Columbian exchange and Rob & Fab: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> |
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[[Image:Intikawan Amantani.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Inca Empire|Inca]]-era [[Terrace (agriculture)|terraces]] on [[Taquile]] are used to grow traditional [[Andes|Andean]] [[Staple food|staples]], such as [[quinua]] and [[potato]]es, alongside [[wheat]], a European import.]] |
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| Name = Rob & fab |
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| Img = Rob & Fab.jpg |
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| Img_capt = |
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| Img_size = |
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| Background = group_or_band |
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| Origin = [[U.S.A]] |
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| Genre = [[Dance music|Dance]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rap music|Rap]], [[Funk music|Funk]] |
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| Years_active = [[1990]]-[[1993]] |
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| Label = The Joss |
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| Associated_acts = [[The Real Milli Vanilli]]<br>[[Milli Vanilli]]<br>[[Try 'N' B]]<br>[[Empire Bizarre]] |
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| Past_members = [[Fab Morvan]]<br />[[Rob Pilatus]] |
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}} |
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The '''Columbian Exchange''' has been one of the most significant events in the history of world [[ecology]], [[agriculture]], and [[culture]]. The term is used to describe the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including [[slave labor|slaves]]), [[communicable disease]]s, and ideas between the [[Eastern Hemisphere|Eastern]] and [[Western Hemisphere|Western]] hemispheres that occurred after 1492. Many new and different goods were exchanged between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and it began a new revolution in the Americas and in Europe. In 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]]' first voyage launched an era of large-scale contact between the [[Old World|Old]] and the [[New World]]s that resulted in this ecological revolution: hence the name "Columbian" Exchange. |
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'''''"Rob & Fab"''''' were a [[pop music|pop]] and [[dance music]] project formed and fronted by [[Rob Pilatus]] and [[Fabrice Morvan]] in the [[U.S.A]] in 1990 after the group [[Milli Vanilli]]. |
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The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population. Maize and potatoes became very important crops in Eurasia by the [[18th century]]. [[Manioc]] and the [[peanut]] flourished in tropical Southeast Asian and West African soils that otherwise would not produce large yields or support large populations. |
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==Examples== |
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Morvan and Pilatus moved to [[Los Angeles, California]], and signed to the Joss Entertainment Group, where they recorded their follow-up album, ''[[Rob & Fab (album)|Rob & Fab]]''. Almost all the songs on the album were written by Kenny Taylor and [[Fab Morvan|Fabrice Morvan]], while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Due to financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was only able to release the album in the United States, the most critical of all markets to Milli Vanilli. A single, [[We Can Get It On]], was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the lack of publicity, poor distribution and the scandal surrounding Milli Vanilli's lip-synching allegations led to its failure. |
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This exchange of plants and animals transformed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life. Of the world's top 26 crops, measured by weight of production, eight originated in the Americas. One third of the crop value within the United States depends on foods that were first grown in the Americas. |
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New foods became staples of human diets and new [[growing region]]s opened up for crops. For example, before [[1000|AD 1000]], potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, [[Ireland]] was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating [[Irish Potato Famine]]. One of the first European imports, the [[horse]], changed the lives of many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes on the [[Great Plains]], allowing them to shift to a [[nomadic]] lifestyle based on hunting [[bison]] on horseback. [[Tomato]] sauce, made from New World tomatoes, became an [[Italy|Italian]] trademark, while coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became the main crops of extensive [[Latin America]]n [[plantation]]s. Also the [[chili pepper|chili]] / [[paprika]] from South America was introduced in [[India]] by the Portuguese and it is today an inseparable part of [[Indian cuisine]]. |
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Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s in [[Florida]], no [[banana]]s in [[Ecuador]], no [[paprika]] in [[Hungary]], no [[tomatoes]] in [[Italy]], no [[pineapples]] in [[Hawaii]], no [[rubber]] trees in Africa, no [[cattle]] in [[Texas]], no [[burro]]s in [[Mexico]], no [[chili pepper]]s in [[Thailand]] and [[India]], no [[cigarette]]s in [[France]] and no [[chocolate]] in [[Switzerland]]. Even the [[dandelion]] was brought to America by [[European ethnic groups|European]]s for use as an [[herb]]. |
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Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres, the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases, such as smallpox, were strikingly larger in the Old World than in the New. This led, in part, to the devastating effects of Old World diseases on Native American populations. The [[smallpox]] epidemics probably resulted in the largest death toll for Native Americans. |
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Scarcely any society on earth remained unaffected by this global ecological exchange. |
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== Table of comparison == |
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<table border=1 align="center"> |
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<tr><td colspan="3" align="center">'''Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans'''</td></tr> |
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<tr><td align="center">'''Type of organism'''</td><td align="center">'''From Old World to New World list (what they had)'''</td><td align="center">'''From New World to Old World list (what they had)'''</td></tr> |
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<tr><td align="center">Domesticated animals</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[Western honey bee|bee]] |
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* [[cat]] |
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* [[camel]] |
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* [[chicken]] |
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* [[cow]] |
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* [[dog]] |
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* [[goat]] |
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* [[goose]] |
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* [[horse]] |
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* [[Domestic rabbit|rabbit (domestic)]] |
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* [[pig]] |
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* [[rock pigeon]] |
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* [[sheep]] |
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* [[Bombyx mori|silkworm]] |
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* [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] |
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</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[alpaca]] |
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* [[dog]] |
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* [[guinea pig]] |
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* [[llama]] |
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* [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]] |
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</td></tr> |
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<tr><td align="center">Domesticated plants</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[almond]] |
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* [[apple]] |
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* [[apricot]] |
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* [[artichoke]] |
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* [[asparagus]] |
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* [[banana]] |
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* [[barley]] |
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* [[beans]] |
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* [[beet]] |
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* [[black pepper]] |
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* [[cabbage]] |
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* [[cantaloupe]] |
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* [[carrot]] |
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* [[coffee]] |
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* [[cotton]] (short staple "Egyptian" variety) |
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* [[citrus]] |
