Aromatherapy and File:SimpsonsS18E18.jpg: Difference between pages
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== Summary == |
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{{Mind-body interventions}} |
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{{Information TV series screenshot |
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'''Aromatherapy''' is a form of [[alternative medicine]] that uses volatile liquid plant materials, known as [[essential oils]] (EOs), and other aromatic compounds from plants for the purpose of affecting a person's mood or health. Essential oils differ in chemical composition from other [[herb]]al products because the [[distillation]] process only recovers the lighter phytomolecules. For this reason essential oils are rich in [[monoterpenes]] and [[sesquiterpenes]], as well as other [[Volatile Organic Compounds|VOC]] substances ([[ester]]s, aromatic compounds, non-[[terpene]] [[hydrocarbons]], some organic [[sulfide]]s etc.). |
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|Series=Simpsons |
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|Episode= The Boys of Bummer |
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|EpNumber= JABF11 |
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|Time= |
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|Description="I Hate Bart Simpson" sprayed on the town drunk. |
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|Source=[[User:Copysan]] |
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|Copyright_date=April 29, 2007 |
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|Screenshot_date=May 08, 2007 |
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|Author=FOX |
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}} |
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== Licensing == |
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Aromatherapy is a generic term that refers to any of the various traditions that make use of essential oils sometimes in combination with other alternative medical practices and spiritual beliefs. Popular use of these products include massaging products, medicine, or any topical application that incorporates the use of [[essential oil]]s to their products.<ref>[http://www.sfbsc.com/bath-salt-blog/view/19034/making-scents--aromatherapy-and-the-benefits-of-essential-oils "Making Scents: Aromatherapy and the Benefits of Essential Oils"] Sfbsc.com</ref> It has a particularly [[Western culture|Western]] currency and persuasion. Medical treatment involving aromatic compounds may exist outside of the West, but may or may not be included in the term 'aromatherapy'. |
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{{Non-free television screenshot}} |
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=== Fair use for [[The Boys of Bummer]] === |
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== History == |
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This image, {{PAGENAME}}, is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I ([[User:Copysan|Copysan]] 09:58, 8 May 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because: |
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# it is a low resolution still of a television program; |
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Aromatherapy had been around for 6000 years or more. The Greeks, Romans, and ancient Egyptians all used aromatherapy oils. The Egyptian physician [[Imhotep]] recommended fragrant oils for bathing, massage, and for embalming their dead nearly 6000 years ago. Imhotep is the Egyptian god of medicine and healing. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used aromatherapy baths and scented massage. He used aromatic fumigations to rid Athens of the plague. |
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# it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the television program in any way; |
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# copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the television program; |
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Aromatherapy has roots in antiquity with the use of aromatic oils. However, as currently defined, aromatherapy involves the use of distilled plant volatiles, a twentieth century innovation. The word "aromatherapy" was first used in the 1920s by French chemist [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Maurice_Gattefoss%C3%A9 René-Maurice Gattefossé], who devoted his life to researching the healing properties of essential oils after an accident in his [[perfume]] laboratory. In the accident, he set his arm on fire and thrust it into the nearest cold liquid, which happened to be a vat of NOx Ph232 or more commonly known as [[lavender oil]]. Immediately he noticed surprising pain relief, and instead of requiring the extended healing process he had experienced during recovery from previous burns—which caused redness, heat, inflammation, blisters, and scarring--this burn healed remarkably quickly, with minimal discomfort and no scarring. Jean Valnet continued the work of Gattefossé. During [[World War II]] Valnet used essential oils to treat [[gangrene]] in wounded soldiers. |
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# the photo is only being used for informational purposes. |
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# Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article |
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== Modes of application == |
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[[Category:The Simpsons images]] |
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The modes of application of aromatherapy include: |
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*'''aerial diffusion''' for environmental fragrancing or aerial disinfection |
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*'''direct inhalation''' for respiratory disinfection, decongestion, expectoration as well as psychological effects |
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*'''topical applications''' for general massage, [[bath salts|baths]], compresses, therapeutic skin care |
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*'''oral, rectal, vaginal interfaces''' for infection, congestion, parasites, perfumery for body fragrancing, anointments |
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== Materials == |
