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{{WP India
{{Infobox Language
|class=start
|name=Toki Pona
|importance=
|caption=Symbol
|tamilnadu=yes
|image=[[Image:toki pona.svg|100px|center|Symbol]]
|tamilnadu-importance=
|creator=Sonja Elen Kisa
}}
|date=2001
{{HWY}}
|setting=testing principles of [[minimalism]], the [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]] and [[pidgin]]s
I decided to move some of the info I had previously put on the Ooty page on access roads into the Nilgiris District onto a new page. This will help other towns in the Nilgiris to also link to this information. (Coonoor, Kotagiri, Gudalur, Ketti, Wellington, Manjur etc. ) The real reason I have created this page is to try and document the history of these remarkable roads which I really regard as major engineering feats for their time. To start off with however, I have simply posted thorough route information on these roads as even this is hard to find in India. [[User:Petkows|Petkows]] 13:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)petkows
|speakers=at least three fluent,[http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson1.html] at least several dozen with internet chat ability
|family=[[constructed language]], combining elements of the subgenres [[personal language]], [[international auxiliary language]] and [[Engineered language|philosophical language]]
|posteriori=[[a posteriori language]], with elements of [[English language|English]], [[Tok Pisin]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Acadian French]], [[Esperanto]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]]}}


'''Toki Pona''' is a [[constructed language]] first published online in mid-2001. It was designed by translator and linguist Sonja Elen Kisa of [[Toronto]].<ref name="Globeandmail">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070709.wllanguage09/BNStory/PersonalTech/|title=Canadian has people talking about lingo she created|first=Siobhan|last=Roberts|publisher=The Globe and Mail|date=9 July 2007|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-conlang24aug24,0,4155484,full.story|title=In their own words{{ndash}} literally|first=Amber|last=Dance|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 24, 2007|accessdate=2007-08-29}} - [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1324699781.html?dids=1324699781:1324699781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+24%2C+2007&author=Amber+Dance&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=COLUMN+ONE%3B+Babel%27s+modern+architects%3B+Hush+now%2C+Tolkien+fans+and+grunting+Klingonists.+More+newly+created+tongues+are+getting+their+moment%2C+thanks+to+the+Web paid version] and [http://msl1.mit.edu/furdlog/docs/latimes/2007-08-24_latimes_conlangs_control.pdf PDF version]</ref>


Am quiet sceptical about the arvenu bandishola link. Even if it is there , it is not motorable.
Toki Pona is a minimal language. Like a [[pidgin]], it focuses on simple concepts and elements that are relatively universal among cultures. Kisa designed Toki Pona to express maximal meaning with minimal complexity. The language has 14 [[phoneme]]s and 120 [[root word]]s. It is not designed as an [[international auxiliary language]] but is instead inspired by [[Taoism|Taoist]] philosophy, among other things.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sonja Elen|last=Kisa|url=http://www.tokipona.org/intro.html|title=What is Toki Pona?|publisher=TokiPona.org|accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref>
---Ninoopauls


The Aravenu Bandishola link is motorable, but as with most roads in the Nilgiris is in fairly poor condition. The road links a number of Badaga hathis and has a medium level of traffic including busses and lorries transporting tea, however they do not utilise this as a through road, but rather as a link to Coonoor or Kotagiri. In the past, during periods of the main Coonoor Mettupalayam Ghat road being closed, many motorists from Coonoor used to the Coonoor to Bandishola to Aravenu to Mettupalayam route to the plains rather then the longer route from Coonoor to Kotagiri to Aravenu to Mettupalayam. [[User:Petkows|Petkows]] 12:34, 11 January 2007 (UTC)petkows
The language is designed to shape the thought processes of its users, in the style of the [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]. This goal, together with Toki Pona's deliberately restricted vocabulary, have led some to feel that the language, whose name literally means "simple language", "good language", or "goodspeak", resembles [[George Orwell]]'s [[fictional language]] [[Newspeak]].<ref name="Yerrick">{{cite web|url=http://www.pineight.com/tokipona/tpreview.html|title=Toki Pona li pona ala pona? A review of the Toki Pona planned language|first=Damian|last=Yerrick|publisher=Pin Eight|accessdate=2007-07-20|date=October 23, 2002}}</ref>


==Authorship==
== Manjur ==
Sonja Elen Kisa is a professional [[translation|translator]]<ref>[http://www.proz.com/profile/25052 Professional profile at proz.com]</ref> ([[English language|English]], [[French language|French]] and [[Esperanto]]) and [[linguistics|linguist]] living in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://offline.computerra.ru/2004/550/34762/|title=Скорость мысли (The Speed of Thought)|author=Станислав Козловский (Stanislav Kozlovskiy)|publisher=Компьютерра Online (Computerra Online)|date=20 July 2004|accessdate=2007-07-20|language=Russian}}</ref>. In addition to designing Toki Pona, Kisa has translated parts of the [[Tao Te Ching]] into English and Esperanto<ref>{{citation
|last=Roberts
|first=Siobhan
|author-link =
|year=
|date=
|publication-date =2007-7-9
|contribution =Canadian has people talking about lingo she created
|contribution-url =http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070709.wllanguage09/BNStory/Technology/home
|editor-last =
|editor-first =
|editor-link =
|editor2-last =
|editor2-first =
|editor2-link =
|title=
|periodical =The Globe and Mail
|series =
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|place =
|publication-place =
|publisher=
|id=
|issn =
|doi=
|oclc =
|url=}}</ref>. She maintains her homepage at [http://www.kisa.ca/ www.kisa.ca].


