City and Talk:Mongol bow: Difference between pages
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
m Signing comment by 77.176.12.34 - "" |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{WPMILHIST |
|||
{{rewrite}} |
|||
|class=Start |
|||
{{otheruses}} |
|||
|Classical-task-force= yes |
|||
{{wiktionarypar|city|City}} |
|||
|Weaponry-task-force= yes |
|||
[[Image:Chicago Downtown Aerial View.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An aerial view of the city of [[Chicago]].]] |
|||
}} |
|||
[[Image:Shibuya tokyo.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tokyo]], the largest metropolis on Earth, at street level.]] |
|||
{{WPMA|class=|importance=}} |
|||
A '''city''' is an [[urban area]] with a large [[population]] and a particular [[administrative]], [[legal]], or [[historical]] status. |
|||
== External pics? == |
|||
Large [[industrialized]] cities generally have advanced systems for [[sanitation]], [[utilities]], land usage, [[house|housing]], and [[transportation]] and more. This close proximity greatly facilitates interaction between people and firms, benefiting both parties in the process. However, there is debate now whether the age of technology and instantaneous communication with the use of the [[Internet]] are making cities obsolete<ref>Castells, M. (ed) (2004). ''The network society: a cross-cultural perspective''. London: Edward Elgar. (ebook)</ref><ref>Flew, T. (2008). ''New media : an introduction'', 3rd edn, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press </ref>. |
|||
What's with the external links to images? Can't one be grabbed under fair use? Additionally, is there like a "requests" place on commons for pictures? It doesn't seem like getting a free pic of a Mongol bow would be that tough. [[User:Miltopia|Milto LOL pia]] 16:46, 31 January 2007 (UTC) |
|||
A big city, or [[metropolis]], may have [[suburb]]s. Such cities are usually associated with [[metropolitan areas]] and [[urban sprawl]], creating large amounts of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a [[conurbation]] or [[Megalopolis (city type)|megalopolis]]. |
|||
: We can't use the images under fair use because we are not commenting on the images themselves (or their overall context). See [[Wikipedia:Fair Use]] for more details. [[User:Vectro|Vectro]] 04:37, 15 March 2007 (UTC) |
|||
== Mongol bow vs. English longbow == |
|||
==The birth of cities== |
|||
There is insufficient evidence to assert what conditions in world history spawned the first cities. Theorists, however, have offered arguments for what the right conditions might have been and have identified some basic mechanisms that might have been the important driving forces. |
|||
This article cites that the draw strength of an English longbow was LESS than that of the Mongol bow. From the Wikipedia article on the English longbow (which has references addressing this point) and actually the reference that is used for this article next to this point, I gathered that the longbow actually had a much greater draw strength (150-180 lbs), but had a lower range because of the Mongol bow's better construction. |
|||
===Cities or agriculture first?=== |
|||
The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the [[Neolithic revolution]]. The Neolithic revolution brought [[agriculture]], which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development {{Harv |Bairoch|1988| p=3-4}}. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to choose to settle near others who lived off of agricultural production. The increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land, created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, “Cities and Economic Development,” [[Paul Bairoch]] takes up this position as he provides a seemingly straightforward argument, which makes agricultural activity appear necessary before true cities can form. |
|||
That should be corrected. <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/74.74.101.130|74.74.101.130]] ([[User talk:74.74.101.130|talk]]) 20:58, 3 April 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned --> |
|||
According to [[Vere Gordon Childe]], for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade {{Harv |Pacione|2001| p=16}}. Bairoch points out that, due to sparse population densities that would have persisted in pre-Neolithic, hunter-gatherer societies, the amount of land that would be required to produce enough food for subsistence and trade for a large population would make it impossible to control the flow of trade. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers “Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, [where] the density must have been less than 0.1 person per square kilometer”, {{Harv |Bairoch|1988| p=13}} as an example. Using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10% of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that there is no farming taking place among the city dwellers, he calculates that “in order to maintain a city with a population of 1,000, and without taking the cost of transportation into account, an area of 100,000 square kilometers would have been required. When the cost of transportation is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometers..." {{Harv |Bairoch|1988| p=13}}. Bairoch noted that 200,000 square kilometers is roughly the size of Great Britain. |
|||
But now it doesn't make sense and is confusing (I mean the sentense) so I'm going to change it so it does. Ok? Ok. BTW, I'm going to say the draw strength is comparable to the longbow not greater or lesser than, cause the wide range of the possible numbers. K? If you don't like it change it back and leave a msg here. Ok? [[User:ParallelPain|ParallelPain]] 06:16, 27 April 2007 (UTC) |
|||
In her book “The Economy of Cities,” [[Jane Jacobs]] makes the controversial claim that city-formation preceded the birth of agriculture. Jacobs does not lend her theory to any strict definition of a city, but her account suggestively contrasts what could only be thought of as primitive city-like activity to the activity occurring in neighboring hunter-gatherer settlements. |
|||
:K done. BTW I added the 80yard accurate range thing I found on either the archery or longbow pages.[[User:ParallelPain|ParallelPain]] 06:34, 27 April 2007 (UTC) |
|||
==Duplication and mislabelling?== |
|||
To argue that cities came first, Jacobs offers a fictitious scenario where a valued natural resource leads to primitive economic activity that eventually creates conditions for the discovery of grain culture. Jacobs calls the imaginary city New Obsidian, where a stock of [[obsidian]] is controlled and traded with neighboring hunting groups. Those that do not control the stock demand the obsidian, so hunters travel great distances to barter what they have. Hunters value obsidian because “[o]bsidian makes the sharpest tools to be had" {{Harv |Jacobs|1969| p=23}}. Hunters arrive with live animals and produce, providing New Obsidian with food imports. When New Obsidians want goods that they do not have access to at their settlement, they take the obsidian as a currency to other settlements for trade. This basic economic activity turns the little city into a sort of “depot” where, in addition to exporting obsidian, a service of obtaining, handling and trading of goods that are brought in from elsewhere are made available for secondary customers. This activity brings more people to the center as jobs are created and goods are being traded. Among the goods traded are seeds of all different sorts and they are stored in unprecedented combinations. In various ways, some accidental, the seeds are sown, and the variation in yields among the different types of seeds are readily observed, more readily than they would in the wild. The seeds that yield the most grain are noticed and trading them begins to occur within the city. Owing to this local dealing, New Obsidians find that their grain yields are the best and for the first time “the selection becomes deliberate and conscious. The choices made now are purposeful, and they are made among various strains of already cultivated crosses, and their crosses, mutants and hybrids {{Harv |Jacobs|1969| p=23}}. The new way of producing food allows for food surplus and the surplus is offset by the population increase that results from an increase in labor that the new production method has created. The new source of food allows New Obsidian to switch its imports from mostly food, to mostly other materials that neighboring settlements are rich in, but could not barter with before. The craftsman that develop in New Obsidian make good use of the explosion of the new material imports and the work to be done increases rapidly along with the population as neighboring settlements are absorbed by the city activities. |
|||
Most of this page is duplicated on the Composite bow page. Also, this page seems to be describing the Qing (Manchu) bow, with string bridges, not the sort that Chingiz Khan and his people actually used. As far as I know they used bows like the Hungarian ones. I've also heard that the very strong Chinese bows were used to test strength, rather than for hunting or war, but I'd love some good information. |
|||
===Why do cities form?=== |
|||
Theorists have suggested many possible reasons for why people would have originally decided to come together to form dense populations. In his book “City Economics,” [[Brendan O’Flaherty]] asserts “Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages" {{Harv |O'Flaherty|2005| p=12}}. O’Flaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as [[increasing returns to scale]] and [[economies of scale]], which are concepts normally associated with firms, but their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well. Increasing returns to scale occurs when “doubling all inputs more than doubles the output [and] an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost” {{Harv |O'Flaherty|2005| p=572-573}}. To offer an example of these concepts, O’Flaherty makes use of “one of the oldest reasons why cities were built: military protection” {{Harv |O'Flaherty|2005| p=13}}. In this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection (i.e.: a wall) and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. O’Flaherty then asks that we suppose that the area to be protected is square and each hectare inside it has the same value of protection. The advantage is expressed as: {{Harv |O'Flaherty|2005| p=13}}. |
