Classical Arabic and Category:76 births: Difference between pages

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{{birthyr|7|6}}
{{Infobox Language
|name = Arabic
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|states = Historically in the [[Middle East]], now used as a liturgical language of [[Islam]]
|fam1 = [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3 = [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
|fam4 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|child1 = Most modern [[Arabic languages]]
|iso1=ar |iso2=ara |iso3=ara
|map = [[Image:Large Koran.jpg|250px|thumb|Verses from the [[Qur'an]] in Classical Arabic, written in the [[cursive]] [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]].]]
}}


[[bn:Category:৭৬-এ জন্ম]]
'''Classical Arabic''' (CA), also known as '''Qur'anic''' or '''Koranic Arabic''', is the form of the [[Arabic language]] used in literary texts from [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times (7th to 9th centuries). It is based largely on the Medieval language of [[Hijaz]]i tribes of [[Quraysh|Qurayš]] (which contrasted somewhat with the speech of [[Najd]]i and adjoining tribal areas). [[Literary Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA) is the a direct descendent used in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertaining content.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=14}}</ref> While the [[lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] and [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]] of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]] have remained basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in CA).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=15}}</ref> The [[Varieties of Arabic|vernacular dialects]], however, have changed more dramatically.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=8}}</ref> Both CA and MSA are normally called {{Unicode|''al-Fuṣ-ḥā''}} ('''الفصحى''') in Arabic.
[[be-x-old:Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ў 76 годзе]]

[[bs:Kategorija:76 rođenja]]
Because the [[Qur'an]] is written in Classical Arabic, the language is considered by most Muslims to be [[sacred language|sacred]].<ref>{{quran|16|113}} {{quran|20|103}}</ref> It is the only language in which Muslims recite their prayers, regardless of what language they use in everyday life.
[[cy:Categori:Genedigaethau 76]]

[[de:Kategorie:Geboren 76]]
==History==
[[et:Kategooria:Sündinud 76]]
Arabic was originally spoken in the central and northern regions of the Arabian Peninsula. With the spread of Islam, Arabic became a prominent language of scholarship and religious devotion as the language of the Qur'an (at times even spreading faster than the religion).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=8}}</ref> Its relation to modern dialects is somewhat analogous to the relationship of [[Latin]] and the [[Romance Languages]] or [[Middle Chinese]] and the modern [[Chinese language]]s.
[[es:Categoría:Nacidos en 76]]

[[eo:Kategorio:Naskiĝintoj en 76]]
==Morphology==
[[eu:Kategoria:76ko jaiotzak]]

[[fr:Catégorie:Naissance en 76]]
Classical Arabic is one of the [[Semitic languages]], and therefore has many similarities in conjugation and pronunciation to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], and [[Amharic language|Amharic]]. Its use of vowels to modify a base group of consonants resembles similar constructions in Biblical Hebrew.
[[ko:분류:76년 태어남]]

[[hi:श्रेणी:76 में जन्म]]
For example:
[[bpy:থাক:মারি ৭৬-এ উজ্জিসিতা]]
* '''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a, ''he wrote''
[[is:Flokkur:Fólk fætt árið 76]]
* ya'''kt'''u'''b'''u, ''he writes''
[[ka:კატეგორია:დაბადებული 76]]
* '''k'''i'''t'''ā'''b''', ''book''
[[la:Categoria:Nati 76]]
* '''k'''u'''t'''u'''b''', ''books (plural)''
[[ja:Category:76年生]]
* ma'''kt'''a'''b'''a, ''library''
[[no:Kategori:Fødsler i 76]]
* mi'''kt'''ā'''b''', ''writing machine''
[[oc:Categoria:Naissença en 76]]
These words all have some relationship with writing, and all of them contain the three consonants KTB. This group of consonants '''k'''-'''t'''-'''b''' is called a "root." Grammarians assume that this root carries a ''basic meaning'' of writing, which encompasses all objects or actions involving writing, and so, therefore, all the above words are regarded as modified forms of this root, and are "obtained" or "derived" in some way from it.
[[pl:Kategoria:Urodzeni w 76]]