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* [[cucumber]] |
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* [[eggplant]] |
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* [[flax]] |
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* [[garlic]] |
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* [[hemp]] |
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* [[kiwifruit]] |
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* [[kola nut]] |
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* [[lettuce]] |
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* [[mango]] |
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* [[millet]] |
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* [[oat]] |
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* [[okra]] |
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* [[olive]] |
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* [[onion]] |
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* [[opium]] |
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* [[peach]] |
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* [[pea]] |
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* [[pear]] |
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* [[pistachio]] |
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* [[radish]] |
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* [[rhubarb]] |
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* [[rice]] |
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* [[rye]] |
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* [[soybean]] |
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* [[sugarcane]] |
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* [[taro]] |
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* [[tea]] |
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* [[turnip]] |
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* [[wheat]] |
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* [[walnut]] (common variety: [[Juglans regia]]) |
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* [[watermelon]] |
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</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[amaranth]] |
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* [[avocado]] |
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* [[bean]] |
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* [[bell pepper]] |
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* [[blueberry]] |
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* [[cashew]] |
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* [[chia]] |
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* [[chicle]] (chewing gum base) |
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* [[chili pepper]] (includes the bell pepper) |
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* [[coca]] |
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* [[cocoa]] |
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* [[cotton]] (long staple variety, 90% of modern cultivation) |
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* [[huckleberry]] |
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* [[maize]] (corn) |
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* [[manioc]] (cassava) (yuca) |
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* [[papaya]] |
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* [[peanut]] |
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* [[pecan]] |
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* [[pineapple]] |
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* [[potato]] |
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* [[quinoa]] |
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* [[rubber]] |
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* [[squash (fruit)|squash]] (incl. [[pumpkin]]) |
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* [[sunflower]] |
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* [[strawberry]] (American species used in modern hybrids) |
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* [[sweet potato]] |
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* [[tobacco]] |
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* [[tomato]] |
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* [[vanilla]] |
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</td></tr> |
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<tr><td align="center">Infectious diseases</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[bubonic plague]] |
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* [[cholera]] |
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* [[influenza]] |
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* [[malaria]] |
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* [[measles]] |
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* [[scarlet fever]] |
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* [[sleeping sickness]] |
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* [[smallpox]] |
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* [[tuberculosis]](?) |
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* [[typhoid]] |
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* [[yellow fever]] |
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</td> |
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<td valign="top"> |
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* [[syphilis]] (possibly. See the [[syphilis]] article for details) |
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* [[Great Pox]] |
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* [[yaws]] |
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* [[yellow fever]] (American strains) |
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</td></tr> |
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</table> |
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== Unintentional introductions == |
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In addition to the diseases mentioned above, many species of organisms were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as [[brown rat]]s, [[earthworms]] (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and [[zebra mussels]]. Plants thus introduced include many weeds, such as [[tumbleweed]]s, [[Avena fatua|wild oats]], and [[kudzu]]. Even fungi were transported, such as the one responsible for [[Dutch elm disease]]. Some of these species became serious nuisances upon being established. |
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Plants that were introduced to Europe after 1492 are so-called [[Neophyte]]s, whereas plants that made it over the sea before that date are called [[Archaeophyte]]s. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Alfred Crosby]] |
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* [[Domestication]] |
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* ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]'' |
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* [[Population history of American indigenous peoples]] |
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* [[Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]] |
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* [[Transformation of culture]] |
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== Sources == |
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* [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Columbian_exchange~_plants,_animals,_and_disease_between_the_Old_and_New_World The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds] in the Encyclopedia of Earth by [[Alfred Crosby|Alfred W. Crosby]] |
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* [http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/index/ Worlds Together, Worlds Apart] by Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, et al. |
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* [http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKN1443055520080115 New study blames Columbus for syphilis spread] from Reuters Jan 15, 2008 |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/Ethnobotany/page5.html Foods that Changed the World] |
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[[Category:Age of Discovery]] |
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[[Category:Farming history]] |
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[[de:Columbian Exchange]] |
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[[fr:Échange colombien]] |
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[[nl:Columbiaanse uitwisseling]] |
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[[no:Den colombianske utveksling]] |
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[[ja:コロンブス交換]] |
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[[simple:Columbian Exchange]] |
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Revision as of 13:29, 2 October 2008
Rob & Fab |
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"Rob & Fab" were a pop and dance music project formed and fronted by Rob Pilatus and Fabrice Morvan in the U.S.A in 1990 after the group Milli Vanilli.
Morvan and Pilatus moved to Los Angeles, California, and signed to the Joss Entertainment Group, where they recorded their follow-up album, Rob & Fab. Almost all the songs on the album were written by Kenny Taylor and Fabrice Morvan, while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Due to financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was only able to release the album in the United States, the most critical of all markets to Milli Vanilli. A single, We Can Get It On, was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the lack of publicity, poor distribution and the scandal surrounding Milli Vanilli's lip-synching allegations led to its failure.