|||
(1) '''<math>O = s^2</math>''', where O is the output (area protected) and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side. |
|||
On the other hand there is some good stuff. I'd suggest removing the duplication. Richard Keatinge 15:57, 18 June 2007 (UTC) |
|||
The inputs depend on the length of the perimeter: |
|||
edited for spelling mistakes |
|||
(2) '''<math>I = 4s</math>''', where I stands for the quantity of inputs. This equation shows that the perimeter is proportional to the length of a side. |
|||
still needs more edits for spelling and grammar though [[User:130.217.159.233|130.217.159.233]] 02:06, 9 October 2006 (UTC) |
|||
So there are increasing returns to scale: |
|||
:Your information about the type of bow is incorrect. The Mongols used exactly what is described in the article (which also correctly explains the difference to the Hungarian type). I'm not aware of a "very strong Chinese bows" either. It is inevitable that there is some overlap with [[Composite bow]], although there may be ways to find a better balance between the articles. You're welcome to fix any grammar and spelling problems you find. But when changing the actual content, please make sure to cite reliable published sources. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] 18:46, 18 June 2007 (UTC) |
|||
(3) '''<math>O = I^2/16</math>'''. This equation (algebraically, combining (1) and (2)) shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output. |
|||
::Latebird, you are so wrong! The old empirical Mongol bow was different from the one used today at Nadaams which is a clone of the Mandshu (Qing) bow with Mongolian Ibex horn used instead of Buffalo.The old bow was a true horse bow (!!!!) while the modern bow is far to large to be used comfortably from horseback using the ancient Mongolian tactics such as shooting backwards in a faked retreat. It is only used standing nowadays.Please do some research first before making such bold statements.Archery, and bowyery has been outlawed in Mongolia after they have been defeated by the Qing armies and only re_emerged in the 19th century with many of the bows supplied by Beijing bowyers.The design was then adopted by Mongolians for their sport events today.Hungarian bows are irrelevant in this context as the are differnt to modern and empirical Mongol bows.Reenactment bows sold in Hungary bear little historical accuracy though this is what they claim. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:77.176.19.189|77.176.19.189]] ([[User talk:77.176.19.189|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/77.176.19.189|contribs]]) 23:57, September 16, 2008</span><!-- Template:Unsigned --> |
|||
Also, economies of scale: |
|||
Stephen Selby's Archery Traditions of Asia (http://www.atarn.org/commercial/traditions.htm) is such a source. I propose to re-insert comments on the historical development of the Mongol bow. The author is one of very few world experts on the subject, and the posts I cited earlier do give links to sources, original artwork and so on - but I suppose that putting those in would count as original research. However, this book doesn't mention the exercise bows, so I'll leave that out until I can dig up something more reliable.Richard Keatinge 11:43, 21 June 2007 (UTC) |
|||
(4) '''<math>I = 4O^{1/2}</math>'''. This equation (combining (1) and (2)) shows that the same output requires less input. |
|||
“Cities, then, economize on protection, and so protection against marauding barbarian armies is one reason why people have come together to live in cities…” {{Harv |O'Flaherty|2005| p=13}}. |
|||
:Now you're actually getting close to convincing me... ;) Do you have that book/catalog? It looks very interesting indeed. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] 12:07, 21 June 2007 (UTC) |
|||
Similarly, ''“Are Cities Dying?”'' by Edward L. Glaeser, delves into similar reasons for city formation: reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas. An interesting piece from Glaeser’s article is his argument about the benefits of proximity. He claims that if you double a city size, workers have a ten percent increase in earnings. Glaeser furthers his argument by logically stating that bigger cities don’t pay more for equal productivity in a smaller city, so it is reasonable then to assume that workers actually become more productive if you move them to a city twice the size than they initially worked in. However, the workers don’t really benefit from the ten percent wage increase because it is recycled back into the higher cost of living in a bigger city. |
|||
I do, but no working scanner. It is indeed interesting, and well-presented. I'll give the scanner a kick and see if it works better.Richard Keatinge 09:19, 22 June 2007 (UTC) |
|||
==Geography== |
|||
[[Image:Haarlem-City-Map-1550.jpg||thumb|225px|Map of [[Haarlem]], the [[Netherlands]], of around 1550. The city is completely surrounded by a city wall and defensive canal. The square shape was inspired by Jerusalem.]] |
|||
Kicking doesn't help, sorry. I'll make the changes though. Richard Keatinge 09:45, 5 July 2007 (UTC) |
|||
Modern city planning has seen many different schemes for how a city should look. The most commonly seen pattern is the [[grid plan|grid]], favoured by the Romans, almost a rule in parts of the [[Americas]], and used for thousands of years in [[China]]. [[Derry]] was the first ever [[planned city]] in Ireland, begun in 1613, with the walls being completed five years later. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence. The grid pattern chosen was widely copied in the colonies of British North America. However, the grid has been around for far longer than the British Empire. The Ancient Greeks often gave their colonies around the Mediterranean a grid plan. One of the best examples is the city of [[Priene]]. This city even had its different districts, much like modern city planning today. Fifteen centuries earlier the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was using grids in such cities as [[Mohenjo-Daro]]. Grid plans were popular among planners in the 19th century; such plans were typical in the [[American West]], in places such as [[Salt Lake City]] and [[San Francisco]]. Also in Medieval times we see a preference for linear planning. Good examples are the cities established in the south of France by various rulers and city expansions in old Dutch and Flemish cities. |
|||
==Water Buffalo== |
|||
Other forms may include a radial structure in which main roads converge on a central point, often the effect of successive growth over long time with concentric traces of [[town wall]]s and [[citadel]]s - recently supplemented by ring-roads that take traffic around the edge of a town. Many [[Netherlands|Dutch]] cities are structured this way: a central square surrounded by concentric canals. Every city expansion would imply a new circle (canals + town walls). In cities like [[Amsterdam]] and [[Haarlem]], and elsewhere, such as in [[Moscow]], this pattern is still clearly visible. |
|||
But it's true!!! Water Buffalo horn preferred over Ibex horn!! Bowyers traditionally brought them in from China. Can't remember where my original information was from but did a quick google and hit a [http://www.atarn.org/mongolian/dulaan/ltr_jul99.htm confirmation]. I am sure there is more. Cheers.--[[User:Tigeroo|Tigeroo]] 16:23, 5 July 2007 (UTC) |
|||
:Unfortunately my best "arguments" are really original research, because the bow maker I met in UB told me some very different stories than the one in your source (it's called marketing). But hey, I've been surprised before! Just try to find some less casual sources than a travel report. And whichever animal they used, they must have killed millions of them over the centuries... --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] 17:39, 5 July 2007 (UTC) |
|||
==History== |
|||
Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular [[Ancient history|ancient]] settlement can be considered to be a city. A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the members living in close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. These interactions generate both positive and negative externalities between other’s actions. Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural resources, large local markets, and later in their development, amenities such as [[running water]] and [[sewage]] disposal. Possible costs would include higher rate of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of living, worse pollution, traffic and high commuting times. Cities will grow when the benefits of proximity between people and firms are higher than the cost. The first true towns are sometimes considered to be large settlements where the inhabitants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on specialized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power was centralized. In [[1950]] [[Gordon Childe]] attempted to define a historic city with 10 general metrics<ref>{{Cite journal |
|||
| volume = 21 |
|||
| issue = 1 |
|||
| pages = 3–19 |
|||
| last = Childe |
|||
| first = V. Gordon |
|||
| title = The Urban Revolution |
|||
| doi = 10.1068/d5307 <!--Retrieved from Yahoo! by DOI bot-->| journal = Town Planning Review |
|||
| date = Apr |
|||
}}</ref>. These are: |
|||
# Size and density of the population should be above normal. |
|||
# Differentiation of the population. Not all residents grow their own food leading to specialists. |
|||
# Payment of taxes to a deity or king. |
|||
# Monumental public buildings. |
|||
# Those not producing their own food are supported by the king. |
|||
# Systems of recording and practical science. |
|||
# A system of writing. |
|||
# Development of symbolic art. |
|||
# Trade and import of raw materials. |
|||
# Specialist craftsmen from outside the kin-group. |
|||
