Template:National Medal of Science and Vakhushti of Kartli: Difference between pages
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'''Vakhushti''' ({{lang-ka|ვახუშტი}}) (1696-1757) was a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] prince ([[batonishvili]]), geographer, historian and cartographer. |
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| name = Winners of the National Medal of Science |
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| title = Winners of the [[National Medal of Science]] |
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| state = autocollapse |
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| selected = {{{1|}}} |
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== Life == |
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| group1 = Behavioral and social science |
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| abbr1 = behav-social |
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A natural son of King [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli]] (ruled 1716-1724), he was born in [[Tbilisi]], 1696. Educated by the brothers [[Garsevanishvili]] and a [[Roman Catholic]] mission, he was fluent in six foreign languages, particularly in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[French language|French]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Armenian language|Armenian]]. |
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| list1 = {{navbox subgroup |
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| group1 = 1960s |
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In 1719 and 1720, he took part in two successive campaigns against the rebel duke (''[[eristavi]]'') [[Shanshe, Duke of the Ksani|Shanshe of the Ksani]]. From August to November 1722, he was a governor of the kingdom during his father’s absence at the [[Ganja (city)|Ganja]] campaign. Later he served as a commander in [[Kvemo Kartli]]. After the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupation of [[Kartli]], he followed King Vakhtang in his emigration to the [[Russian Empire]] in 1724. Retired to [[Moscow]], [[Tsar]]evich Vakhusht (as he came to be known in Russia) was granted a pension. |
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| list1 = ''1964:'' [[Roger Adams]] · [[Othmar H. Ammann]] · [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] · [[Neal Elgar Miller]] |
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| group2 = 1980s |
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He married in 1717 Mariam, youngest daughter of Prince [[Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze]], virtual ruler of the [[Kingdom of Imereti]], and had seven children. |
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| list2 = ''1986:'' [[Herbert A. Simon]] ''1987:'' [[Anne Anastasi]] · [[George J. Stigler]] ''1988:'' [[Milton Friedman]] |
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| group3 = 1990s |
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He died at Moscow, 1757. He was buried at the [[Donskoy Monastery]] in [[Moscow]], a traditional burial ground of Georgian emigrant royalty and nobility. |
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| list3 = ''1990:'' [[Leonid Hurwicz]] · [[Patrick Suppes]] ''1991:'' [[Robert Kates|Robert W. Kates]] · [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]] ''1992:'' [[Eleanor J. Gibson]] ''1994:'' [[Robert K. Merton]] ''1995:'' [[Roger N. Shepard]] ''1996:'' [[Paul A. Samuelson]] ''1997:'' [[William Kaye Estes|William K. Estes]] ''1998:'' [[William Julius Wilson]] ''1999:'' [[Robert M. Solow]] |
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| group4 = 2000s |
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== Works == |
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| list4 = ''2000:'' [[Gary Becker]] ''2001:'' [[George Bass (archaeologist)|George Bass]] ''2003:'' [[R. Duncan Luce]] ''2004:'' [[Kenneth Arrow]] ''2005:'' [[Gordon H. Bower]] |
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}} |
