about a breach with Rome at the very crisis of the religious struggle in Poland; while the [[Habsburgs]], who coveted the Polish throne, raised every obstacle to the childless King's remarriage.

Not till [[Catherine of Austria|Queen Catherine]]'s death ([[February 28]], [[1572]]) was Sigismund set free, but less than six months later he would follow her to the grave.

Sigismund's reign was a period of internal turmoil and external expansion.

He saw the invasion of Poland by the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], and the ''peero-cratic'' upheaval that placed all political power in the hands of the [[nobility]]; he saw the collapse of the [[Knights of the Sword]] in the north (which led to the Commonwealth's acquisition of [[Livonia]]) and the consolidation of [[Turkey]]'s power in the south. Throughout this perilous transitional period, Sigismund successfully steered the ship of state amid the whirlpools that constantly threatened to engulf it. A less imposing figure than his father, the elegant and refined Sigismund II Augustus was nevertheless an even greater statesman than the stern and majestic [[Sigismund I the Old]].

[[Image:Death of Sigismund Augustus at Knyszyn.JPG|thumb|200px|left|''Death of Sigismund II at [[Knyszyn]]'', by [[Jan Matejko]], 1886, oil on canvas, National Museum, [[Warsaw]].]]

Sigismund II possessed to a high degree the tenacity and patience that seem to have characterized all the [[Jagiellon Dynasty|Jagiellons]], and he added to these qualities a dexterity and diplomatic finesse which he may have inherited from his [[Italy|Italian]] mother. No other Polish king seems to have so thoroughly understood the nature of the Polish ''[[sejm]]''. Both the Austrian ambassadors and the papal legates testify to the care with which he controlled his nation. Everything went as he wished, they said, because he seemed to know everything in advance. He managed to get more money than his father ever could, and at one of his ''[[sejm]]''s he won the hearts of the assembly by unexpectedly appearing before them in the simple grey coat of a [[Masovia]]n lord. Like his father, a pro-Austrian by conviction, he contrived even in this respect to carry with him the nation, always distrustful of the [[Germany|Germans]], and thus avoided serious complications with the dangerous Turks.

Sigismund II mediated for twenty years between the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Protestantism|Protestants]] without alienating the sympathies of either. His most striking memorial, however, may have been the [[Union of Lublin]], which finally made of Poland and Lithuania one body politic, the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] — the "Republic of the Two Nations" ({{lang-pl|Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów}}, {{lang-lt|Abiejų Tautų Respublika}}). Also, German-speaking [[Royal Prussia]] and Prussian cities were included. This achievement might well have been impossible without Sigismund.

Sigismund died at his beloved [[Knyszyn]] on July 6, 1572, aged 52. In 1573, [[Henry III of France|Henry III of Valois]] was elected as King of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth for a few months, but then returned to France where he was crowned as King Henry III of France. Shortly thereafter, Sigismund's sister [[Anna of Poland]] married [[Stefan Batory]], and they ruled as King and Queen of Poland.

Besides very close family connections, Sigismund II was especially allied to the Imperial [[Habsburg]]s by his pledge as member of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]].

==Ancestors==
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact4
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
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|boxstyle_2=background-color: #bbb;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ddd;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #eee;
|1= '''Sigismund II Augustus'''
|2= [[Sigismund I the Old]]
|3= [[Bona Sforza]]
|4= [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]]
|5= [[Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1505)|Elisabeth of Austria]]
|6= [[Gian Galeazzo Sforza]]
|7= [[Isabella of Naples]]
|8= [[Jogaila]]
|9= [[Sophia of Halshany]]
|10=[[Albert II of Germany]]
|11=[[Elisabeth II of Bohemia]]
|12=[[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]]
|13=[[Bona of Savoy]]
|14=[[Alfonso II of Naples]]
|15=[[Ippolita Maria Sforza]]
}}</center>

== Marriages and children ==

He married three times:
[[Image:Elzbieta Habsburzanka.jpg|35px|right]]
*On [[May 5]], [[1543]], Sigismund married his first wife [[Elisabeth of Austria (1526–1545)|Elisabeth of Austria]] (July 9, 1526 - June 15, 1545), eldest daughter of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Anna of Bohemia and Hungary]].
[[Image:Barbara Radziwiłł.jpg|35px|right]]
*Between [[July 28]] and [[August 6]], [[1547]], Sigismund married his second wife [[Barbara Radziwiłł]] ([[December 6]], [[1520]] - [[May 8]], [[1551]]).
[[Image:KatarzynaHabs.jpg|35px|right]]
*In the summer of 1553, Sigismund married [[Catherine of Austria]] ([[September 15]], [[1533]] - [[February 28]], [[1572]]), a younger sister of his first wife.