This categorisation is descriptive, and not all ancients cities fit into this well, but it is used as a general touchstone when considering ancient cities. |
|||
It may depend on exactly which Mongol bow we're talking about. Water buffalo seems to be about the best but not every impoverished nomad would be able to get it! On the other hand if you're Khan of all China you could presumably have any kind of horn you wanted, and so could a lot of your army. Csaba Grozer's website says that the horn of Hungarian grey cattle is good, and other nomads have used various horns from sheep and whatnot, but they are not usually available in such convenient long bits. With the globalization of the modern horn market I presume that the few modern traditional Mongol bowyers can now get water buffalo horn if they want it. What goes for certain Mongol bows/bowyers at one time and place may not go for all of them. |
|||
One characteristic that can be used to distinguish a small city from a large town is organized government. A town accomplishes common goals through informal agreements between neighbors or the leadership of a chief. A city has professional administrators, regulations, and some form of taxation (food and other necessities or means to trade for them) to feed the government workers. The governments may be based on heredity, religion, military power, work projects (such as canal building), food distribution, land ownership, agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, finance, or a combination of those. Societies that live in cities are often called [[civilization]]s. A city can also be defined as an absence of physical space between people and firms. |
|||
Could I therefore suggest that any comments should be specific to time and place, as well as being referenced? Richard Keatinge 21:54, 8 July 2007 (UTC) |
|||
::That is a good point. What this article lacks is the morphology of the Mongol bow through history. Mongols bows are "still" in use hunting. We are not talking about a bow that was necessarily limited to war and is stuck in a historical narrative.--[[User:Tigeroo|Tigeroo]] 13:52, 16 July 2007 (UTC) |
|||
== decorations == |
|||
===Ancient times=== |
|||
{{see|Cities of the Ancient Near East|polis|City-state}} |
|||
Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. [[Mesopotamia]] can claim the earliest cities, particularly [[Eridu]], [[Uruk]], and [[Ur]]. Although it has sometimes been claimed that ancient [[Egypt]] lacked urbanism, in fact several types of urban settlements were found in ancient times. The [[Indus Valley Civilization]] and [[China]] are two other areas of the Old World with major indigenous urban traditions. Among the early Old World cities, [[Mohenjo-daro]] of the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day [[Pakistan]] was one of the largest, with an estimated population of 40,000 or more.<ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998) Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Oxford University Press, Karachi and New York.</ref> Mohenjo-daro and [[Harappa]], the large Indus capitals, were among the first cities to use [[grid plan]]s, [[drainage]], [[flush toilet]]s, urban [[sanitation]] systems, and [[Sewage collection and disposal|sewage systems]]. At a somewhat later time, a distinctive urban tradition developed in the [[Khmer]] region of Cambodia, where [[Angkor]] grew into one of the largest cities (in area) the world has ever seen. |
|||
I may be wrong, but I do not think it is easy to engrave a bow with a feather. My understanding is that either actual feathers were used as decoration, or that (images of) feathers were engraved. Can someone with an actual clue please try to sort that out? Regards, [[User:Yaan|Yaan]] ([[User talk:Yaan|talk]]) 10:36, 18 January 2008 (UTC) |
|||
In the ancient Americas, early urban traditions developed in [[Mesoamerica]] and the [[Andes]]. Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, including the [[Classic Maya]], the [[Zapotec]] of Oaxaca, and [[Teotihuacan]] in central Mexico. Later cultures such as the [[Aztec]] drew on these earlier urban traditions. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the [[Chavin]] and [[Moche]] cultures, followed by major cities in the [[Huari]], [[Chimu]] and [[Inca]] cultures. |
|||
== modern Mongol bow vs old empirical Mongol bow == |
|||
This roster of early urban traditions is notable for its diversity. Excavations at early urban sites show that some cities were sparsely-populated political capitals, others were trade centers, and still other cities had a primarily religious focus. Some cities had large dense populations whereas others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations. Theories that attempt to explain ancient urbanism by a single factor such as economic benefit fail to capture the range of variation documented by archaeologists (Smith 2002). |
|||
I have added information about the two types of bows as they where quite different in size and design and performance. Many historical articles about the Mongol conquest link to this page, but this page describes only the modern Mongolian bow in detail, '''not the empirical Mongol bow''' which was much smaller in size and more similar to the bows used by Crimerian Tatars and other turkic peoples. There is no article about the empirical Mongol bow. Please someone who is adept in this create one !I am not sure if the "old" bow even had string bridges at all, or if those where introduced with the use of the modified Qing bow used at nadaams today. |
|||
I also agree with Yaan, its difficult to "engrave" a bow with falcon and eagle feathers, and there is no proof the Mongolian bows are/were decorated with felts/ hair or feathers as this kind of decoration might distract the archer during aiming.The feather part is being stated on an external website, but I doubt it.This kind of decorations is used in movies rather than reality.... {{unsigned |77.176.19.189|--[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) 08:51, 17 September 2008 (UTC)}} |
|||
The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient [[empire]]s concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater [[capital]] cities and centres of commerce and industry, with [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] and [[Seleucia on the Tigris|Seleucia]] of the [[Hellenistic civilization]], [[Pataliputra]] (now [[Patna]]) in [[India]], [[Chang'an]] (now [[Xi'an]]) in [[China]], [[Carthage]], [[ancient Rome]], its eastern successor [[Constantinople]] (later [[Istanbul]]), and successive Chinese, Indian and [[Muslim world|Muslim]] capitals approaching or exceeding the half-million population level. |
|||
It is estimated that ancient Rome had a population of about a million people by the end of the first century BC, after growing continually during the 3rd, 2nd, and 1st centuries BCE.<ref name=cities> On The Political Economy of the Roman Empire, Keith Hopkins </ref> And it is generally considered the largest city before 19th century London.<ref> The organization of the grain trade in the early Roman Empire, David Kessler and Peter Temin </ref> [[Alexandria]]'s population was also close to Rome's population at around the same time, the historian Rostovtzeff estimates a total population close to a million based on a census dated from 32 CE that counted 180,000 adult male citizens in Alexandria.<ref> Rostovtzeff 1941: 1138-39)</ref> Similar administrative, commercial, industrial and ceremonial centres emerged in other areas, most notably [[Baghdad]], which to some urban historians, later became the first city to exceed a population of one million by the 8th century instead of Rome. |
|||
:What you wrote may or may not be correct. But as it radically changes the content and focus of the article, it ''must'' be supported with [[WP:RS|reliable published sources]]. Please [[WP:CITE|add citations]], so that other people can verify where that information came from. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) 08:51, 17 September 2008 (UTC) |
|||
Agriculture was practiced in sub-Saharan [[Africa]] since the third millennium BCE. Because of this, cities were able to develop as centers of non-agricultural activity. Exactly when this first happened is still a topic of archeological and historical investigation. Western scholarship has tended to focus on cities in Europe and Mesopotamia, but emerging archeological evidence indicates that urbanization occurred south of the Sahara in well before the influence of Arab urban culture. The oldest sites documented thus far are from around 500 CE including Awdaghust, Kumbi-Saleh the ancient capital of Ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade rout between Egypt and Gao.<ref>''[http://markuswiener.com/book_reviews.html?products_id=93&products_name=History%20of%20African%20Cities%20South%20of%20the%20Sahara History of African Cities South of the Sahara]'' By Catherine Coquery |
|||
-Vidrovitch. 2005. ISBN 1558763031</ref> |
|||
::Cool! You actually managed to dig up one of the most obscure sources possible. In a script that hardly anyone can read, without as much translating the title, let alone an indication of its author and date of creation. While foreign language sources are not prohibited as such, supporting your claims in a convincing way will take a little more work. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) 22:26, 19 September 2008 (UTC) |
|||
===Middle Ages=== |
|||
During the European [[Middle Ages]], a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community: ''"Stadtluft macht frei"'' ("City air makes you free") was a saying in Germany. In [[Continental Europe]] cities with a legislature of their own were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. In the [[Holy Roman Empire]] some cities had no other lord than the emperor. In [[Italy]], [[Medieval commune]]s had quite a statelike power. |
|||
In exceptional cases like [[Venice]], [[Genoa]] or [[Lübeck]], cities themselves became powerful states, sometimes taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. Similar phenomena existed elsewhere, as in the case of [[Sakai, Osaka|Sakai]], which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan. |