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Most of his works were written or completed in Moscow. The chief of these were ''The Description of the Kingdom of Georgia'' (completed in 1745) and ''The Geographic Description of Georgia'' (completed in 1750), also two geographic atlases of the [[Caucasus]] region accompanied by the images of several historic coats of arms (1745-46). |
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| group2 = Biological sciences |
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| abbr2 = biological |
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His famous ''Description of the Kingdom of Georgia'' is essentially an adorned synopsis of the initial texts of the cuprus of medieval Georgian annals, ''Kartlis Tskhovreba''. Vakhushti was critical of the re-edition of the corpus assembled by a scholarly commission chaired by his father Vakhtang VI. So as to rectify perceived oversights of Vakhtang's version, Vakhushti compiled his own comprehensive history and geographical description of the Georgian people and lands. One of the chief goals of his corrective was to underscore all-Georgian political and cultural unity despite the fact that Georgia was politically divided among competing kings and princes during Vakhushti’s lifetime. The popularity of Vakhushti’s tome is evidenced by the many copies made of it, and his narrative significantly shaped the way in which subsequent generations have conceived of an all-Georgian past.<ref>Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), ''Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts'', p. 423-4. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.</ref> It is also a major source on the Georgian history of the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref name="Suny">[[Ronald Grigor Suny|Suny, Ronald Grigor]] (1994), ''The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition'', p. 352. [[Indiana University Press]], ISBN 0253209153.</ref> |
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| list2 = {{navbox subgroup |
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| group1 = 1960s |
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Vakhushti's works were soon translated into Russian and later into French and served as a guide to many contemporary [[Europe]]an scholars and travelers to Caucasus up to the early 20th century. |
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| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Cornelius Van Niel]] ''1964:'' [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]] ''1965:'' [[Francis Peyton Rous|Francis P. Rous]] · [[George G. Simpson]] · [[Donald D. Van Slyke]] ''1966:'' [[Edward F. Knipling]] · [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] · [[William C. Rose]] · [[Sewall Wright]] ''1967:'' [[Kenneth S. Cole]] · [[Harry F. Harlow]] · [[Michael Heidelberger]] · [[Alfred Sturtevant|Alfred H. Sturtevant]] ''1968:'' [[Horace Albert Barker|Horace Barker]] · [[Bernard Brodie|Bernard B. Brodie]] · [[Detlev W. Bronk]] · [[Jay Lush]] · [[Burrhus Frederic Skinner]] ''1969:'' [[Robert J. Huebner]] · [[Ernst Mayr]] |
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| group2 = 1970s |
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He also completed, together with his brother, Prince Bakar, the printing of the [[Bible]] in Georgian, which he had been only partly done by their father, Vakhtang VI. He established for that purpose, in his house near Moscow, a printing-press, taught the art of printing to several Georgian clergymen, and completed the first printed edition of the Bible of the language of his country in 1743. The printing-press was afterwards transferred to Moscow, where several religious works in Georgian were printed. |
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| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Barbara McClintock]] · [[Albert Sabin|Albert B. Sabin]] ''1973:'' [[Daniel I. Arnon]] · [[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]] ''1974:'' [[Britton Chance]] · [[Erwin Chargaff]] · [[James V. Neel]] · [[James Augustine Hannon]] ''1975:'' [[Hallowell Davis]] · [[Paul Gyorgy]] · [[Sterling Brown Hendricks]] · [[Orville Vogel|Orville lvin Vogel]] ''1976:'' [[Roger C.L. Guillemin]] · [[Keith Roberts Porter]] · [[Efraim Racker]] · [[E. O. Wilson]] ''1979:'' [[Robert H. Burris]] · [[Elizabeth C. Crosby]] · [[Arthur Kornberg]] · [[Severo Ochoa]] · [[Earl Reece Stadtman]] · [[George Ledyard Stebbins]] · [[Paul Alfred Weiss]] |