The link to the wiki article on Manjur in Ramanathapuram district is the wrong one as the Manjur on the Karamadai-Manjur road is a different one and is in Coimbatore district only. Please remove the link.
== Writing system ==
[[User:D momaya|http&#58;//www.flickr.com/photos/sets/d_momaya]] 14:47, 24 June 2007 (UTC)Dhaval Momaya.
[[Image:Pronunciation toki pona.jpg|thumb|]]

Kisa officially used letters of the [[Latin alphabet]] to represent the language,<ref name="tokipona.org">[http://tokipona.org/ Toki Pona: the simple language of good<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> with the values they represent in the [[help:IPA|IPA]]: ''p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w, a, e, i, o,'' and ''u.'' (That is, ''j'' sounds like English ''y,'' and the vowels are like Spanish.)

Capital letters are only used for personal and place names (see below), not for the first word of a sentence. That is, they mark foreign words, never the 120 Toki Pona roots.<ref name="Lesson2" />

A few enthusiasts have adapted other scripts for use in Toki Pona: [http://www.tokipona.bravehost.com/korean.html Korean Hangul], [http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/tengwar/tengwar.html Tengwar], a set of [http://www.theiling.de/schrift/tokipona.html logograms taken from Unicode], and an [http://community.livejournal.com/tokipona/15917.html original abugida].

==Phonology and phonotactics==
===Inventory===
Toki Pona has nine [[consonant]]s (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five [[vowel]]s (/a, e, i, o, u/). The first syllable of a word is stressed;<ref name="kalama">[http://www.tokipona.org/kalama.html Toki Pona: kalama / sounds<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> an initial vowel may be optionally proceeded by a [[glottal stop]].<ref name="angst">[http://www.tokipona.org/angst.html Toki Pona: toki musi pimeja pi jan lili / dark teenage poetry / malluma adoleskanta poezio<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> There are no [[diphthong]]s or long vowels, no [[consonant cluster]]s, and no [[tone (linguistics)|tone]].

{| class=wikitable
! ''Consonants'' !![[labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|- align=center
! [[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m || n ||
|- align=center
! [[plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| p || t || k
|- align=center
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || s ||
|- align=center
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| w || l || j
|}

===Distribution===
The statistic vowel spread is fairly typical cross-linguistically. Counting each root once, 32% of vowels are /a/, 25% /i/, /e/ and /o/ a bit over 15% each, and 10% are /u/. 20% of roots are vowel initial. The usage frequency in a 10kB sample of texts was slightly more skewed: 34% /a/, 30% /i/, 15% each /e/ and /o/, and 6% /u/.<ref name="jakopo">[http://bellsouthpwp.net/j/i/jimhenry1973/conlang/tokipona/tokipona.htm "Phoneme frequency table"] in ''lipu pi toki pona pi jan Jakopo''</ref>

Of the syllable-initial consonants, /l/ is the most common, at 20% total; /k, s, p/ are over 10%, then the nasals /m, n/ (not counting final N), with the least common, at little more than 5% each, being /t, w, j/.

The high frequency of /l/ and low frequency of /t/ are somewhat unusual among the world's languages. The fact that /l/ occurs in the grammatical particles ''la, li, ala'' suggests that its percentage would be even higher in texts; the text-based stats cited above did not specifically consider initial consonants, but indicate that /l/ was about 25%, while /t/ doubled its frequency to just over 10% (/k/, /t/, /m/, /s/, /p/, respectively, ranged over 12% to 9% each, with /n/ unknown, and the semivowels /j/ and /w/ again coming in last at 7% each).

===Syllable structure===
All syllables are of the form (optional consonant) + vowel + (optional final nasal): that is, V, CV, VN, CVN. As in most languages, CV is the most common syllable type, at 75% (counting each root once). V and CVN syllables are each around 10%, while only 5 words have VN syllables (for 2% of syllables). In both the dictionary and in texts, the ratio of consonant to vowel is almost exactly one-to-one.

Most roots (70%) are disyllabic; about 20% are monosyllables and 10% trisyllables. This is a common distribution, and similar to Polynesian.

===Phonotactics===
The following sequences are not allowed: */ji, wu, wo, ti/, nor may a final nasal occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.<ref name="kalama" /> Syllables that aren't word-initial must have an initial consonant,<ref name="Lesson2">{{cite web|title=Lesson 2|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson2.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref> though in roots like ''ijo'' (from Esperanto ''io)'' and ''suwi'' (ultimately from English ''sweet),'' that might be considered an orthographic convention, with the effect that glottal stop only marks word boundaries. (The sequences /ij/ and /uw/ are no more easily distinguished from simple /i/ and /u/ than the banned */ji/ and */wu/ are.)

===Allophony===
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal consonant, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an {{IPA|[n]}} before /t/ or /s/, as an {{IPA|[m]}} before /p/, as an {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before /k/, and as an {{IPA|[ɲ]}} before /j/.

Because of its small phoneme inventory, Toki Pona allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced {{IPA|[b d ɡ]}} as well as {{IPA|[p t k]}}, /s/ as {{IPA|[z]}} or {{IPA|[ʃ]}} as well as {{IPA|[s]}}, /l/ as {{IPA|[ɾ]}} as well as {{IPA|[l]}}, and vowels may be either long or short.<ref name="Lesson2" />
Both its sound inventory and [[phonotactics]] (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible. For example, */ji, wu, wo/ are also impossible in Korean, which is convenient when writing Toki Pona in Hangul, which would have no way of writing such syllables (see below).