==Mistresses==
*[[Diana di Cordona]]
*[[Miss Weiss]]
*[[Miss Relska]]
**daughter
*[[Zuzanna Orłowska]]
*[[Anna Zajączkowska]]
*[[Barbara Giżycka]]
**Barbara - married Jakub Zawadzki

==Patronage==
Sigismund Augustus was a passionate collector of jewels. According to [[nuncio]] [[Bernardo Bongiovanni]]'s relation, his collection was allocated in 16 chests.<ref name="cynarski_aug">Stanisław Cynarski, ''Zygmunt August'', Wrocław 2004. ISBN 8304047144</ref> Among the precious items in his possession was [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]'s ruby of 80 000 [[Italian scudo|scudo]]s' worth, as well as the [[Emperor]]'s [[diamond]] medal with [[Habsburgs]] Eagle on one side and two columns with a sign ''[[Plus Ultra (motto)|Plus Ultra]]'' on the other side.<ref name="cynarski_aug" /> He had also a [[sultan]]'s sword of 16 000 [[ducat]]s' worth, 30 precious horse trappings<ref name="cynarski_aug" /> and 20 different private-use [[armour]]s.<ref name="scrolls_arm">[http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje31/text08p.htm Polonica w Szwecji], Wawel Royal Castle – State Art Collection</ref> His possession includes a rich collection of [[Tapestry|tapestries]] (360 pieces<ref>[http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=117996 encyklopedia.interia.pl]</ref>), commissioned by him in [[Brussels]] in the years 1550-1560.<ref name="wawel_tex">[http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=22 Textiles], Wawel Royal Castle – State Art Collection</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Sigismund II Augustus by Lucas Cranach the Younger.JPG|Portrait of Sigismund II Augustus by [[Lucas Cranach the Younger]], 1553-1555
Image:ArrasWawel.jpg|Tapestry with Shield-Bearing [[Satyr]]s with the royal [[monogram]] ''S.A.'' (Sigismund Augustus), woven in Brussels in about 1555<ref name="wawel_tex" />
Image:ArrasyWawl.jpg|Verdure [[tapestry]] from King Sigismund Augustus’s collection, made in Jan van Tieghem’s workshop in [[Brussels]] in about 1555
Image:Spanish Pendant 16th century.jpg|Golden eagle pendant on a chain, made in [[Spain]] in the mid-16th century, it belonged to the King<ref>Lileyko Jerzy, ''Vademecum Zamku Warszawskiego'', Warszawa 1980. ISBN 8322318189</ref>
Image:Royal armoury Stockholm 1.jpg|Parade [[armour]] of King Sigismund Augustus, made in [[Nuremberg]] by [[Kunz Lochner]] in the 1550s<ref name="scrolls_arm" />
Image:Zamek-niepolomice.jpg|Inner courtyard of the [[Niepołomice]] Castle reconstructed in the early 1550s by Sigismund Augustus
Image:Atstatomi Lietuvos Valdovu rumai. Rebuilding Royal Palace of Lithuania in Vilnius.jpg|[[Royal Palace of Lithuania|Royal Palace]] in [[Vilnius]] was expanded and reconstructed in the [[Renaissance]] style for the King
Image:Sigismundus Augustus Bridge in Warsaw.jpg|Sigismundus Augustus Bridge in [[Warsaw]], constructed between 1568-1573 on the King's order
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{commons2|Sigismund II August of Poland}}
* [[History of Poland (1385-1569)]]
* [[History of Poland (1569-1795)]]

{{start box}}
{{s-hou|[[Jagiellon dynasty|House of Jagiellon]]|1 August|1520|7 July|1572|}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{succession box two to two|title1=[[King of Poland]]|title2=[[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]|before=[[Sigismund I the Old]]|after=[[Henry III of Poland|Henry III]]|years1=1548–1572|years2=1548–1572}}
{{end box}}
{{Monarchs of Lithuania}}
{{Monarchs of Poland}}

{{1911}}

[[Category:Polish monarchs]]
[[Category:Grand Dukes of Lithuania]]
[[Category:House of Jagiellon]]
[[Category:People from Knyszyn]]
[[Category:People from Kraków]]
[[Category:1520 births]]
[[Category:1572 deaths]]

[[be:Жыгімонт Аўгуст]]
[[be-x-old:Жыгімонт Аўгуст]]
[[cs:Zikmund II. August]]
[[de:Sigismund II. August]]
[[et:Zygmunt II August]]
[[es:Segismundo II Augusto Jagellón]]
[[eo:Sigismondo la 2-a (Pollando-Litovio)]]
[[fr:Sigismond II de Pologne]]
[[it:Sigismondo II Augusto di Polonia]]
[[lv:Sigismunds II Augusts]]
[[lt:Žygimantas Augustas]]
[[hu:II. Zsigmond lengyel király]]
[[mr:सिगिस्मंड दुसरा ऑगस्टस, पोलंड]]
[[nl:Sigismund II August van Polen]]
[[ja:ジグムント2世]]
[[no:Sigismund II August av Polen]]
[[pl:Zygmunt II August]]
[[pt:Sigismundo II da Polônia]]
[[ru:Сигизмунд II Август]]
[[sv:Sigismund II August]]
[[uk:Сигізмунд II Август]]

Revision as of 18:09, 10 October 2008

Justin Timberlake foreva!


Welcome to the sandbox! my name is haley, P)wjroi; /

Testing Testing 123 Sandbox! Yay!!!

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