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| group3 = 1980s |
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== References == |
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| list3 = ''1981:'' [[Philip Handler]] ''1982:'' [[Seymour Benzer]] · [[Glenn W. Burton]] · [[Mildred Cohn]] ''1983:'' [[Howard L. Bachrach]] · [[Paul Berg]] · [[Wendell L. Roelofs]] · [[Berta Scharrer]] ''1986:'' [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] · [[Donald Henderson|Donald A. Henderson]] · [[Vernon Mountcastle|Vernon B. Mountcastle]] · [[George Emil Palade]] · [[Joan A. Steitz]] ''1987:'' [[Michael E. Debakey]] · [[Theodor O. Diener]] · [[Harry Eagle]] · [[Har Gobind Khorana]] · [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] ''1988:'' [[Michael S. Brown]] · [[Stanley N. Cohen]] · [[Joseph L. Goldstein]] · [[Maurice Hilleman|Maurice R. Hilleman]] · [[Eric R. Kandel]] · [[Rosalyn S. Yalow]] ''1989:'' [[Katherine Esau]] · [[Viktor Hamburger]] · [[Philip Leder]] · [[Joshua Lederberg]] · [[Roger W. Sperry]] · [[Harland G. Wood]] |
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{{Reflist}} |
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| group4 = 1990s |
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* Gabashvili, Valerian. ''Vakhushti Bagrationi''. Tbilisi, 1969 (Georgian) |
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| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Baruj Benacerraf]] · [[Herbert W. Boyer]] · [[Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.]] · [[Edward B. Lewis]] · [[David G. Nathan]] · [[E. Donnall Thomas]] ''1991:'' [[Mary Ellen Avery]] · [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] · [[Elvin A. Kabat]] · [[Salvador E. Luria]] · [[Paul A. Marks]] · [[Folke K Skoog]] · [[Paul C. Zamecnik]] ''1992:'' [[Maxine Singer]] · [[Howard M. Temin]] ''1993:'' [[Daniel Nathans]] · [[Salome G. Waelsch]] ''1994:'' [[Thomas Eisner]] · [[Elizabeth F. Neufeld]] ''1995:'' [[Alexander Rich]] ''1996:'' [[Ruth Patrick]] ''1997:'' [[James D. Watson]] · [[Robert A. Weinberg]] ''1998:'' [[Bruce Ames]] · [[Janet Rowley]] ''1999:'' [[David Baltimore]] · [[Jared Diamond]] · [[Lynn Margulis]] |
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*''This article incorporates text from the'' [[Penny Cyclopædia]] of the [[Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]], ''a publication now in the [[public domain]]''. |
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| group5 = 2000s |
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| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Nancy C. Andreasen]] · [[Peter H. Raven]] · [[Carl Woese]] ''2001:'' [[Francisco J. Ayala]] · [[Mario R. Capecchi]] · [[Ann M. Graybiel]] · [[Gene Likens|Gene E. Likens]] · [[Victor A. McKusick]] · [[Harold Varmus]] ''2002:'' [[James E. Darnell]] · [[Evelyn M. Witkin]] ''2003:'' [[J. Michael Bishop]] · [[Solomon H. Snyder]] · [[Charles Yanofsky]] ''2004:'' [[Norman E. Borlaug]] · [[Phillip A. Sharp]] · [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] ''2005:'' [[Anthony Fauci]] · [[Torsten N. Wiesel]] ''2006:'' [[Rita R. Colwell]] · [[Nina Fedoroff]] · [[Lubert Stryer]] |
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== See also == |
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}} |
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| group3 = Chemistry |
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* [[Bagrationi]] |
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| abbr3 = chemistry |
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* [[Bakar Bagrationi]] |
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| list3 = {{navbox subgroup |
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* [[George, Prince of Georgia]] |
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| group1 = 1980s |