==Syntax==
Some basic features of Toki Pona's [[Agent Verb Object|Subject Verb Object]] syntax are: The word <i lang="x-tokipona">li</i> separates the subject from the predicate;<ref name="Lesson3">
{{cite web|title=Lesson 3|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson3.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>
<i lang="x-tokipona">e</i> precedes the direct object;<ref name="Lesson4">
{{cite web|title=Lesson 4|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson4.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>
direct object phrases precede prepositional phrases in the predicate;<ref name="Lesson6">
{{cite web|title=Lesson 6|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson6.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>
<i lang="x-tokipona">la</i> separates complex adverbs or subclauses from the main sentence.<ref name="Lesson17">{{cite web|title=Lesson 17|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson17.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>

The language is simple enough that its syntax can be expressed in ten [[phrase structure rules|rules]] and two [[Transformational grammar|exceptions]]:<ref name="Phrase structure">
{{cite web|url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/message/2313|title=Toki Pona Phrase Structure Grammar |date=January 2, 2007|first=stevo|last=(jan Setepo)|publisher=tokipona mailing list}}</ref>
:[brackets] enclose optional elements;
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>asterisks mark elements which may be repeated

;Syntactic rules

:1. A ''sentence'' may be
::(a) an ''interjection''
::(b) of the form [''sub-clause''] [''vocative''] ''subject'' ''predicate''
::''Exception:''
::*If a ''vocative'' is used, a ''subject'' is not required
::(The ''interjection'' may be '''a''', '''ala''', '''ike''', '''jaki''', '''mu''', '''o''', '''pakala''', '''pona''', or '''toki'''.)
:2. A ''sub-clause'' may be
::(a) ['''taso'''] ''sentence'' '''la''', or
::(b) ['''taso'''] ''noun phrase'' '''la'''
::("If/during ''sub-clause'', then ''main-clause''")
:3. A ''[vocative]'' is of the form
::[''noun phrase''] '''o'''
:4. A ''subject'' is of the form
::''noun phrase'' '''li'''
::''Exception:''
::*If the ''subject'' is '''mi''' or '''sina''', no '''li''' follows. ('''li''' does follow '''mi mute''' etc.)
:5. A ''predicate'' may be
::(a) ''simple noun phrase'' [''prepositional phrase'']*, or
::(b) ''verb phrase'' [''prepositional phrase''], or
::(c) ''predicate'' ''conjunction'' ''predicate'' (that is, a compound predicate)
::(The conjunction may be '''anu''' (or) or '''li''' (and).)
:6. A ''noun phrase'' may be
::(a) ''noun'' [''modifier'']*, or
::(b) ''simple noun phrase'' '''pi''' (of) ''noun'' plus ''modifier''*, or
::(c) ''noun phrase'' ''conjunction'' ''noun phrase'' (that is, a compound noun phrase)
::(The conjunction may be '''anu''' (or) or '''en''' (and). A 'simple' noun phrase is one which does not have a conjunction.)
:7. A ''prepositional phrase'' is of the form
::''preposition'' ''noun phrase''
:8. A ''verb phrase'' may be
::(a) ''verbal''
::(b) ''modal'' ''verbal''
::(c) ''verbal<sub>x</sub>'' '''ala''' ''verbal<sub>x</sub>'' (both verbals are the same)
::(d) ''modal<sub>x</sub>'' '''ala''' ''modal<sub>x</sub>'' plus ''verbal'' (both modals are the same)
::(The ''modal'' may be '''kama''' (coming/''future tense''), '''ken''' (can), or '''wile''' (wants to).)
:9 A ''verbal'' may be
::(a) ''verb'' [''modifier'']* (this is an intransitive verb)
::(b) ''verb'' [''modifier'']* plus a ''direct object''* (this is a transitive verb)
::(c) '''lon''' or '''tawa''' plus a ''simple noun phrase''
::(Some roots may only function as transitive or intransitive verbs.)
:10. A ''direct object'' is of the form
::'''e''' ''simple noun phrase''

Some roots are used for grammatical functions (such as those that take part in the rules above), while others have lexical meanings. The lexical roots do not fall into well defined [[part of speech|parts of speech]]; rather, they may generally be used as nouns, verbs, or modifiers, depending on context or their position in a phrase. For example, '''ona li moku''' may mean "they ate" or "it is food".

===Pronouns===
Toki Pona has the basic pronouns <i lang="x-tokipona">mi</i> (first person), <i lang="x-tokipona">sina</i> (second person), and <i lang="x-tokipona">ona</i> (third person).<ref name="nimi">[http://tokipona.org/nimi.html Toki Pona: nimi ale / word list<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

Note that the above words do not specify number or gender. Thus, <i lang="x-tokipona">ona</i> can mean "he", "she", "it", or "they". In practice, Toki Pona speakers use the phrase <i lang="x-tokipona">mi mute</i> to mean "we". Although less common, <i lang="x-tokipona">ona mute</i> means "they" and <i lang="x-tokipona">sina mute</i> means "you" (plural).

Whenever the subject of a sentence is either of the pronouns <i lang="x-tokipona">mi</i> or <i lang="x-tokipona">sina</i>, then <i lang="x-tokipona">li</i> is not used to separate the subject and predicate.<ref name="Lesson3" />

===Nouns===
With such a small root-word vocabulary, Toki Pona relies heavily on noun phrases (compound nouns), where a noun is modified by a following root, to make more complex meanings.<ref name="Lesson5">
{{cite web|title=Lesson 5|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson5.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref><ref name="latimes"/>
A typical example is combining <i lang="x-tokipona">jan</i> (person, pronounced "yan") with <i lang="x-tokipona">utala</i> (fight) to make <i lang="x-tokipona">jan utala</i> (soldier, warrior). [See 'modifiers' next.]