|||
Latebird, in Asia these are well known facts, similar to your knowledge that the car you drive today isn't identical with the cars your ancestors used during the the early 20th century, the fact that present day Mongol bows are a modification of the Manchu bow is supported by huge amounts of archeological findings.If I get access to such material in English I will update the references.Meanwhile let us focus on how to make this wiki better together instead of spreading false information. |
|||
===Early Modern=== |
|||
While the [[city-state]]s, or [[polis|poleis]], of the [[Mediterranean]] and [[Baltic Sea]] languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] trade. By the late 18th century, [[London]] had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while [[Paris]] rivaled the well-developed regionally-traditional capital cities of [[Baghdad]], [[Beijing]], [[Istanbul]] and [[Kyoto]]. |
|||
During the Spanish colonization of [[the Americas]] the old Roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism. |
|||
:Wikipedia doesn't care of information is right or "false". It only cares if it can be [[WP:VERIFY|verified]], ideally through ''several'' reliable sources. And of course, the easier accessible the sources, the better. "Everybody in Asia knows" is not an argument if the information has never been published in verifiable form. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) 21:14, 23 September 2008 (UTC) |
|||
Most towns remained far smaller places, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants: as late as 1700 there were fewer than forty, a figure which would rise thereafter to 300 in 1900. A small city of the early modern period might contain as few as 10,000 inhabitants, a town far fewer still.<sup>''citation needed''</sup> |
|||
::77.176.19.189, I guess your statements are quite correct, but Latebird is right, we need references. I would be very interested to read them. Can you, for example, provide a translation of the source you gave earlier? [[User:Richard Keatinge|Richard Keatinge]] ([[User talk:Richard Keatinge|talk]]) 06:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC) |
|||
===Industrial Age=== |
|||
The growth of modern [[industry]] from the late 18th century onward led to massive [[urbanization]] and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of [[rural migration|migrants from rural communities]] into urban areas. In the United States from 1860 to 1910, the invention of railroads reduced transportation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas. However, cities during those periods of time were deadly places to live in, due to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases. In the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s [[Cities in the great depression|cities were hard hit by unemployment]], especially those with a base in heavy industry. In the U.S. urbanization rate increased forty to eighty percent during 1900-1990. Today the world's population is slightly over half urban,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/2007/may/104.html.|title=news.ncsu.edu/releases/2007/may/104.html.<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref> with millions still streaming annually into the growing cities of [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]]. There has also been a shift to suburbs, perhaps to avoid crime and traffic, which are two costs of living in an urban area. |
|||
:::Now we have another source, pointing to a [http://www.atarn.org/mongolian/mn_nat_arch/mn_nat_arch.htm promotional article] by Munkhtsetseg, a multiple national archery champion. While she is undoubtedly an expert archer, it is also ''very'' obvious that she is not a historian, and her historical interest is very limited. Her explanations about the history of Mongolian archery are primarily based on legends. The events we're discussing here are only mentioned in passing, and even of the few details she gives, some are rather unlikely to be factual. As entertaining as it is to read, this is clearly not the type of [[WP:RS|reliable source]] that we need here. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
|||
==External effects== |
|||
{{Original research|section|date=September 2007}} |
|||
Modern cities are known for creating their own [[microclimate]]s. This is due to the large clustering of heat absorbent surfaces that heat up in [[sunlight]] and that channel [[rain]]water into underground ducts. |
|||
::::We could certainly use more and better sources, but for the revival of archery from desuetude, an event still just within living memory, a current archery champion seems to me a reasonably reliable source. [[User:Richard Keatinge|Richard Keatinge]] ([[User talk:Richard Keatinge|talk]]) 12:30, 9 October 2008 (UTC) |
|||
[[Waste]] and [[sewage]] are two major problems for cities, as is [[air pollution]] coming from various forms of combustion<ref>http://www.aklung.org/air-quality/indoor-air-quality/</ref>, including fireplaces, wood or coal-burning stoves, other heating systems,<ref>http://newsminer.com/news/2008/aug/20/epa-put-fairbanks-air-pollution-problem-list/</ref> and [[internal combustion engine]]s. The impact of cities on places elsewhere, be it hinterlands or places far away, is considered in the notion of [[Ecological Footprint|city footprinting]] (''ecological footprint''). |
|||
Other negative external effects include health consequences such as communicable diseases, crime, and high traffic and commuting times. Cities cause more interaction with more people than rural areas, thus a higher probability to contracting contagious diseases. However, many inventions such as inoculations, vaccines, and water filtration systems have also lowered health concerns. [[Crime]] is also a concern in the cities. Studies have shown that crime rates in cities are higher and the chance of punishment after getting caught is lower. In cases such as burglary, the higher concentration of people in cities create more items of higher value worth the risk of crime. The high concentration of people also makes using auto mobiles inconvenient and pedestrian traffic is more prominent in metropolitan areas than a rural or suburban one. |
|||
:::::Actually, I'm rather surprised at the apparent difficulties to dig up something really authoritative (which Munkhtsetseg's text clearly isn't, sorry). It's quite obvious that a revival happened, but I would like to learn more about the events that led to one being necessary. --[[User:Latebird|Latebird]] ([[User talk:Latebird|talk]]) |
|||
Cities also generate positive external effects. The close physical proximity facilitates [[knowledge spillover]]s, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas.<ref>[http://www.philadelphiafed.org/files/br/brq401gc.pdf Knowldege Spillovers]</ref> A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. Another positive external effect of cities comes from the diverse social opportunities created when people of different backgrounds are brought together. Larger cities typically offer a wider variety of social interests and activities, letting people of all backgrounds find something they can be involved in. |
|||
I am sorry that you added unreliability tags to my references. Those are not unreliable sources! |
|||
Cities may however also have a positive influence on the environment. UN [[Habitat]] stated in its reports that if these that city living can be the best solution for dealing with the rising population numbers (and thus still be a good approach on dealing with overpopulation).<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6244496.stm UN Habitat calling urban living 'a good thing]</ref> This is because cities concentrate human activity into one place, making the environmental damage on other places smaller. <ref>[http://www.michellenijhuis.com/ National Geographic Magazine; Special report 2008: Changing Climate (Village Green-article by Michelle Nijhuis)]</ref> Letting the cities have a positive influence however, can only be achieved if [[urban planning]] is improved<ref>[http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=2523&catid=5&typeid=6&subMenuId=0 Un Habitat calling to rethink urban planning]</ref> and if the city services are properly maintained. |
|||
I have not made changes to this article, just added additional information and pictures, while 99% |
|||
of the rest of the topic doesn't cite any referenceces at all, you keep on bashing me.Are you a troll latebird, or are you interested to make this article better? Please do not add unreliabilty tags to my references again unless you can actually proof that they are unreliable or giving wrong information.Since this a sport related article, why would a statement by Munkhtsetseg, one of Mongolia's well known lady archers be unreliable? The Asian Tradtitional Archery Research Network aka ATARN is not known to host false or falsified information or those that are not well researched on their website.I am starting to have doubts about your true intentions, latebird. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/77.176.12.34|77.176.12.34]] ([[User talk:77.176.12.34|talk]]) 06:13, 11 October 2008 (UTC)</span><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
|||
::::::I'd be fascinated. But a quick look at [[Mongolia]] reminds me that a country going through a century of political turmoil, busy executing its shamans and Buddhist monks, under a Stalinist regime where any independent thought would be very dangerous, isn't going to keep many records of culturally-suspect activities. 1921 is within living memory, or at least people who were there are within living memory. While I take all your points about the rest of the history in that article, I do suggest that if a member of a family with a long-standing archery tradition says that Mongolian archery had to be revived from practically nothing after 1921, she is a reliable source for this particular purpose. [[User:Richard Keatinge|Richard Keatinge]] ([[User talk:Richard Keatinge|talk]]) 10:08, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
|||