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| list1 = ''1982:'' [[F. Albert Cotton]] · [[Gilbert Stork]] ''1983:'' [[Roald Hoffmann]] · [[George C. Pimentel]] · [[Richard N. Zare]] ''1986:'' [[Harry B. Gray]] · [[Yuan Tseh Lee]] · [[Carl S. Marvel]] · [[Frank H. Westheimer]] ''1987:'' [[William Summer Johnson|William S. Johnson]] · [[Walter H. Stockmayer]] · [[Max Tishler]] ''1988:'' [[William O. Baker]] · [[Konrad E. Bloch]] · [[Elias J. Corey]] ''1989:'' [[Richard Barry Bernstein|Richard B. Bernstein]] · [[Melvin Calvin]] · [[Rudolph Marcus|Rudoph A. Marcus]] · [[Harden M. McConnell]] |
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==External links== |
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| group2 = 1990s |
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* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Georgia/kartli4.htm: The Bagrationi lineage] |
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| list2 = ''1990:'' [[Elkan Blout]] · [[Karl Folkers]] · [[John D. Roberts]] ''1991:'' [[Ronald Breslow]] · [[Gertrude B. Elion]] · [[Dudley R. Herschbach]] · [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] ''1992:'' [[Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.|Howard E. Simmons, Jr.]] ''1993:'' [[Donald J. Cram]] · [[Norman Hackerman]] ''1994:'' [[George S. Hammond]] ''1995:'' [[Thomas Cech]] · [[Isabella L. Karle]] ''1996:'' [[Norman Davidson]] ''1997:'' [[Darleane C. Hoffman]] · [[Harold S. Johnston]] ''1998:'' [[John W. Cahn]] · [[George M. Whitesides]] ''1999:'' [[Stuart A. Rice]] · [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]] · [[Susan Solomon]] |
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| group3 = 2000s |
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[[Category:Georgian historians]] |
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| list3 = ''2000:'' [[John D. Baldeschwieler]] · [[Ralph F. Hirschmann]] ''2001:'' [[Ernest R. Davidson]] · [[Gabor A. Somorjai]] ''2002:'' [[John I. Brauman]] ''2004:'' [[Stephen J. Lippard]] ''2006:'' [[Marvin H. Caruthers]] · [[Peter Dervan|Peter B. Dervan]] · [[Robert S. Langer]] |
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[[Category:Georgian geographers]] |
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}} |
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[[Category:Bagrationi dynasty]] |
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| group4 = Engineering sciences |
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[[Category:1696 births]] |
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| abbr4 = engineering |
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[[Category:1757 deaths]] |
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| list4 = {{navbox subgroup |
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[[Category:People from Tbilisi]] |
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| group1 = 1960s |
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| list1 = ''1962:'' [[Theodore von Karman]] ''1963:'' [[Vannevar Bush]] · [[John Robinson Pierce]] ''1964:'' [[Charles S. Draper]] ''1965:'' [[Hugh L. Dryden]] · [[Clarence L. Johnson]] · [[Warren K. Lewis]] ''1966:'' [[Claude E. Shannon]] ''1967:'' [[Edwin H. Land]] · [[Igor I. Sikorsky]] ''1968:'' [[J. Presper Eckert]] · [[Nathan M. Newmark]] ''1969:'' [[Jack St. Clair Kilby]] |
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[[ka:ვახუშტი ბატონიშვილი]] |
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| group2 = 1970s |
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[[ru:Вахушти Багратиони]] |
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| list2 = ''1970:'' [[George E. Mueller]] ''1973:'' [[Harold E. Edgerton]] · [[Richard T. Whitcomb]] ''1974:'' [[Rudolf Kompfner]] · [[Ralph Brazelton Peck]] · [[Abel Wolman]] ''1975:'' [[Manson Benedict]] · [[William Hayward Pickering]] · [[Frederick E. Terman]] · [[Wernher von Braun]] ''1976:'' [[Morris Cohen (scientist)|Morris Cohen]] · [[Peter C. Goldmark]] · [[Erwin Wilhelm Müller]] ''1979:'' [[Emmett N. Leith]] · [[Raymond D. Mindlin]] · [[Robert N. Noyce]] · [[Earl R. Parker]] · [[Simon Ramo]] |
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| group3 = 1980s |
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| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Edward H. Heinemann]] · [[Donald L. Katz]] ''1983:'' [[William R. Hewlett]] · [[George M. Low]] · [[John G. Trump]] ''1986:'' [[Hans Wolfgang Liepmann]] · [[T. Y. Lin]] · [[Bernard M. Oliver]] ''1987:'' [[Robert B. Bird]] · [[H. Bolton Seed]] · [[Ernst Weber]] ''1988:'' [[Daniel C. Drucker]] · [[Willis M. Hawkins]] · [[George W. Housner]] ''1989:'' [[Harry George Drickamer]] · [[Herbert E. Grier]] |