Nouns do not decline according to number.<ref name="Lesson3" /> <i lang="x-tokipona">jan</i> can mean "person", "people", or "the human race" depending on context.

Toki Pona does not use isolated proper nouns; instead, they must modify a preceding noun. (For this reason they are called "proper adjectives"; they are functionally the same as compound nouns.)<ref name="Yerrick" /> For example, names of people and places are used as modifiers of the common roots for "person" and "place", e.g. <i lang="x-tokipona">ma Kanata</i> (lit. "Canada country") or <i lang="x-tokipona">jan Lisa</i> (lit. "Lisa person").

===Modifiers===
[[Phrase]]s in Toki Pona are [[head-initial]]; modifiers always come after the word that they modify.<ref name="Lesson5" /> This trait resembles the typical arrangement of adjectives in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and contrasts with the typical English structure. Thus <i lang="x-tokipona">kasi kule poki</i> (<i lang="x-tokipona">kasi kule</i>, "flower," <i lang="x-tokipona">poki</i>, "container, vessel") means "potted plant" rather than "flower pot". <i lang="x-tokipona">kasi kule</i> ("flower") itself literally means "colorful plant".

Order of operations is completely opposite to that of [[Lojban]].
In Toki&nbsp;Pona, "N A1 A2" (where N represents a noun and A1 and A2 represent modifiers) is parsed as ((N A1) A2), that is, an A1 N that is A2: E.g., <i lang="x-tokipona">jan pona lukin</i> = ((jan pona) lukin), a friend watching (<i lang="x-tokipona">jan pona</i>, "friend," literally "good person").

This can be changed with the particle <i lang="x-tokipona">pi</i>, "of", which groups the following adjectives into a kind of compound adjective that applies to the head noun, which leads to <i lang="x-tokipona">jan pi pona lukin</i> = (jan (pona lukin)), "good-looking person."<ref name="Lesson11">{{cite web|title=Lesson 11|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson11.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>

Demonstratives, numerals, and possessive pronouns follow other modifiers.<ref name="Lesson5" />

===Verbs===
There is a [[zero copula]].<ref name="Lesson3" />

Toki Pona does not inflect verbs according to person, tense, mood, or voice.<ref name="Lesson3" /> Person is inferred from the subject of the verb; time is inferred from context or a temporal adverb in the sentence. There is no true passive voice in Toki Pona;{{Fact|date=July 2007}} the closest thing to passivity in Toki Pona is a structure such as "(result) of (subject) is because of (agent)." Alternatively, one could phrase a passive sentence as an active one with the agent subject being unknown.

Some prepositions can be used as a subclass of main verbs.
For example, <i lang="x-tokipona">tawa</i> means "to" as a preposition or "to go" or "to go to" as a verb; <i lang="x-tokipona">lon</i> means "in" or "at" as a preposition or "exist, be in/at" as a verb; <i lang="x-tokipona">kepeken</i> means "with" (in the sense of the [[instrumental case]]) as a preposition or "to use" as a verb.
<i lang="x-tokipona">lon</i> and <i lang="x-tokipona">tawa</i> (but not <i lang="x-tokipona">kepeken</i>) omit the direct object marker <i lang="x-tokipona">e</i> before their objects: <i lang="x-tokipona">mi tawa tomo mi</i> "I'm going to my house".<ref name="Lesson6" />

==Vocabulary==
[[Image:BodyTokiPona.jpg|thumb|right|Body parts in Toki Pona]]
The 120-[[root word|root]] vocabulary<ref>Originally 118 roots, with two roots added later.</ref> is designed around the principles of [[voluntary simplicity|living a simple life]] without the complications of modern civilization.<ref>http://www.tokipona.org/intro.html</ref>

Because of the small number of roots in Toki Pona, words from other languages are often translated using two or more roots, e.g. "to teach" by ''pana e sona,'' which literally means "to give knowledge".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://offline.computerra.ru/2004/550/34762/|title=Скорость мысли (The Speed of Thought)|author=Станислав Козловский (Stanislav Kozlovskiy)|publisher=Компьютерра Online (Computerra Online)|date=20 July 2004|accessdate=2007-07-20|language=Russian}} [http://www.tokipona.org/computerra.html English summary of the Computerra article with translated excerpt]</ref> Although Toki Pona is generally said to have only 118 or 120 "words", this is in fact inaccurate, as there are many [[compound word]]s and set phrases wich, as idiomatic expressions, constitute independent lexical entries or lexemes and therefore must be memorized independently.