[[ro:Categorie:Naşteri în 76]]
==Grammar==
[[ru:Категория:Родившиеся в 76 году]]
{{main|Arabic grammar}}
[[sk:Kategória:Narodenia v 76]]

[[sl:Kategorija:Rojeni leta 76]]
==Phonology==
[[sv:Kategori:Födda 76]]
{{Seealso|Arabic phonology}}
[[tr:Kategori:76 doğumlular]]

[[uk:Категорія:Народились 76]]
Classical Arabic had three pairs of long and short vowels: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. The following table illustrates this:
[[zh:Category:76年出生]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! [[Vowel]]s
! colspan=2 | Short
! colspan=2 | Long
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|/u/}}
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
! style="text-align:right;" | [[Low vowel|Low]]
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/a/}}
| colspan=2 |{{IPA|/aː/}}
|}

Like Modern Standard Arabic, Classical Arabic had 28 consonant phonemes:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''Classical Arabic consonant phonemes'''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=13}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" COLSPAN=2 | &nbsp;
! rowspan="2" | [[Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Interdental|Inter-<br />dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal|Pharyn-<BR>geal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal]]
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | &nbsp;plain&nbsp;
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[pharyngealization|emphatic]]
|-
! style="text-align: left;" colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|n}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" rowspan=2 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tˤ}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|q}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA|b}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|d}} || &nbsp; || {{IPA|ɟ}}<small><sup>2</sup></small> || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|s}}<small><sup>1</sup></small> || {{IPA|sˤ}} || {{IPA|ç}} || &nbsp;|| {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| &nbsp; || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ðˤ}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{IPA|ʁ}} || {{IPA|ʕ}} || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{IPA|l}}<small><sup>3</sup></small>|| {{IPA|ɬˤ}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" colspan=2 | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{IPA|r}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! style="text-align: left;" colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|w}} || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}

#Non-emphatic {{IPA|/s/}} may have actually been {{IPA|[ʃ]}},<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=15}}</ref> shifting forward in the mouth before or simultaneously with the fronting of the palatals (see below).
# As it derives from [[proto-semitic]] *g, {{IPA|/ɟ/}} may have been a palatalized velar: {{IPA|/gʲ/}}
# {{IPA|/l/}} is emphatic ({{IPA|[lˁ]}}) only in {{IPA|/ʔalˁːɑːh/}}, the name of God, i.e. [[Allah]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> except after ''i'' or ''ī'' when it is unemphatic: ''bismi l-lāh'' {{IPA|/bismillaːh/}} ('in the name of God').

The consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" {{IPA|/tˤ, ɬˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/}} were either [[velarization|velarised]] {{IPA|[tˠ, ɬˠ, sˠ, ðˠ]}} or [[pharyngealization|pharyngealised]] {{IPA|[tˤ, ɬˤ, sˤ, ðˤ]}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2}}</ref> In some transcription systems, emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter, for example, {{IPA|/sˁ/}} is written ‹S›; in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it, for example, ‹{{unicode|ṣ}}›.

There are a number of phonetic changes between Classical Arabic and modern Arabic dialects. These include:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=15-17}}</ref>
*The palatals {{IPA|/ɟ/ /ç/}} (<ج> <ش‎>) became [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]]: {{IPA|/dʒ/ /ʃ/}}
* The uvular fricatives {{IPA|/χ/ /ʁ/}} (<خ> <غ>) became velar or post-velar: {{IPA|/x/ /ɣ/}}
* {{IPA|/ɬˤ/}} (<ض‎>) became {{IPA|/dˤ/}} (Certain Tajweed traditions actually preserve the original value of this sound synchronically.)

See [[Arabic alphabet]] for further details of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] representations of contemporary Arabic sounds.

==Special symbols==
A variety of special symbols exist in the Classical Arabic of the Qur'an that are usually absent in most written forms of Arabic. Many of these serve as aids for readers attempting to accurately pronounce the Classical Arabic found in the Qur'an. They may also indicate prayers ([[Sujud]]), miracles ([[Ayah]]), or the ends of chapters ([[Rub al Hizb]]).