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| group4 = 1990s |
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| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Mildred S. Dresselhaus]] · [[Nick Holonyak Jr.]] ''1991:'' [[George Heilmeier]] · [[Luna B. Leopold]] · [[H. Guyford Stever]] ''1992:'' [[Calvin F. Quate]] · [[John Roy Whinnery]] ''1993:'' [[Alfred Y. Cho]] ''1994:'' [[Ray W. Clough]] ''1995:'' [[Hermann A. Haus]] ''1996:'' [[James L. Flanagan]] · [[C. Kumar N. Patel]] ''1998:'' [[Eli Ruckenstein]] ''1999:'' [[Kenneth N. Stevens]] |
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| group5 = 2000s |
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| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Yuan-Cheng Fung|Yuan-Cheng B. Fung]] ''2001:'' [[Andreas Acrivos]] ''2002:'' [[Leo Beranek]] ''2003:'' [[John M. Prausnitz]] ''2004:'' [[Edwin N. Lightfoot]] ''2005:'' [[Jan D. Achenbach]] · [[Tobin J. Marks]] |
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}} |
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| group5 = Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences |
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| abbr5 = math-stat-comp |
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| list5 = {{navbox subgroup |
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| group1 = 1960s |
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| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Norbert Wiener]] ''1964:'' [[Solomon Lefschetz]] · [[Marston Morse|H. Marston Morse]] ''1965:'' [[Oscar Zariski]] ''1966:'' [[John Milnor]] ''1967:'' [[Paul Cohen mathematician|Paul Cohen]] ''1968:'' [[Jerzy Neyman]] ''1969:'' [[William Feller]] |
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| group2 = 1970s |
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| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Richard Brauer]] ''1973:'' [[John Tukey]] ''1974:'' [[Kurt Gödel]] ''1975:'' [[John W. Backus]] · [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] · [[George B. Dantzig]] ''1976:'' [[Kurt Otto Friedrichs]] · [[Hassler Whitney]] ''1979:'' [[Joseph L. Doob]] · [[Donald E. Knuth]] |
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| group3 = 1980s |
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| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Marshall Harvey Stone]] ''1983:'' [[Herman Goldstine]] · [[Isadore Singer]] ''1986:'' [[Peter Lax]] · [[Antoni Zygmund]] ''1987:'' [[Raoul Bott]] · [[Michael Freedman]] ''1988:'' [[Ralph E. Gomory]] · [[Joseph B. Keller]] ''1989:'' [[Samuel Karlin]] · [[Saunders MacLane]] · [[Donald C. Spencer]] |
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| group4 = 1990s |
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| list4 = ''1990:'' [[George F. Carrier]] · [[Stephen Cole Kleene]] · [[John McCarthy computer scientist|John McCarthy]] ''1991:'' [[Alberto Calderón]] ''1992:'' [[Allen Newell]] ''1993:'' [[Martin Kruskal]] ''1994:'' [[John Cocke]] ''1995:'' [[Louis Nirenberg]] ''1996:'' [[Richard M. Karp]] · [[Stephen Smale]] ''1997:'' [[Shing-Tung Yau]] ''1998:'' [[Cathleen Synge Morawetz]] ''1999:'' [[Felix Browder]] · [[Ronald Coifman|Ronald R. Coifman]] |
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| group5 = 2000s |
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| list5 = ''2000:'' [[John Griggs Thompson]] · [[Karen K. Uhlenbeck]] ''2001:'' [[Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao|Calyampudi R. Rao]] · [[Elias M. Stein]] ''2002:'' [[James Glimm|James G. Glimm]] ''2003:'' [[Carl R. de Boor]] ''2004:'' [[Dennis Sullivan|Dennis P. Sullivan]] ''2005:'' [[Bradley Efron]] ''2006:'' [[Hyman Bass]] |
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}} |
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| group6 = Physical sciences |
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| abbr6 = physical |
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| list6 = {{navbox subgroup |