===Colors===
Toki Pona has five root words for colors: <i lang="x-tokipona">pimeja</i> (black), <i lang="x-tokipona">walo</i> (white), <i lang="x-tokipona">loje</i> (red), <i lang="x-tokipona">jelo</i> (yellow), and <i lang="x-tokipona">laso</i> (blue). Each word represents multiple shades: <i lang="x-tokipona">laso</i> refers to words as light as [[cornflower blue]] or as dark as [[navy blue]], even extending into shades of [[blue-green]] such as [[cyan]].
[[Image:Synthese-.svg|thumb|left|100px|Many colors can be expressed by using [[subtractive color]]s.]]
Although the simplified conceptualization of colors tends to exclude a number of colors that are commonly expressed in Western languages, speakers sometimes may combine these five words to make more specific descriptions of certain colors. For instance, "purple" may be represented by combining <i lang="x-tokipona">laso</i> and <i lang="x-tokipona">loje</i>. The phrase <i lang="x-tokipona">laso loje</i> means "a reddish shade of blue" and <i lang="x-tokipona">loje laso</i> means "a bluish shade of red".<ref name="Lesson13">{{cite web|title=Lesson 13|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson13.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref>

===Numbers===
Toki Pona has root words for one (<i lang="x-tokipona">wan</i>), two (<i lang="x-tokipona">tu</i>), and many (<i lang="x-tokipona">mute).'' In addition, <i lang="x-tokipona">ala'' can mean zero, although its more literal meaning is "no" or "none."<ref name="nimi" />

Toki Ponans express larger numbers additively by using phrases such as <i lang="x-tokipona">tu wan</i> for three, <i lang="x-tokipona">tu tu</i> for four, and so on.<ref name="Lesson16">{{cite web|title=Lesson 16|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/lesson/lesson16.html|first=Bryant (jan Pije)|last=Knight|work=The o kama sona e toki pona! Language Course|accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref> This feature was added to make it impractical to communicate large numbers.<ref name="Yerrick" />

An early description of the language uses <i lang="x-tokipona">luka</i> (literally "hand") to signify "five."<ref name="Lesson16" /> Although Kisa has deprecated this feature in the latest official description of Toki Pona, its use is still common; from January to July 2006, it was used 10 times more often on the tokipona mailing list as a number than in its original sense of "hand"<ref name="luka_five">{{cite web|url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/message/1768|title=Changes to Pije's Lessons|date=July 31, 2006|first=Jim|last=Henry|publisher=tokipona mailing list}}</ref>. For an example of this structure, see [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/message/1263 this posting], which uses <i lang="x-tokipona">luka luka luka wan</i> to mean "sixteen."

===Obsolete roots===
Two words have archaic [[synonym]]s: <i lang="x-tokipona">nena</i> replaced <i lang="x-tokipona">kapa</i> (protuberance) early in the language's development for unknown reasons. Later, the pronoun <i lang="x-tokipona">ona</i> replaced <i lang="x-tokipona">iki</i> (he, she, it, they), which was sometimes confused with <i lang="x-tokipona">ike</i> (bad).<ref name="Yerrick" /> Similarly,
''ali'' was added as an alternative to ''ale'' (all) to avoid confusion with ''ala'' (no, not) among people who [[vowel reduction|reduce]] unstressed vowels, though both forms are still used.

Words that have been simply removed from the lexicon, without being replaced, include ''leko'' (block, stairs), ''kan'' (with), and ''pata'' (sibling, cousin).

===New roots===
Besides ''ali, nena,'' and ''ona,'' which replaced existing roots, two roots were added to the original 118: ''pan'' for cereals (grain, bread, pasta, rice, etc.) and ''esun'' for places of commerce (market, shop, etc.).

===Provenance===
[[Image:Toki Pona etymologies.png|thumb|400px|Origin of the Toki Pona roots by language. Obsolete roots are not included.]]
Toki Pona roots generally come from [[English language|English]], [[Tok Pisin]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Acadian French]], [[Esperanto]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]]).<ref>[http://tokipona.org/etym.html Toki Pona: nimi li tan seme? / etymological dictionary / etimologia vortaro<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, <i lang="x-tokipona">oko</i> (eye) is identical to Croatian <i lang="hrv">oko</i> and similar to other cognates such as [[Italian language|Italian]] <i lang="it">occhio</i> and English ''ocular''; likewise, <i lang="x-tokipona">toki</i> (speech, language) is similar to [[Tok Pisin]] <i lang="tpi">tok</i> and its English source ''talk,'' while <i lang="x-tokipona">pona</i> (good, positive), from Esperanto <i lang="eo">bona</i>, reflects generic [[Romance languages|Romance]] ''bon, buona, etc.'' However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word <i lang="x-tokipona">lape</i> (to sleep, to rest), for example, comes from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] <i lang="nl">slapen</i> and is cognate with English ''sleep''; <i lang="x-tokipona">kepeken</i> (to use) is somewhat distorted from Dutch <i lang="nl">gebruiken</i>, and <i lang="x-tokipona">akesi</i> from <i lang="nl">hagedis</i> (lizard) is scarcely recognizable. [Because ''*ti'' is not possible in Toki Pona, Dutch ''di'' comes through as ''si.'']

Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Croatian, 10% Acadian, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Tongan language|Tongan]] (an English borrowing), [[Twi|Akan]], and an unknown language (perhaps [[Swahili]]); four [[sound symbolism|phonesthetic]] roots (one from [[Japanese language|Japanese]], one made up, and two which are found in English); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle ''e).''

====Tok Pisin====
All but two of these derive ultimately from English.