==The difference between towns and cities== |
|||
The difference between ''[[town]]s'' and ''cities'' is differently understood in different parts of the world. Indeed, languages other than English often use a single word for both concepts (French ''ville'', German ''Stadt'', Swedish ''Stad'', etc.). Even within the [[English language|English]]-speaking world there is no one standard definition of a city: the term may be used either for a town possessing city status; for an urban locality exceeding an arbitrary population size; for a town dominating other towns with particular regional economic or administrative significance. Although ''city'' can refer to an [[agglomeration]] including [[suburb]]an and satellite areas, the term is not usually applied to a [[conurbation]] (cluster) of ''distinct'' urban places, nor for a wider [[metropolitan area]] including more than one city, each acting as a focus for parts of the area. And the word "town" (also "downtown") may mean the center of the city. |
|||
===Australia and New Zealand=== |
|||
In [[Australia]], ''city'' in its broadest terms refers simply to any large enough town. Narrower usage can refer to a [[local government area]], or colloquially to the [[central business district]] of a large urban area.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} For instance the City of South Perth<ref name="perth">{{cite web|url=http://www.southperth.wa.gov.au|title=City of South Perth|accessdate=2007-06-03}}</ref> is a local government area within the wider urban area known as [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], commonly called Australia's fourth largest city. Residents of Perth might speak of travelling to the CBD as "going to the city". |
|||
In New Zealand, according to [http://www.stats.govt.nz/ Statistics New Zealand] (the government statistics agency), "A city [...] must have a minimum population of 50,000, be predominantly urban in character, be a distinct entity and a major centre of activity within the region."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-information-about-data/2006-definitions-questionnaires/definitions/geographic-definitions.htm|title=Geographic Definitions, 2006 Census Information About Data, ''2006 Census'', Statistics New Zealand|accessdate=2007-10-26}}</ref>. For example [[Gisborne, New Zealand|Gisborne]], purported to be the first city to see the sun, has a population of only 44,500 (2006) and is therefore administered by a district council, not a city council. At the other extreme, [[Auckland]], although it is usually referred to as a single city, is actually four cities: [[Auckland City]], [[Waitakere City]], [[North Shore City]], and [[Manukau City]]. |
|||
===Belgium=== |
|||
{{main|City status in Belgium}} |
|||
===Canada=== |
|||
{{main|list of cities in Canada|local government in Canada}} |
|||
In Canada the granting of city status is handled by the individual [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]], so that the definitions and criteria vary widely across the country. In [[British Columbia]] and [[Saskatchewan]] towns can become cities after they reach a population of 5,000 people, but in [[Alberta]] the requirement is 10,000. [[Ontario]] sometimes confers city status on primarily rural areas, while [[Nova Scotia]] have abolished the title of city altogether. In Québec ''cité'' used to be different from ''ville'' (both translate to "city", the former being slightly poetic or archaic), but this difference was abolished in the late 90s. |
|||
===China=== |
|||
There is a formal definition of ''city'' in [[China]] provided by the Chinese government. For an urban area that can be defined as a ''city'', there should be at least 100,000 non-agricultural population. ''City'' with less than 200,000 non-agricultural population refers to a Small city, 200,000-500,000 non-agricultural population is a Medium city, 500,000-1,000,000 non-agricultural population is a Large city and >1,000,000 non-agricultural population is an Extra-large city. Also, there is an administrative definition based on the city boundary too and a city has its legal city limits. In 1998, there were 668 cities in China - China has the largest urban population in the world. |
|||
===Chile=== |
|||
[[Chile]]'s Department of National Statistics defines a city (''ciudad'' in Spanish) as an [[urban area|urban]] entity with more than 5,000 inhabitants. A town (''pueblo''), is an urban entity with 2,001 to 5,000 persons, however, if the area has some economic activity, the designation may include populations as small as 1,001. The department also defines Major Cities as provincial or regional capitals with populations of 100,001 to 500,000; Great Urban Areas which comprise several entities without any appreciable limit between them and populations which total between 500,001 and 1,000,000. A [[Metropolis]] is the largest urban area in the country where there are more than one million inhabitants. The "urban entity" is defined as a concentration of habitations with more than 2,000 persons living in them, or more than 1,000 persons if more than half of those persons are in some way gainfully employed. [[Tourist]] and [[recreation]] areas with more than 250 living units may be considered as urban areas. |
|||
===Germany===<!-- This section is linked from [[Essen]] --> |
|||
The German word for both "town" and "city" is ''Stadt'', while a town with more than 100,000 inhabitants is called a ''Großstadt'' (major city), which is the most adequate equivalence for ''city'' (in terms of differentiating it from a town). On the other hand, most towns are communities belonging to a ''Landkreis'' (county), but there are some cities, usually with at least 50,000 inhabitants, that are counties by themselves (''kreisfreie Städte''). |
|||
===Italy=== |
|||
In [[Italy]] a city is called ''città'', an uncount noun derived from the [[latin]] ''civitas''. The status of "city" is granted by the President of the Republic with Presidential Decree Law. The largest and most important cities in the country, such as [[Rome]], [[Milan]], [[Naples]] and [[Turin]], are called ''aree metropolitane'' (metropolitan areas) because they include several minor cities and towns in their areas. There is no population limit for a city. In the coat of arms, a golden crown tower stands for a city. |
|||
===Norway=== |
|||
In [[Norway]] a city is called ''by'' and is derived from the Norse word býr meaning "a place with many buildings". Both cities and towns are referred to as ''by''. The status of "city" is granted by the local authorities if a request for city status has been made and the area has a population of at least 5000. Since 1997, cities no longer have special administrative functions. If the area has not been granted the status of a city it is called ''tettsted'' or ''bygd''. The terms differ in that a ''tettsted'' has more concentrated population than a ''bygd''. A ''bygd'' is in many ways similar to a village, but the Norwegian term for village, ''landsby'', is not used for places in Norway. |
|||
Main article [[List of cities in Norway]] |
|||
===Poland=== |
|||
In [[Poland]] the word ''miasto'' serves for both town and city. Miasto is the term applied purely on the basis of the administrative decision of the central government, and specifically means either: |
|||
*a county ([[gmina]] or [[powiat]]) with a city charter; |
|||
*a city within a county, created by granting a city charter to a smaller town within a county. <ref>[http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/definicje_PLK_HTML.htm?id=POJ-4689.htm Definition of city in Poland]</ref> |
|||
These formal distinctions may differentiate larger towns from smaller ones (such as status as a separate powiat, or the conferring of the title ''prezydent'' on the [[mayor]] rather than ''burmistrz''), but none of these is universally recognized as equivalent to the English city/town distinction. |
|||
===Portugal=== |
|||
[[Image:Lisbonnationspark.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Lisboa]], Portugal's most populated subregion.]] |
|||
In [[Portugal]] an urban area is called "cidade" ou "vila". There is also a the notion of "Grande Área Metropolitana" and "Comunidade Urbana". In general, a "cidade" is a place with more than 8.000 electors (more or less 10.000 inhabitants) and at least half of the following services: hospital, pharmacy, fire department, theatre/cultural house, museum, library, hostel services, basic and secondary schools, public transport and gardens/urban parks. A cidade's coat of arms has five towers, while a vila's has only four. A Grande Área Metropolitana is a wide urban area with at least 350.000 inhabitants and is composed by at least 9 municipalities. A Comunidade Urbana must have more than 150.000 inhabitants. |
|||
There are two main metropolitan areas - [[Lisbon]] (the capital), in the centre of the country and [[Porto]] in the North. [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area]] has a population that exceeds 3 million, being one of the most important western european cities. A city deeply connected with the sea, history, tourism and other services. [[Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto]] has over 2 million inhabitants developing a considerable part of the portuguese economy nowadays. |
|||
===South Korea=== |
|||
[[South Korea]] has a system of dividing into metropolitan cities, provinces, a special city ([[Seoul]]) and one specially self-governing province ([[Jeju]]). In South Korea, cities should have a population of more than 150,000, and if a city has more than 500,000, it would be divided into 2 districts and then sub-communities follow as a name of dong with similar system of normal cities. Additionally, if a city's population is over 1,000,000, then it would be promoted to metropolitan city.<ref>Korea.net - Administrative Units</ref> |
|||
===Ukraine=== |
|||