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| group1 = 1960s |
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| list1 = ''1963:'' [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis W. Alvarez]] ''1964:'' [[Julian Schwinger]] · [[Harold Clayton Urey]] · [[Robert Burns Woodward]] ''1965:'' [[John Bardeen]] · [[Peter Debye]] · [[Leon M. Lederman]] · [[William Rubey]] ''1966:'' [[Jacob Bjerknes]] · [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] · [[Henry Eyring]] · [[John H. Van Vleck]] · [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] ''1967:'' [[Jesse Beams]] · [[Francis Birch]] · [[Gregory Breit]] · [[Louis Hammett]] · [[George Kistiakowsky]] ''1968:'' [[Paul Bartlett]] · [[Herbert Friedman]] · [[Lars Onsager]] · [[Eugene Wigner]] ''1969:'' [[Herbert C. Brown]] · [[Wolfgang Panofsky]] |
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| group2 = 1970s |
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| list2 = ''1970:'' [[Robert H. Dicke]] · [[Allan R. Sandage]] · [[John C. Slater]] · [[John A. Wheeler]] · [[Saul Winstein]] ''1973:'' [[Carl Djerassi]] · [[Maurice Ewing]] · [[Arie Jan Haagen-Smit]] · [[Vladimir Haensel]] · [[Frederick Seitz]] · [[Robert Rathbun Wilson]] ''1974:'' [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] · [[Paul Flory]] · [[William Alfred Fowler]] · [[Linus Carl Pauling]] · [[Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer]] ''1975:'' [[Hans A. Bethe]] · [[Joseph Hirschfelder]] · [[Lewis Sarett]] · [[E. Bright Wilson]] · [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] ''1976:'' [[Samuel Goudsmit]] · [[Herbert S. Gutowsky]] · [[Frederick Rossini]] · [[Verner Suomi]] · [[Henry Taube]] · [[George Uhlenbeck]] ''1979:'' [[Richard P. Feynman]] · [[Herman Mark]] · [[Edward M. Purcell]] · [[John Sinfelt]] · [[Lyman Spitzer]] · [[Victor F. Weisskopf]] |
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| group3 = 1980s |
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| list3 = ''1982:'' [[Philip W. Anderson]] · [[Yoichiro Nambu]] · [[Edward Teller]] · [[Charles H. Townes]] ''1983:'' [[E. Margaret Burbidge]] · [[Maurice Goldhaber]] · [[Helmut Landsberg]] · [[Walter Munk]] · [[Frederick Reines]] · [[Bruno B. Rossi]] · [[J. Robert Schrieffer]] ''1986:'' [[Solomon Buchsbaum]] · [[Horace Crane]] · [[Herman Feshbach]] · [[Robert Hofstadter]] · [[Chen Ning Yang]] ''1987:'' [[Philip Abelson]] · [[Walter Elsasser]] · [[Paul C. Lauterbur]] · [[George Pake]] · [[James A. Van Allen]] ''1988:'' [[D. Allan Bromley]] · [[Chu_Ching-wu|Paul Ching-Wu Chu]] · [[Walter Kohn]] · [[Norman F. Ramsey]] · [[Jack Steinberger]] ''1989:'' [[Arnold O. Beckman]] · [[Eugene Parker]] · [[Robert Sharp]] · [[Henry Stommel]] |
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| group4 = 1990s |
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| list4 = ''1990:'' [[Allan M. Cormack]] · [[Edwin M. McMillan]] · [[Robert Pound]] · [[Roger Revelle]] ''1991:'' [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] · [[Ed Stone]] · [[Steven Weinberg]] ''1992:'' [[Eugene M. Shoemaker]] ''1993:'' [[Val Fitch]] · [[Vera Rubin]] ''1994:'' [[Albert Overhauser]] · [[Frank Press]] ''1995:'' [[Hans Dehmelt]] · [[Peter Goldreich]] ''1996:'' [[Wallace S. Broecker]] ''1997:'' [[Marshall Rosenbluth]] · [[Martin Schwarzschild]] · [[George Wetherill]] ''1998:'' [[Don L. Anderson]] · [[John N. Bahcall]] ''1999:'' [[James Cronin]] · [[Leo Kadanoff]] |
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| group5 = 2000s |
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| list5 = ''2000:'' [[Willis E. Lamb]] · [[Jeremiah P. Ostriker]] · [[Gilbert F. White]] ''2001:'' [[Marvin L. Cohen]] · [[Raymond Davis Jr.]] · [[Charles Keeling]] ''2002:'' [[Richard Garwin]] · [[W. Jason Morgan]] · [[Edward Witten]] ''2003:'' [[G. Brent Dalrymple]] · [[Riccardo Giacconi]] ''2004:'' [[Robert N. Clayton]] ''2005:'' [[Ralph A. Alpher]] · [[Lonnie Thompson]] ''2006:'' [[Daniel Kleppner]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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Revision as of 08:07, 10 October 2008
Vakhushti (Georgian: ვახუშტი) (1696-1757) was a Georgian prince (batonishvili), geographer, historian and cartographer.