18: insa ''(insait,'' from Eng. ''inside),'' kama ''(kamap,'' Eng. ''come up),'' ken ''(ken,'' Eng. ''can),'' lili ''(liklik'' 'small'), lon ''(long'' 'at', from Eng. ''along),'' lukin ''(lukim,'' Eng. ''look 'em),'' meli ''(meri'' 'woman', from Eng. ''Mary),'' nanpa ''(namba,'' Eng. ''number),'' nasa ''(nasau''{{Fact|date=October 2008}}), open ''(open,'' Eng. ''open),'' pakala ''(bagarap,'' Eng. ''bugger up),'' pi ''(bilong'' 'of', from Eng. ''belong),'' pilin ''(pilim,'' Eng. ''feel 'em),'' pini ''(pinis,'' Eng. ''finish),'' poki ''(bokis,'' Eng. ''box),'' suwi ''(swit,'' Eng. ''sweet),'' taso ''(tasol'' 'only, but', from Eng. ''that's all),'' toki ''(tok,'' Eng. ''talk)''

Also obsolete pata ''(brata,'' from Eng. ''brother)''

====Finnish====
17 (one shared): ike ''(ilkeä'' 'bad'), kala ''(kala'' 'fish'), kasi ''(kasvi'' 'plant'), kin ''(-kin'' 'even, any'), kiwen ''(kiven,'' accusative/genitive of ''kivi'' 'stone'), linja ''(linja'' 'line'; ''cf.'' English 'linear'), lipu ''(lippu'' 'banner, ticket'), ma ''(maa'' 'land'), mije ''(miehen,'' accusative/genitive of ''mies'' 'man'), nena ''(nenä'' 'nose'), nimi ''(nimi'' 'name'), pimeja ''(pimeä'' 'dark'), sama ''(sama'' 'same'; also Esperanto ''sama),'' sina ''(sinä'' 'thou'), suli ''(suuri'' 'big'), wawa ''(vahva'' 'strong'), walo ''(valo'' 'light' (not dark), ''valko-'' 'white' (in compound words), ''valkoinen'' 'white')

====Croatian====
The body-part words come from Croatian.

14: kalama ''(galáma'' 'fuss, noise'; ''cf.'' English ''clamour),'' lawa ''(glava'' 'head'), luka ''(rúka'' 'arm, hand'), lupa ''(rupa'' 'hole'), nasin ''(náčin'' 'manner'), noka ''(nòga'' 'leg'), oko ''(òko'' 'eye'; ''cf.'' English ''ocular),'' olin ''(volim'' 'I love'; ''cf.'' English ''volition),'' ona ''(ona'' 'she'), palisa ''(pàlica'' 'stick'; ''cf.'' Engish ''palisade),'' poka ''(bòka,'' genitive of ''bòka'' 'side, flank'), sijelo ''(tìjelo'' 'body, flesh'), utala ''(ùdarati'' 'beat'; ''cf.'' ''udara'' ('strike'?)), uta ''(ústa'' 'mouth')''

====Esperanto====
Most of these come from English or Romance.

13 (one shared): ilo ''(ilo'' 'tool', from English/Romance suffix ''-il, -ile),'' ijo ''(io'' 'thing'), la ''(la'' 'the', from French/Italian ''la),'' li ''(li'' 'he', from French ''lui,'' Italian ''egli),'' musi ''(amuzi'' 'to amuze', French ''amuser),'' mute ''(multe'' 'many'; ''cf.'' English ''multitude),'' pali (''fari'' 'to do, to make'; ''cf.'' Italian ''fare),'' pona (''bona'' 'good'; ''cf.'' English ''bona fide),'' sama ''(sama'' 'same', also Finnish ''sama),'' selo ''(ŝelo'' 'skin, peel', from English ''shell),'' suno ''(suno'' 'sun', from English ''sun),'' tenpo ''(tempo'' 'time', from Italian (& English) ''tempo),'' tomo ''(domo'' 'house'; ''cf.'' English ''domestic, domicile)''

====Dutch====
Most of these are cognate with their English translations.

11: akesi ''(hagedis'' 'lizard'), ale/ali ''(al, alle'' 'all'), ante ''(ander'' 'other'), awen ''(houden'' 'hold'), en ''(en'' 'and'), kepeken ''(gebruiken, bruiken'' 'use'; ''cf.'' English 'brook', as in "could brook no equal"), lape ''(slapen'' 'sleep'), loje ''(rooie, rood'' 'red'), sitelen ''(schilderen'' 'picture, paint, portray'; ''cf.'' Eng. dial. ''sheld'' 'particolored'), weka ''(weg'' 'way, path, away'), wile ''(willen'' 'be willing')

====Acadian French====
11 (two shared): anpa ''(en bas'' 'down'; ''cf.'' English ''on base),'' kule ''(couleur'' 'color'), kute ''(écouter'' 'listen'; ''cf.'' English 'scout, auscultate'), lete ''(fret/frette'' 'cold'; French ''froid),'' len ''(linge'' 'linens'), monsi ''(mon tchu/tchul'' 'my ass'; French ''mon cul),'' moli ''(mourir'' 'die'; ''cf.'' English ''mortal),'' pini ''(finis 'finished'; also Tok Pisin ''pinis),'' pipi ''(bibitte),'' supa (English/French ''surface'' 'surface'), telo ''(de l'eau'' 'of water'; ''cf.'' English ''gardyloo),'' waso ''(oiseau'' 'bird'; ''cf.'' obsolete English ''enoisel)''

====English====
These roots were taken directly from English. Their semantics, however, may differ substantially. For example, ''tawa'' comes from "toward", but can mean "to go to".