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Some of the materials employed include: |
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* ''[[Essential oil]]s'': Fragrant oils extracted from plants chiefly through steam [[distillation]] (e.g. [[eucalyptus]] oil) or expression ([[grapefruit]] oil). However, the term is also occasionally used to describe fragrant oils extracted from plant material by any [[solvent extraction]]. |
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* ''[[Absolute (substance)|Absolutes]]'': Fragrant oils extracted primarily from flowers or delicate plant tissues through [[solvent]] or [[supercritical fluid]] extraction (e.g. [[rose]] absolute). The term is also used to describe oils extracted from fragrant butters, concretes, and enfleurage pommades using [[ethanol]]. |
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* ''[[Phytoncide]]s'': Various [[volatile organic compound]]s from plants that kill [[microbe]]s. Many [[terpene]]-based fragrant oils and [[sulfur]]ic compounds from plants in the genus "''[[Allium]]''" are phytoncides, though the latter are likely less commonly used in aromatherapy due to their disagreeable [[odor]]s. |
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* ''[[Herbal distillate]]s'' or hydrosols: The aqueous [[by-product]]s of the distillation process (e.g. [[rosewater]]). There are many herbs that make herbal distillates and they have culinary uses, medicinal uses and skin care uses. Common herbal distillates are [[rose]], [[lemon balm]] and [[chamomile]]. |
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* ''[[Infusion]]s'': Aqueous extracts of various plant material (e.g. infusion of [[chamomile]]) |
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* ''[[Carrier oil]]s'': Typically oily plant base [[triacylglyceride]]s that dilute essential oils for use on the skin (e.g. [[almond|sweet almond]] oil) |
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== Theory == |
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Aromatherapy is the treatment or prevention of disease by use of [[essential oils]]. Two basic mechanisms are offered to explain the purported effects. One is the influence of aroma on the [[brain]], especially the [[limbic system]] through the [[olfactory system]]. The other is the direct pharmacological effects of the [[essential oils]]<ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Seenivasan Prabuseenivasan , Manickkam Jayakumar and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu |
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| date= 2006 |
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| year = |
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| month = |
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| title = In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils |
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| journal = BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |
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| volume = 6 |
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| issue = 39 |
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| doi = 10.1186/1472-6882-6-39 |
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}}</ref>. While precise knowledge of the [[synergy]] between the body and aromatic oils is often claimed by aromatherapists, the efficacy of aromatherapy remains to be proven. However, some preliminary clinical studies show positive effects. <ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Kim HJ |
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| date = |
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| year = 2007 |
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| month = Jun |
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| title = Effect of Aromatherapy Massage on Abdominal Fat and Body Image in Post-menopausal Women. |
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| journal = Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi |
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| volume = 37 |
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| issue = 4 |
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| pages = 603–12 |
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| issn = |
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| pmid = 17615482 |
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| language = Korean |
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}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Rho KH, Han SH, Kim KS, Lee MS. |
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| date = |
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| year = 2006 |
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| month = Dec |
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| title = Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women: a pilot study |
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| journal = Int J Neurosci |
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| volume = 116 |
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| issue = 12 |
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| pages = 1447–55 |
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| pmid = 17145679 |
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</ref> |
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In the English-speaking world, practitioners tend to emphasize the use of oils in massage. Aromatherapy tends to be regarded as a complementary modality at best and a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] fraud at worst.<ref>[http://www.srmhp.org/archives/aromatherapy.html Aromatherapy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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On the continent, especially in [[France]], where it originated, aromatherapy is incorporated into mainstream medicine. There, the use of the antiseptic, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of oils in the control of infections is emphasized over the approaches familiar to North Americans. In France some essential oils are regulated as [[prescription drug]]s, and thus administered by a [[physician]]. French doctors use a technique called the aromatogram to guide their decision on which essential oil to use. First the doctor cultures a sample of infected tissue or secretion from the patient. Next the growing culture is divided among [[petri dish]]es supplied with [[agar]]. Each petri dish is inoculated with a different essential oil to determine which have the most activity against the target strain of microorganism. The antiseptic activity manifests as a pattern of inhibited growth.<ref>http://www.florihana.com/en/aromatogram.htm The Aromatogram</ref><ref>http://www.pranarom.co.uk/en/essential_oil/aromatogramme Aromatogram</ref> |