Life
A natural son of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli (ruled 1716-1724), he was born in Tbilisi, 1696. Educated by the brothers Garsevanishvili and a Roman Catholic mission, he was fluent in six foreign languages, particularly in Greek, Latin, French, Turkish, Russian and Armenian.
In 1719 and 1720, he took part in two successive campaigns against the rebel duke (eristavi) Shanshe of the Ksani. From August to November 1722, he was a governor of the kingdom during his father’s absence at the Ganja campaign. Later he served as a commander in Kvemo Kartli. After the Ottoman occupation of Kartli, he followed King Vakhtang in his emigration to the Russian Empire in 1724. Retired to Moscow, Tsarevich Vakhusht (as he came to be known in Russia) was granted a pension.
He married in 1717 Mariam, youngest daughter of Prince Giorgi-Malakia Abashidze, virtual ruler of the Kingdom of Imereti, and had seven children.
He died at Moscow, 1757. He was buried at the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow, a traditional burial ground of Georgian emigrant royalty and nobility.
Works
Most of his works were written or completed in Moscow. The chief of these were The Description of the Kingdom of Georgia (completed in 1745) and The Geographic Description of Georgia (completed in 1750), also two geographic atlases of the Caucasus region accompanied by the images of several historic coats of arms (1745-46).
His famous Description of the Kingdom of Georgia is essentially an adorned synopsis of the initial texts of the cuprus of medieval Georgian annals, Kartlis Tskhovreba. Vakhushti was critical of the re-edition of the corpus assembled by a scholarly commission chaired by his father Vakhtang VI. So as to rectify perceived oversights of Vakhtang's version, Vakhushti compiled his own comprehensive history and geographical description of the Georgian people and lands. One of the chief goals of his corrective was to underscore all-Georgian political and cultural unity despite the fact that Georgia was politically divided among competing kings and princes during Vakhushti’s lifetime. The popularity of Vakhushti’s tome is evidenced by the many copies made of it, and his narrative significantly shaped the way in which subsequent generations have conceived of an all-Georgian past.[1] It is also a major source on the Georgian history of the 16th and 17th centuries.[2]
Vakhushti's works were soon translated into Russian and later into French and served as a guide to many contemporary European scholars and travelers to Caucasus up to the early 20th century.
He also completed, together with his brother, Prince Bakar, the printing of the Bible in Georgian, which he had been only partly done by their father, Vakhtang VI. He established for that purpose, in his house near Moscow, a printing-press, taught the art of printing to several Georgian clergymen, and completed the first printed edition of the Bible of the language of his country in 1743. The printing-press was afterwards transferred to Moscow, where several religious works in Georgian were printed.
References
- ^ Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, p. 423-4. Peeters Bvba ISBN 90-429-1318-5.
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 352. Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253209153.
- Gabashvili, Valerian. Vakhushti Bagrationi. Tbilisi, 1969 (Georgian)
- This article incorporates text from the Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, a publication now in the public domain.