{| align="center" rules="all" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom:2px solid #999; background: #f3fff3"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Qur'anic annotation signs
|-style="background: #ddffdd"
! Code !! Glyph !! Name
|-
| align=center| 06D6 || align=center| ۖ || align=left|SMALL HIGH LIGATURE SAD WITH LAM WITH ALIF MAKSURA
|-
| align=center| 06D7 || align=center| ۗ || align=left|SMALL HIGH LIGATURE QAF WITH LAM WITH ALIF MAKSURA
|-
| align=center| 06D8 || align=center| ۘ || align=left|SMALL HIGH MEEM INITIAL FORM
|-
| align=center| 06D9 || align=center| ۙ || align=left|SMALL HIGH LAM ALIF
|-
| align=center| 06DA || align=center| ۚ || align=left|SMALL HIGH JEEM
|-
| align=center| 06DB || align=center| ۛ || align=left|SMALL HIGH THREE DOTS
|-
| align=center| 06DC || align=center| ۜ || align=left|SMALL HIGH SEEN
|-
| align=center| 06DD || align=center| ۝ || align=left|END OF AYAH
|-
| align=center| 06DE || align=center| ۞ || align=left|START OF RUB AL HIZB
|-
| align=center| 06DF || align=center| ۟ || align=left|SMALL HIGH ROUNDED ZERO
|-
| align=center| 06E0 || align=center| ۠ || align=left|SMALL HIGH UPRIGHT RECTANGULAR ZERO
|-
| align=center| 06E1 || align=center| ۡ || align=left|SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH = Arabic jazm • used in some Qur'ans to mark absence of a vowel
|-
| align=center| 06E2 || align=center| ۢ || align=left|SMALL HIGH MEEM ISOLATED FORM
|-
| align=center| 06E3 || align=center| ۣ || align=left|SMALL LOW SEEN
|-
| align=center| 06E4 || align=center| ۤ || align=left|SMALL HIGH MADDA
|-
| align=center| 06E5 || align=center| ۥ || align=left|SMALL WAW
|-
| align=center| 06E6 || align=center| ۦ || align=left|SMALL YAA
|-
| align=center| 06E7 || align=center| ۧ || align=left|ARABIC SMALL HIGH YAA
|-
| align=center| 06E8 || align=center| ۨ || align=left|SMALL HIGH NOON
|-
| align=center| 06E9 || align=center| ۩ || align=left|PLACE OF SAJDAH
|-
| align=center| 06EA || align=center| ۪ || align=left|EMPTY CENTRE LOW STOP
|-
| align=center| 06EB || align=center| ۫ || align=left|EMPTY CENTRE HIGH STOP
|-
| align=center| 06EC || align=center| ۬ || align=left|ROUNDED HIGH STOP WITH FILLED CENTRE
|-
| align=center| 06ED || align=center| ۭ || align=left|SMALL LOW MEEM
|-
| colspan=6 align=center| <small>From: [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf Unicode Standard - Arabic]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{citation
|last=Bin-Muqbil
|first=Musaed
|year=2006
|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals<!-- Doctoral dissertation -->
|place=University of Wisconsin-Madison
}}
*Holes, Clive (2004) ''Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties'' Georgetown University Press. ISBN 1-58901-022-1
*Versteegh, Kees (2001) ''The Arabic Language'' Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0-7486-1436-2 (Ch.5 available in link below)
*{{citation
|last=Watson
|first=Janet
|year=2002
|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}

==See also==
*[[Arabic language]]
*[[Literary Arabic]]
*[[Arabic English Lexicon]]

==External links==
*[http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=17 The Development of Classical Arabic]
*[http://sheepoo.wordpress.com Classical Arabic Blog]
*[http://arabic.tripod.com Arabic grammar online]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Arabic language}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}
}}

[[Category:Arabic languages]]
[[Category:Classical languages|Arabic]]

[[es:Árabe clásico]]
[[fr:Arabe littéral]]
[[mk:Класичен арапски јазик]]
[[no:Klassisk arabisk]]
[[pl:Klasyczny język arabski]]
[[ro:Limba arabă clasică]]

Revision as of 17:43, 10 October 2008

This category is for people born in the year AD 76.

See also: 76 deaths.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_Arabic&oldid=244410005"