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In many countries essential oils are included in the national [[pharmacopoeia]], but up to the present moment aromatherapy as science has never been recognized as a valid branch of medicine in the [[United States]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]], or [[Japan]]. |
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Essential oils, phytoncides and other natural [[volatile organic compound|VOCs]] work in different ways. At the scent level they activate the [[limbic system]] and emotional centers of the [[brain]]. When applied to the skin (commonly in form of "massage oils" i.e. 1-10% solutions of EO in carrier oil) they activate thermal receptors, and kill microbes and fungi. Internal application of essential oil preparations (mainly in pharmacological drugs; generally not recommended for home use apart from dilution - 1-5% in fats or mineral oils, or hydrosoles) may stimulate the [[immune system]]. |
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== Choice and purchase == |
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Oils with standarized content of components (marked FCC, for Food Chemical Codex) have to contain a specified amount of certain aroma chemicals that normally occur in the oil. But there is no law that the chemicals cannot be added in synthetic form in order to meet the criteria established by the FCC for that oil. For instance, [[lemongrass]] essential oil has to contain 75% [[aldehyde]] to meet the FCC profile for that oil, but that aldehyde can come from a chemical refinery instead of from lemongrass. To say that FCC oils are "food grade" then makes them seem natural when in fact they are not necessarily so. |
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Undiluted essential oils suitable for aromatherapy are termed ''therapeutic grade,'' but in countries where the industry is not regulated, therapeutic grade is based on industry consensus and is not a regulatory category. Some aromatherapists take advantage of this situation to make misleading claims about the origin and even content of the oils they use. Likewise, claims that an oil's purity is vetted by [[mass spectrometry]] or [[gas chromatography]] have limited value, since all such testing can do is show that various chemicals occur in the oil. Many of the chemicals that occur naturally in essential oils are manufactured by the perfume industry and adulterate essential oils because they are cheaper. There is no way to distinguish between these synthetic additives and the naturally occurring chemicals. |
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The best instrument for determining whether an essential oil is adulterated is an educated nose. Many people can distinguish between natural and synthetic scents, but it takes experience. |
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== Price == |
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Oils vary in price based on the amount of the harvest, the country of origin, the type of extraction used (steam distillation, CO<sub>2</sub> extract, [[enfleurage]]), and how desirable the oil is. Indian Sandalwood (''[[Santalum album]]'') is considered more desirable than Australian Sandalwood (''[[Santalum spicatum]]''), based upon the aroma, and is twice as costly, mainly because the species that yields Indian Sandalwood essential oils is endangered. Organic and wild harvested essential oils also tend to be more expensive. |
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== Pharmacological effects attributed to essential oils == |
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* '''antibacterial''' ''[[In vitro]]'' testing has confirmed antibacterial effects in certain oils including [[rosemary]], [[clove]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[cinnamon]], and [[tea tree oil]].<ref>{{cite journal |
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| title = Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. |
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| journal = Phytother Res. |
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| volume = 21 |
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| issue = 4 |
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| pages = 374–7 |
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| date= April, 2007 |
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| title = Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. |
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| journal = Altern Ther Health Med. |
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| volume = 13 |
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| issue = 5 |
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| pages = 54–9 |
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| date= Sept-Oct 2007 |
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| pmid = 17900043 |
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| authorlink = Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S. |
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| title = In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. |
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| journal = BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Nov 30;6:39 |
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| volume = 6 |
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| issue = 39 |
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| date= Nov 30, 2006 |
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| pmid = 17134518 |
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| title = Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil possesses potent anti-staphylococcal activity extended to strains resistant to antibiotics. |
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| journal = Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol.;19(3):. |