10 (two shared): jelo ''(yellow),'' jaki ''(yucky),'' mani ''(money),'' mu ''(moo!),'' mun ''(moon),'' pilin ''(feeling;'' also Tok Pisin ''pilim),'' ''sike ''(circle),'' supa (English/French ''surface),'' tawa ''(towards),'' tu ''(two),'' wan ''(one)''

====Georgian====
8: ala (არა ''ara'' 'no, not'), anu (ანუ ''anu'' 'or'), kili (ხილი ''xili'' 'fruit'), seli (ცხელი ''tsxeli'' 'hot'), sewi (ზევით ''zevit'' 'up'), sona (ცოდნა ''tsodna'' 'to know'), soweli (ცხოველი ''tsxoveli'' 'animal'), tan (დან ''dan'' 'from')

====Mandarin====
6 (one shared): jo (有 ''yǒu'' 'to have'), kon (空气 ''kōngqì'' 'air'), pan 'grain, cereal product' (饭 ''fàn'' 'rice'; also [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]] 飯 ''faahn''; ''cf.'' [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''pan'' 'bread'), seme (什么 ''shénme'' 'what?'), sin (新 ''xīn'' 'new'), sinpin (前边 ''qiánbian'' 'front')

====Cantonese====
4 (one shared): jan (人 ''yàhn'' 'person'), ko (膏 ''gòu'' 'fat, ointment'), ni (呢 ''nì'' 'this'), pan 'grain, cereal product' (飯 ''faahn'' 'rice'; also [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] 饭 ''fàn''; ''cf.'' Spanish ''pan'' 'bread')

====Multiple languages====
4: a ''(A!, ah!, etc.'' in all the above), o (English ''O!,'' Esperanto ''ho!,'' French ''ô!, etc.''; also the Georgian [[vocative case]] suffix -ო ''-o),'' mi (English ''me,'' Tok Pisin ''mi,'' Esperanto ''mi,'' Dutch ''mij,'' Croatian ''me ~ mi),'' mama (Georgian მამა ''mama'' 'father'; most of the other languages above ''mama, maman, etc.'' 'mother')

====Other languages====
5: esun 'store' (Akan, from ''edwamu'' {{IPA|[edʒum]}} 'at market', from ''dwa'' {{IPA|[dʒwa]}} 'market'), kulupu (Tongan ''kulupu,'' from English ''group),'' laso (Welsh ''glas'' 'sky, blue-green'), moku 'eat' (Japanese phonesthetic モグモグ(食べる) ''mogu mogu (taberu)'' 'munch'), pana 'give' (Swahili ''pana'' 'to give to each other')

====Novel creations====
2: e, unpa (phonesthetic)

====Unknown====
4: The obsolete roots kapa (protuberance), iki (a pronoun), leko (block, stairs),<!--maybe from [[Lego]]??--> kan (with)

==Literature==
Kisa has published [[proverb]]s, some [[poetry]], and a basic [[phrase book]] in Toki Pona.<ref name="tokipona.org" /> A few other Toki Ponans have created their own websites with texts, comics, translated video games, and even a couple of songs.<ref>[http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/ "lipu pi jan Pije"]</ref><ref>[http://forfikulo.front.ru/tp.html "sitelen musi pi toki pona"]</ref><ref>[http://www.freewebs.com/silverwings_88/ "tomo pi jan Ke"]</ref>

==Community==
Kisa has said that at least three people speak Toki Pona fluently<ref name="Globeandmail" /> and estimates that a few hundred have a basic knowledge of the language. Traffic on the Toki Pona mailing list and other online communities suggests that dozens of people are proficient in reading and writing. During International Congress of Esperanto Youth held in Sarajevo, August 2007, there was a special session of Toki Pona speakers with 12 participants.

==Sample texts==
[[Image:Toki Pona Washer Guidelines.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A text containing guidelines for using a [[washing machine]] written in Toki Pona.]]

'''mama pi mi mute''' (The [[Lord's Prayer]])<br>
<small>Translation by Pije</small>

<blockquote lang="x-tokipona">
''mama pi mi mute o, sina lon sewi kon.''<br>
''nimi sina li sewi.''<br>
''ma sina o kama.''<br>
''jan o pali e wile sina lon sewi kon en lon ma.''<br>
''o pana e moku pi tenpo suno ni tawa mi mute.''<br>
''o weka e pali ike mi. sama la mi weka e pali ike pi jan ante.''<br>
''o lawa ala e mi tawa ike.''<br>
''o lawa e mi tan ike.''<br>
''tenpo ali la ma en ken en pona li pi sina.''<br>
''Amen.''<br>
</blockquote>

'''ma tomo Pape''' (The [[Tower of Babel]] story)<br>
<small>Translation by Pije</small>

<blockquote lang="x-tokipona">
jan ali li kepeken e toki sama.

jan li kama tan nasin pi kama suno li kama tawa ma Sinale li awen lon ni.

jan li toki e ni: "o kama! mi mute o pali e kiwen. o seli e ona."

jan mute li toki e ni: "o kama! mi mute o pali e tomo mute e tomo palisa suli. sewi pi tomo palisa li lon sewi kon. nimi pi mi mute o kama suli! mi wile ala e ni: mi mute li lon ma ante mute."

jan sewi Jawe li kama anpa li lukin e ma tomo e tomo palisa.

jan sewi Jawe li toki e ni: "jan li lon ma wan li kepeken e toki sama li pali e tomo palisa. tenpo ni la ona li ken pali e ijo ike mute.