There is no difference in the Ukrainian language between the notions of "town" and "city". Both these words are translated into Ukrainian as "місто" ("misto"). In articles of Wikipedia only the term "city" is used for every Ukrainian locality named "місто". The smallest population of a city of Ukraine can be about 10,000. For towns which officially are not named "місто" it is used a name "urban-type settlement" ("селище міського типу", "selyshche mis'koho typu") and also (informal) "містечко" ("mistechko"), the latter Ukrainian word is related to the word "місто" and can be translated as "small town". |
|||
===United Kingdom=== |
|||
{{main|City status in the United Kingdom}} |
|||
[[Image:Glasgow — Looking South East.jpg|thumb|left|[[Glasgow]], Scotland]] |
|||
In the [[United Kingdom]] (UK), a ''city'' is a town which has been known as a city since [[time immemorial]], or which has received city status by [[letters patent]] — which is normally granted on the basis of size, importance or royal connection (the traditional test was whether the town had a [[cathedral]]) to gain city status. For example the small town of [[Ripon]] was granted city status in 1836 to coincide with the creation of the Diocese of Ripon, but also in recognition of its long-standing role as a supplier of [[spur]]s to royalty. In the United Kingdom, when people talk about cities, they generally include the [[suburbs]] in that. Some cathedral cities, such as [[St David's]] in [[Wales]] and [[Wells]] in [[England]], are quite small, and may not be known as cities in common parlance. [[Preston]] became England's newest city in the year 2002 to mark the Queen's jubilee, as did [[Newport]] in [[Wales]], [[Stirling]] in [[Scotland]], and [[Lisburn]] and [[Newry]] in [[Northern Ireland]]. |
|||
A ''Review of Scotland's Cities'' led to the ''Fair City'' of [[Perth, Scotland]], losing city status. By both legal and traditional definition, a town may be of any size, but must contain a [[market|market place]]. A village must contain a church{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. A small village without a church is called a hamlet{{Fact|date=July 2007}}. |
|||
===United States===<!-- This section is linked from [[Fishers, Indiana]] --> |
|||
{{Unreferencedsection|date=December 2006}} |
|||
In the United States (USA), the definition of cities (and town, villages, townships, etc.) is a matter of state laws and the definitions vary widely by state. A city may, in some places, be run by an elected mayor and city council, while a town is governed by people, select board (or board of trustees), or open town meeting. There are some very large towns (such as [[Town of Hempstead, New York|Hempstead, New York]], with a population of 755,785 in 2004) and some very small cities (such as [[Lake Angelus, Michigan]], with a population of 326 in 2000), and the line between town and city, if it exists at all, varies from state to state. Cities in the United States do have many oddities, like [[Maza, North Dakota]], the smallest city in the country, has only 5 inhabitants, but is still incorporated. It does not have an active government, and the mayoral hand changes frequently (due to the lack of city laws). [[California]] has both towns and cities but the terms "town" and "city" are considered synonymous. |
|||
In some U.S. states, any incorporated town is also called a city. If a distinction is being made between towns and cities, exactly what that distinction is often depends on the context. The context will differ depending on whether the issue is the legal authority it possesses, the availability of shopping and entertainment, and the scope of the group of places under consideration. Intensifiers such as "small town" and "big city" are also common, though the flip side of each is rarely used. |
|||
Some states make a distinction between [[Village (United States)|villages]] and other forms of municipalities. In some cases, villages combine with larger other communities to form larger towns; a well-known example of an urban village is New York City's famed [[Greenwich Village]], which started as a quiet country settlement but was absorbed by the growing city. The word has often been co-opted by enterprising developers to make their projects sound welcoming and friendly. |
|||
In [[Illinois]], cities must have a minimum population of 2,500 but in Nebraska, cities must have a minimum of only 800 residents. In [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]], [[Kansas]], [[North Dakota]], [[Minnesota]], and [[Iowa]], all incorporated municipalities are cities. In [[Ohio]], a municipality automatically becomes a city if it has 5,000 residents counted in a federal census but it reverts to a village if its population drops below 5,000.<ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]][http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/703.01 703.01]</ref> In [[Nebraska]], 5,000 residents is the minimum for a city of the first class while 800 is the minimum for a city of the second class. |
|||
In all the [[New England]] states, city status is conferred by the form of government, not population. Town government has a board of [[selectmen]] for the [[Executive (government)|executive]] branch, and a [[town meeting]] for the [[legislative]] branch. New England cities, on the other hand, have a [[mayor]] for the executive, and a legislature referred to as either the city council or the board of [[aldermen]]. |
|||
In [[Virginia]], all incorporated municipalities designated as cities are [[independent city|independent]] of the adjacent or surrounding county while a town is an incorporated municipality which remains a part of an adjacent or surrounding county. The largest incorporated municipalities by population are all cities, although some smaller cities have a smaller population than some towns. For example, the smallest city of [[Norton, Virginia|Norton]] has a population of 3,904 and the largest town of [[Blacksburg, Virginia|Blacksburg]] has a population of 39,573. The other U.S. independent cities are [[Baltimore, Maryland]]; [[St. Louis, Missouri]]; and [[Carson City, Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch4GARM.pdf |title=Chapter 4: States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities |accessdate=2008-09-16 |accessmonthday= |accessdaymonth= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work=[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/garm.html Geographic Areas Reference Manual] |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |pages=4-9, 4-11 |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> |
|||
In [[Pennsylvania]] any municipality with more than 10 persons can incorporate as a Borough. Any Township or Borough with at least 10,000 population can ask the legislature to charter as a city. In [[Pennsylvania]] a village is simply an unincorporated community within a township. |
|||
==Global cities== |
|||
{{main|Global city}} |
|||
[[Image:Panorama clip3.jpg|thumb|right|Modern global cities, like [[New York City]], often include large central business districts that serve as hubs for economic activity.]] |
|||
[[Image:Teheran Ave night.jpg|thumb|right|[[Seoul]] is an example of a beta world city.]] |
|||
A [[global city]], also known as a ''world city'', is a prominent centre of [[trade]], [[bank]]ing, [[finance]], innovations, and [[market]]s. The term "global city", as opposed to [[megacity]], was coined by [[Saskia Sassen]] in a seminal [[1991]] work.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Whereas "megacity" refers to any city of enormous size, a global city is one of enormous power or influence. Global cities, according to Sassen, have more in common with each other than with other cities in their host nations. Examples of such cities include [[London]], [[New York City]], [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]]. |
|||
The notion of global cities is rooted in the concentration of [[Power (sociology)|power]] and capabilities within all cities. The city is seen as a container where skills and resources are concentrated: the better able a city is to concentrate its skills and resources, the more successful and powerful the city. This makes the city itself more powerful in the sense that it can influence what is happening around the world. Following this view of cities, it is possible to [[Global city#GaWC Inventory of World Cities|rank the world's cities hierarchically]].<ref name=ranking>John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action," ''International Journal of Urban and Regional Research'', 6, no. 3 (1982): 319</ref> Other global cities include [[Singapore]] which is a [[city-state]], [[Chicago]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Milan]] and [[Hong Kong]] which are all classed as "Alpha World Cities" and [[San Francisco]], [[Sydney]], [[Toronto]], [[Zürich]], [[Madrid]], [[Sao Paulo]], [[Mexico City]], [[Brussels]], [[Moscow]] and [[Seoul]] which are "Beta World Cities". A third tier containing [[Barcelona]], [[Taipei]], [[Lisbon]], [[Osaka]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Melbourne]], [[Montreal]], [[Manila]], [[Rome]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Berlin]], and [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], among others is called "Gamma world cities" . |
|||
[[Image:Binnenalster am Abend.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hamburg]] is considered a gamma world city.]] |
|||
Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power. The term ''global city'' is heavily influenced by economic factors and, thus, may not account for places that are otherwise significant. For example, cities like [[Rome]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Istanbul]], [[Mecca]], [[Mashhad]], [[Karbala]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Jerusalem]] and [[Lisbon]] are powerful in [[religion|religious]] and [[history|historical]] terms but would not be considered "global cities." Additionally, it has been questioned whether the city itself can be regarded as an actor. |
|||
In 1995, Kanter argued that successful cities can be identified by three elements: good thinkers (concepts), good makers (competence) or good traders ([[city network|connections]]). The interplay of these three elements, Kanter argued, means that good cities are not planned but managed. |
|||
==Inner city== |
|||
{{main|Inner city}} |
|||