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* '''antiviral''' Supported for [[tea tree oil]], [[lemongrass]], [[sandlewood]], [[peppermint]], [[ginger]], [[thyme]], and [[hyssop]] in ''[[in vitro]]'' testing against [[Herpes]]<ref>{{cite journal |
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| title = Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. |
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| journal = Antimicrob Agents Chemother. |
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| title = Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. |
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| journal = Phytomedicine |
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| issue = 3 |
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| pages = 195–9 |
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| date= 2004 Mar |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| pmid = 15103664 |
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| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = |
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| authorlink = Sayyah M, Saroukhani G, Peirovi A, Kamalinejad M |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn. |
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| journal = Phytother Res.;(7): |
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| volume = 17 |
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| issue = 7 |
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| pages = 733–6 |
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| date= 2003 Aug |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| pmid = 12916069 |
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| accessdate = }}</ref> |
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* '''anxiolytic''' Reported in animal models using oils of [[lavender]], [[rose]] and [[angelica]] <ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| authorlink = Shaw D, Annett JM, Doherty B, Leslie JC. |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. |
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| journal = Phytomedicine |
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| volume = 14 |
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| issue = 9 |
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| pages = 613–20 |
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| date= 2007 Sep Epub 2007 May 4 |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| pmid = 17482442 |
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| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| authorlink = de Almeida RN, Motta SC, de Brito Faturi C, Catallani B, Leite JR. |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Anxiolytic-like effects of rose oil inhalation on the elevated plus-maze test in rats. |
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| journal = Pharmacol Biochem Behav.;(): |
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| volume = 77 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| pages = 361–4 |
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| date= 2004 Feb |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| pmid = 14751465 |
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| accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| authorlink = Chen SW, Min L, Li WJ, Kong WX, Li JF, Zhang YJ. |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = The effects of angelica essential oil in three murine tests of anxiety. |
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| journal = Pharmacol Biochem Behav. |
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| volume = 79 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| pages = 377–82 |
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| date= 2004 Oct |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| pmid = 15501315 |
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| accessdate = }}</ref> |
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* '''antispasmotic''' |
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* '''invigorating''' |
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* '''antioxidant''' |
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== Popular uses == |
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*[[Basil]] is used in perfumery for its clear, sweet and mildly spicy aroma. In aromatherapy, it is used for sharpening concentration, for its uplifting effect on [[depression (mood)|depression]], and to relieve [[headache]]s and [[migraine]]s. Basil oil has many [[chemotype]]s and some are known to be [[emmenagogue]]s and should be avoided during [[pregnant|pregnancy]]. |
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*[[Bergamot orange|Bergamot]] is one of the most popular oils in perfumery. It is an excellent [[insect repellent]] and may be helpful for both the [[urinary tract]] and for the [[digestive tract]]. It is useful for skin conditions linked to stress, such as [[cold sores]] and [[chicken pox]], especially when combined with eucalyptus oil. Bergamot is a flavoring agent in [[Earl Grey tea]]. But cold-pressed Bergamot oil contains ''bergaptene'', a strong [[photosensitizer]] when applied to the skin, so only distilled or 'bergaptene-free' types can be topically used. |
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*[[Black pepper]] has a sharp and spicy aroma. Common uses include stimulating the circulation and for muscular aches and pains. Skin application is useful for bruises, since it stimulates the circulation. |
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* [[Citronella oil]], obtained from a relative of [[lemongrass]], is used as an insect repellent and in perfumery. |
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* [[Clove]] oil is a topical [[analgesic]], especially useful in [[dentistry]]. It is also used an antiseptic, [[antispasmodic]], [[carminative]], and [[antiemetic]]. |
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* [[Eucalyptus]] oil is often used in combination with [[peppermint]] to provide relief for the airways in case of [[common cold|cold]] or [[influenza|flu]]. |
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* [[Geranium]] oil is used as an astringent, antiseptic and diuretic. |
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* [[Jasmine]] is used as an [[aphrodisiac]] |
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* [[Lavender oil]] is used as an antiseptic, to soothe minor cuts and burns, to calm and relax, and to soothe headaches and migraines. |