"mi wile tawa anpa li wile pakala e toki pi jan mute ni. mi wile e ni: jan li sona ala e toki pi jan ante."

jan sewi Jawe li kama e ni: jan li lon ma mute li ken ala pali e tomo.

nimi pi ma tomo ni li Pape tan ni: jan sewi Jawe li pakala e toki pi jan ali. jan sewi Jawe li tawa e jan tawa ma mute tan ma tomo Pape.
</blockquote>

'''wan taso''' (Alone)<br>
<small>dark teenage poetry</small>

<blockquote lang="x-tokipona">
ijo li moku e mi.<br>
mi wile pakala.<br>
pimeja li tawa insa kon mi.<br>
jan ala li ken sona e pilin ike mi.<br>
toki musi o, sina jan pona mi wan taso.<br>
telo pimeja ni li telo loje mi, li ale mi.<br>
tenpo ale la pimeja li lon.<br>
</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.politikin-zabavnik.co.yu/tekst.php?broj=2862&tekst=04|title=Вештачки језици-Токи пона (Constructed language-Toki Pona)|publisher=Забавник|author=Тијана Јовановић (Tiyana Yovanovich)|coauthors=Политикин Забавник ([[Politikin Zabavnik]])|issue=2862|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=2007-07-20|language=Serbian}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
*[[Alphabet of human thought]]
*[[hypernym]]
*[[Natural semantic metalanguage]]
*[[Philosophical language]]
*[[Pirahã language]]

==External links==
===Sites run by Toki Ponans===
*[http://tokipona.org/ tokipona.org], the official site ([http://kisa.ca/tokipona/ mirror])
*[http://www.freewebs.com/silverwings_88/ tomo pi jan Ke] is a small fansite that uses Toki Pona as its main language.
*[http://www.anadder.com/toki_pona a Nadder!] translations of some classic literature as well as some original works.
*[http://www.tokipona.bravehost.com/ Corey's site] has a few translations and discusses alternate writing systems for Toki Pona.
*[http://www.pobox.com/~jimhenry/conlang/tokipona/tokipona.htm lipu pi jan Jakopo] with pangrams, phoneme frequency analysis, lessons in Esperanto, and links to isolate sites.
*[http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/ lipu pi jan Pije] with lessons, texts, translated video games, comics, and other works.

===Discussion===
*[http://www.livejournal.com/community/tokipona/ kulupu pi toki pona] community on [[LiveJournal]]
*[irc://irc.freenode.net/tokipona Tokipona chat room] on [[IRC]] at [[freenode]] (irc.freenode.net)
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tokipona/ Yahoo! Groups discussion board]

===Outside references===
*[http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_tokipona.htm Profile at Langmaker.com]

===Miscellanea===
*[http://tokipona.wikia.com/wiki/lipu_lawa Encyclopedia in Toki Pona]

{{Constructed languages}}

[[Category:Engineered languages]]
[[Category:International auxiliary languages]]
[[Category:Taoism]]

[[ca:Toki pona]]
[[cv:Токи Пона]]
[[cs:Toki pona]]
[[cy:Toki Pona]]
[[da:Tokipona]]
[[de:Toki Pona]]
[[et:Toki pona]]
[[es:Toki pona]]
[[eo:Tokipono]]
[[fr:Toki pona]]
[[ko:도기 보나]]
[[hsb:Toki Pona]]
[[id:Bahasa Toki Pona]]
[[it:Toki Pona]]
[[he:טוקי פונה]]
[[la:Lingua Tociponica]]
[[lt:Tokipona]]
[[li:Toki Pona]]
[[jbo:tokiponas]]
[[hu:Toki Pona nyelv]]
[[ms:Toki Pona]]
[[nl:Toki Pona]]
[[ja:トキポナ]]
[[no:Toki pona]]
[[nn:Toki pona]]
[[oc:Toki Pona]]
[[pl:Toki pona]]
[[pt:Toki Pona]]
[[ksh:Toki Pona]]
[[ro:Toki Pona]]
[[ru:Токипона]]
[[simple:Toki Pona]]
[[sk:Toki pona]]
[[fi:Toki pona]]
[[sv:Toki pona]]
[[tt:Toki Pona]]
[[th:ภาษาโทคิโพนา]]
[[uk:Токі пона]]
[[zh:道本语]]

Revision as of 17:22, 10 October 2008

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I decided to move some of the info I had previously put on the Ooty page on access roads into the Nilgiris District onto a new page. This will help other towns in the Nilgiris to also link to this information. (Coonoor, Kotagiri, Gudalur, Ketti, Wellington, Manjur etc. ) The real reason I have created this page is to try and document the history of these remarkable roads which I really regard as major engineering feats for their time. To start off with however, I have simply posted thorough route information on these roads as even this is hard to find in India. Petkows 13:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)petkows


Am quiet sceptical about the arvenu bandishola link. Even if it is there , it is not motorable. ---Ninoopauls

The Aravenu Bandishola link is motorable, but as with most roads in the Nilgiris is in fairly poor condition. The road links a number of Badaga hathis and has a medium level of traffic including busses and lorries transporting tea, however they do not utilise this as a through road, but rather as a link to Coonoor or Kotagiri. In the past, during periods of the main Coonoor Mettupalayam Ghat road being closed, many motorists from Coonoor used to the Coonoor to Bandishola to Aravenu to Mettupalayam route to the plains rather then the longer route from Coonoor to Kotagiri to Aravenu to Mettupalayam. Petkows 12:34, 11 January 2007 (UTC)petkows

Manjur

The link to the wiki article on Manjur in Ramanathapuram district is the wrong one as the Manjur on the Karamadai-Manjur road is a different one and is in Coimbatore district only. Please remove the link. http://www.flickr.com/photos/sets/d_momaya 14:47, 24 June 2007 (UTC)Dhaval Momaya.

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