In the United States, United Kingdom and Ireland, the term "inner city" is sometimes used with the connotation of being an area, perhaps a [[ghetto]], where people are less wealthy and where there is more crime. These connotations are less common in other Western countries, as deprived areas are located in varying parts of other Western cities. In fact, with the [[gentrification]] of some formerly run-down central city areas the reverse connotation can apply. In Australia, for example, the term "outer suburban" applied to a person implies a lack of sophistication. In [[Paris]], the inner city is the richest part of the metropolitan area, where housing is the most expensive, and where elites and high-income individuals dwell. In the developing world, economic modernization brings poor newcomers from the countryside to build haphazardly at the edge of current settlement (see [[favelas]], [[shack]]s and [[shanty towns]]). |
|||
The United States, in particular, has a culture of anti-urbanism that dates back to colonial times. The American [[City Beautiful]] architecture movement of the late 1800s was a reaction to perceived urban decay and sought to provide stately civic buildings and boulevards to inspire civic pride in the motley residents of the urban core. Modern anti-urban attitudes are to be found in America in the form of a planning profession that continues to develop land on a low-density suburban basis, where access to amenities, work and shopping is provided almost exclusively by car rather than on foot. |
|||
However, there is a growing movement in North America called "[[New Urbanism]]" that calls for a return to traditional city planning methods where mixed-use zoning allows people to walk from one type of land-use to another. The idea is that housing, shopping, office space, and leisure facilities are all provided within walking distance of each other, thus reducing the demand for road-space and also improving the efficiency and effectiveness of [[mass transit]]. |
|||
==See also== |
|||
* [[City-state]] |
|||
* [[Developed Environments]] |
|||
** [[Rural]] |
|||
** [[Suburb]]an |
|||
** '''[[Urban area|Urban]]''' |
|||
** [[Exurb]]an |
|||
* [[Ekistics]] |
|||
* [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] |
|||
* [[Lost city]] |
|||
* [[Names of European cities in different languages]] |
|||
* [[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]] |
|||
* [[Shrinking Cities]] |
|||
* Settlement types: |
|||
** [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] |
|||
** [[Village]] |
|||
** [[Town]] |
|||
** [[City]] |
|||
** [[Metropolis]] |
|||
** [[Megalopolis (city type)|Megalopolis]] |
|||
** [[Types of settlements in Russia]] |
|||
* [[Urban culture]] |
|||
* [[Urban sociology]] |
|||
* [[World's Most Livable Cities]] |
|||
==Lists== |
|||
* [[Historical urban community sizes]] |
|||
* [[List of cities by country]] |
|||
* [[List of cities by latitude]] |
|||
* [[List of cities by population]] |
|||
* [[List of metropolitan areas by population]] |
|||
* [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities]] |
|||
* [[List of urban areas by population]] |
|||
==Social problems in the city== |
|||
* [[Environmental racism]] & [[Pollution]] |
|||
* [[Ghetto]] |
|||
* [[Homelessness]] |
|||
* [[Shanty towns]] |
|||
* [[Urban decay]] |
|||
==References== |
|||
<references/> |
|||
* {{Citation|last=Bairoch|first=Paul|year=1988|title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present| Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03465-8}} |
|||
* Chandler, T. ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census''. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. |
|||
* [[Patrick Geddes|Geddes, Patrick]], ''City Development'' (1904) |
|||
* {{Citation|last=Jacobs|first=Jane|year=1969|title=The Economy of Cities|place=New York|publisher=Random House Inc}} |
|||
* [[George Modelski|Modelski, G.]] ''World Cities: –3000 to 2000''. Washington, DC: FAROS 2000, 2003. |
|||
* Monti, Daniel J., Jr., ''The American City: A Social and Cultural History''. Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 391 pp. ISBN 978-1-55786-918-0. |
|||
* [[Lewis Mumford|Mumford, Lewis]], The City in History (1961) |
|||
* {{Citation|last=O'Flaherty|first=Brendan|year=2005|title=City Economics|place=Cambridge Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-01918-0}} |
|||
* {{Citation|last=Pacione|first=Michael|year=2001|title=The City: Critical Concepts in The Social Sciences|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415252709}} |
|||
* Reader, John (2005) Cities. Vintage, New York. |
|||
* Robson, W.A., and Regan, D.E., ed., ''Great Cities of the World'', (3d ed., 2 vol., 1972) |
|||
* Rybczynski, W., ''City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World'', (1995) |
|||
* Smith, Michael E. (2002) [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-02-EarlyCities.pdf ''The Earliest Cities. In Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology, edited by George Gmelch and Walter Zenner''], pp. 3-19. 4th ed. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, IL. |
|||
* Thernstrom, S., and Sennett, R., ed., ''Nineteenth-Century Cities'' (1969) |
|||
* [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Toynbee, Arnold J.]] (ed), ''Cities of Destiny'', New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Pan historical/geographical essays, many images. Starts with "Athens", ends with "The Coming World City-Ecumenopolis". |
|||
* [[Max Weber|Weber, Max]], [[The City (book)|''The City'']], 1921. (tr. 1958) |
|||
==External links== |
|||
{{sisterlinks}} |
|||
* [http://www.openhistory.net A Dynamic Map of the World Cities' Growth] |
|||
* [http://www.abahlali.org African shack dwellers' organisation] |
|||
* [http://www.bifurcaciones.cl bifurcaciones.cl, urban cultural studies journal] |
|||
* [http://www.CityCommentary.com City Commentary Magazine] (Monthly publication on city life and urban issues in America with special features on international cities, United States) |
|||
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-52 ''Dictionary of the History of ideas'': "The City"] |
|||
* [http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId=317 Evangelizing World Class Cities], contains definitions of a city |
|||
* [http://global-culture.org/blog/category/cities/ Global Culture] Essays on cities in the age of globalization |
|||
* [http://www.innercitypress.org Inner City Press] (Weekly publication on cities, United States) |
|||
* [http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm Largest Cities Through History] |
|||
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/geo_lar_cit&int=-1&b_ac=1 Most populous city of each country] |
|||
* [http://abahlali.org/node/240 Open Access archive of theoretical and historical articles on 'the city'] |
|||
* [http://www.nlc.org/nlc_org/site/ The National League of Cities] (United States) |
|||
* [http://www.world-cities.net/ World Cities Photos] Pictures from cities world |
|||
{{Types of administrative country subdivision}} |
|||
[[Category:Cities|Cities]] |
|||
[[Category:Administrative divisions]] |
|||
[[Category:City|City]] |
|||
[[Category:Settlements]] |
|||
[[ar:مدينة]] |
|||
[[az:Şəhər]] |
|||
[[bar:Großståd]] |
|||
[[ca:Gran ciutat]] |
|||
[[cy:Dinas (daearyddiaeth)]] |
|||
[[de:Großstadt]] |
|||
[[es:Ciudad]] |
|||
[[eo:Grandurbo]] |
|||
[[fi:Kaupunki]] |
|||
[[fr:Cité]] |
|||
[[is:Borg]] |
|||
[[it:Città]] |
|||
[[he:עיר]] |
|||
[[ka:დიდი ქალაქი]] |
|||
[[sw:Jiji]] |
|||
[[la:Urbs]] |
|||
[[lv:Lielpilsēta]] |
|||
[[ms:Bandar raya]] |
|||
[[nl:Stad]] |
|||
[[no:By]] |
|||
[[nn:By]] |
|||
[[ja:都市]] |
|||
[[nrm:Cité]] |
|||
[[pt:Cidade]] |
|||
[[ru:Город]] |
|||
[[sah:Куорат]] |
|||
[[simple:City]] |
|||
[[sl:Mesto]] |
|||
[[ta:மாநகரம்]] |
|||
[[uk:Місто]] |
|||
[[zh:城市]] |
|||
Revision as of 06:14, 11 October 2008
 | Military history: Technology / Weaponry / Classical Start‑class | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 | Middle Ages Unassessed | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
External pics?
What's with the external links to images? Can't one be grabbed under fair use? Additionally, is there like a "requests" place on commons for pictures? It doesn't seem like getting a free pic of a Mongol bow would be that tough. Milto LOL pia 16:46, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
- We can't use the images under fair use because we are not commenting on the images themselves (or their overall context). See Wikipedia:Fair Use for more details. Vectro 04:37, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
Mongol bow vs. English longbow
This article cites that the draw strength of an English longbow was LESS than that of the Mongol bow. From the Wikipedia article on the English longbow (which has references addressing this point) and actually the reference that is used for this article next to this point, I gathered that the longbow actually had a much greater draw strength (150-180 lbs), but had a lower range because of the Mongol bow's better construction.
That should be corrected. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.74.101.130 (talk) 20:58, 3 April 2007 (UTC).
But now it doesn't make sense and is confusing (I mean the sentense) so I'm going to change it so it does. Ok? Ok. BTW, I'm going to say the draw strength is comparable to the longbow not greater or lesser than, cause the wide range of the possible numbers. K? If you don't like it change it back and leave a msg here. Ok? ParallelPain 06:16, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
- K done. BTW I added the 80yard accurate range thing I found on either the archery or longbow pages.ParallelPain 06:34, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
Duplication and mislabelling?
Most of this page is duplicated on the Composite bow page. Also, this page seems to be describing the Qing (Manchu) bow, with string bridges, not the sort that Chingiz Khan and his people actually used. As far as I know they used bows like the Hungarian ones. I've also heard that the very strong Chinese bows were used to test strength, rather than for hunting or war, but I'd love some good information.
On the other hand there is some good stuff. I'd suggest removing the duplication. Richard Keatinge 15:57, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
edited for spelling mistakes
still needs more edits for spelling and grammar though 130.217.159.233 02:06, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
- Your information about the type of bow is incorrect. The Mongols used exactly what is described in the article (which also correctly explains the difference to the Hungarian type). I'm not aware of a "very strong Chinese bows" either. It is inevitable that there is some overlap with Composite bow, although there may be ways to find a better balance between the articles. You're welcome to fix any grammar and spelling problems you find. But when changing the actual content, please make sure to cite reliable published sources. --Latebird 18:46, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
- Latebird, you are so wrong! The old empirical Mongol bow was different from the one used today at Nadaams which is a clone of the Mandshu (Qing) bow with Mongolian Ibex horn used instead of Buffalo.The old bow was a true horse bow (!!!!) while the modern bow is far to large to be used comfortably from horseback using the ancient Mongolian tactics such as shooting backwards in a faked retreat. It is only used standing nowadays.Please do some research first before making such bold statements.Archery, and bowyery has been outlawed in Mongolia after they have been defeated by the Qing armies and only re_emerged in the 19th century with many of the bows supplied by Beijing bowyers.The design was then adopted by Mongolians for their sport events today.Hungarian bows are irrelevant in this context as the are differnt to modern and empirical Mongol bows.Reenactment bows sold in Hungary bear little historical accuracy though this is what they claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.176.19.189 (talk • contribs) 23:57, September 16, 2008
Stephen Selby's Archery Traditions of Asia (http://www.atarn.org/commercial/traditions.htm) is such a source. I propose to re-insert comments on the historical development of the Mongol bow. The author is one of very few world experts on the subject, and the posts I cited earlier do give links to sources, original artwork and so on - but I suppose that putting those in would count as original research. However, this book doesn't mention the exercise bows, so I'll leave that out until I can dig up something more reliable.Richard Keatinge 11:43, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
- Now you're actually getting close to convincing me... ;) Do you have that book/catalog? It looks very interesting indeed. --Latebird 12:07, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
I do, but no working scanner. It is indeed interesting, and well-presented. I'll give the scanner a kick and see if it works better.Richard Keatinge 09:19, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
Kicking doesn't help, sorry. I'll make the changes though. Richard Keatinge 09:45, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
Water Buffalo
But it's true!!! Water Buffalo horn preferred over Ibex horn!! Bowyers traditionally brought them in from China. Can't remember where my original information was from but did a quick google and hit a confirmation. I am sure there is more. Cheers.--Tigeroo 16:23, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
- Unfortunately my best "arguments" are really original research, because the bow maker I met in UB told me some very different stories than the one in your source (it's called marketing). But hey, I've been surprised before! Just try to find some less casual sources than a travel report. And whichever animal they used, they must have killed millions of them over the centuries... --Latebird 17:39, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
It may depend on exactly which Mongol bow we're talking about. Water buffalo seems to be about the best but not every impoverished nomad would be able to get it! On the other hand if you're Khan of all China you could presumably have any kind of horn you wanted, and so could a lot of your army. Csaba Grozer's website says that the horn of Hungarian grey cattle is good, and other nomads have used various horns from sheep and whatnot, but they are not usually available in such convenient long bits. With the globalization of the modern horn market I presume that the few modern traditional Mongol bowyers can now get water buffalo horn if they want it. What goes for certain Mongol bows/bowyers at one time and place may not go for all of them. Could I therefore suggest that any comments should be specific to time and place, as well as being referenced? Richard Keatinge 21:54, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
- That is a good point. What this article lacks is the morphology of the Mongol bow through history. Mongols bows are "still" in use hunting. We are not talking about a bow that was necessarily limited to war and is stuck in a historical narrative.--Tigeroo 13:52, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
decorations
I may be wrong, but I do not think it is easy to engrave a bow with a feather. My understanding is that either actual feathers were used as decoration, or that (images of) feathers were engraved. Can someone with an actual clue please try to sort that out? Regards, Yaan (talk) 10:36, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
modern Mongol bow vs old empirical Mongol bow
I have added information about the two types of bows as they where quite different in size and design and performance. Many historical articles about the Mongol conquest link to this page, but this page describes only the modern Mongolian bow in detail, not the empirical Mongol bow which was much smaller in size and more similar to the bows used by Crimerian Tatars and other turkic peoples. There is no article about the empirical Mongol bow. Please someone who is adept in this create one !I am not sure if the "old" bow even had string bridges at all, or if those where introduced with the use of the modified Qing bow used at nadaams today. I also agree with Yaan, its difficult to "engrave" a bow with falcon and eagle feathers, and there is no proof the Mongolian bows are/were decorated with felts/ hair or feathers as this kind of decoration might distract the archer during aiming.The feather part is being stated on an external website, but I doubt it.This kind of decorations is used in movies rather than reality.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.176.19.189 (talk • contribs) --Latebird (talk) 08:51, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
- What you wrote may or may not be correct. But as it radically changes the content and focus of the article, it must be supported with reliable published sources. Please add citations, so that other people can verify where that information came from. --Latebird (talk) 08:51, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
- Cool! You actually managed to dig up one of the most obscure sources possible. In a script that hardly anyone can read, without as much translating the title, let alone an indication of its author and date of creation. While foreign language sources are not prohibited as such, supporting your claims in a convincing way will take a little more work. --Latebird (talk) 22:26, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
Latebird, in Asia these are well known facts, similar to your knowledge that the car you drive today isn't identical with the cars your ancestors used during the the early 20th century, the fact that present day Mongol bows are a modification of the Manchu bow is supported by huge amounts of archeological findings.If I get access to such material in English I will update the references.Meanwhile let us focus on how to make this wiki better together instead of spreading false information.
- Wikipedia doesn't care of information is right or "false". It only cares if it can be verified, ideally through several reliable sources. And of course, the easier accessible the sources, the better. "Everybody in Asia knows" is not an argument if the information has never been published in verifiable form. --Latebird (talk) 21:14, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
- 77.176.19.189, I guess your statements are quite correct, but Latebird is right, we need references. I would be very interested to read them. Can you, for example, provide a translation of the source you gave earlier? Richard Keatinge (talk) 06:46, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
- Now we have another source, pointing to a promotional article by Munkhtsetseg, a multiple national archery champion. While she is undoubtedly an expert archer, it is also very obvious that she is not a historian, and her historical interest is very limited. Her explanations about the history of Mongolian archery are primarily based on legends. The events we're discussing here are only mentioned in passing, and even of the few details she gives, some are rather unlikely to be factual. As entertaining as it is to read, this is clearly not the type of reliable source that we need here. --Latebird (talk) 09:29, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
- We could certainly use more and better sources, but for the revival of archery from desuetude, an event still just within living memory, a current archery champion seems to me a reasonably reliable source. Richard Keatinge (talk) 12:30, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
I am sorry that you added unreliability tags to my references. Those are not unreliable sources! I have not made changes to this article, just added additional information and pictures, while 99% of the rest of the topic doesn't cite any referenceces at all, you keep on bashing me.Are you a troll latebird, or are you interested to make this article better? Please do not add unreliabilty tags to my references again unless you can actually proof that they are unreliable or giving wrong information.Since this a sport related article, why would a statement by Munkhtsetseg, one of Mongolia's well known lady archers be unreliable? The Asian Tradtitional Archery Research Network aka ATARN is not known to host false or falsified information or those that are not well researched on their website.I am starting to have doubts about your true intentions, latebird. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.176.12.34 (talk) 06:13, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
- I'd be fascinated. But a quick look at Mongolia reminds me that a country going through a century of political turmoil, busy executing its shamans and Buddhist monks, under a Stalinist regime where any independent thought would be very dangerous, isn't going to keep many records of culturally-suspect activities. 1921 is within living memory, or at least people who were there are within living memory. While I take all your points about the rest of the history in that article, I do suggest that if a member of a family with a long-standing archery tradition says that Mongolian archery had to be revived from practically nothing after 1921, she is a reliable source for this particular purpose. Richard Keatinge (talk) 10:08, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Categories:
- Start-Class military history articles
- Start-Class military science, technology, and theory articles
- Military science, technology, and theory task force articles
- Start-Class weaponry articles
- Weaponry task force articles
- Start-Class Classical warfare articles
- Classical warfare task force articles
- Unassessed Middle Ages articles
- Unknown-importance Middle Ages articles
- Unassessed history articles
- All WikiProject Middle Ages pages