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* [[Lemon]] oil is uplifting and anti-stress/[[anti-depressant]]. In a Japanese study, lemon [[essential oil]] in vapour form has been found to reduce [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] in [[mouse|mice]].<ref name="aromatherapy">{{cite web |
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| coauthors = Komiya M, Takeuchi T, Harada E |
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| title = Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. |
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| publisher = PubMed.gov |
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| date= 2006-06-15 |
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| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16780969&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-26 }}</ref> |
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* [[Lemon]] oil - Researchers at Ohio State University reveals that [[Lemon]] oil aroma may enhance Your mood, and may relax you. <ref>[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/aromathe.htm 41 Ohio State University]</ref> |
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*[[Rose]] is used as an [[aphrodisiac]] |
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* [[Sandalwood]] oil is used as an [[aphrodisiac]] |
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* [[Tea tree oil]] and many other essential oils have [[topical]] (external) [[antimicrobial]] (i.e. [[antibacterial]], [[antifungal]], [[antiviral]], or [[Parasite|antiparasitic]]) activity and are used as [[antiseptic]]s and [[disinfectant]]s.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16161028&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15555788&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum] Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Australian native plants.</ref> |
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* [[Thyme]] oil<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16690225&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils.</ref> |
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* [[Yarrow oil]] is used to reduce [[joint]] [[inflammation]] and relieve cold and [[influenza]] symptoms. |
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* [[Ylang-ylang]] oil is used as an [[aphrodisiac]] |
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== Efficacy == |
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The consensus among most medical professionals is that while pleasant scents can boost relaxation and may have related benefits for patients, there is currently insufficient scientific proof of the effectiveness of aromatherapy in general.<ref>http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/aromatherapy/HealthProfessional/page3 Aromatherapy and Essential Oils</ref> Scientific research on the cause and effect of aromatherapy is limited, although ''in vitro'' testing has revealed some antibacterial and antiviral effects and a few double blind studies have been published.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Ballard CG, O'Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK |
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| date= 2002 |
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| month = Jul |
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| title = Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. |
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| journal = J Clin Psychiatry |
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| volume = 63 |
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| issue = 7 |
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| pages = 553–8 |
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| issn = |
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| pmid = 12143909 |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Holmes C, Hopkins V, Hensford C, MacLaughlin V, Wilkinson D, Rosenvinge H. |
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| date = |
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| year = 2002 |
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| month = Apr |
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| title = Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study. |
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| journal = Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |
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| volume = 17 |
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| issue = 4 |
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| pages = 305–8. |
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| issn = |
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| pmid = 11994882 |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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}}</ref> |
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Like many [[alternative medicine|alternative therapies]], few controlled, [[double-blind]] studies have been carried out—a common explanation is that there is little incentive to do so if the results of the studies are not [[Patentability|patentable]]. Researchers at [[Sloan-Kettering]] have found that aromatherapy significantly reduces [[claustrophobia]] attacks for patients undergoing [[MRI]] scans; however, studies of similar rigor are far from numerous. Some benefits that have been linked to aromatherapy, such as relaxation and clarity of mind, may arise from the [[placebo effect]] rather than from the inherent properties of the scents themselves. |
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Skeptical literature suggests that aromatherapy is based on the [[anecdotal evidence]] of its benefits rather than proof that aromatherapy can cure diseases. Scientists and medical professionals acknowledge that aromatherapy has limited scientific support, but critics argue that the claims of most aromatherapy practitioners go beyond the data, and/or that the studies are neither adequately controlled nor peer reviewed. |
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Customers should be aware that aromatherapy may be unregulated, depending on the country. The term "aromatherapy" has been applied to such a wide range of products that many are labeled "aromatherapy" products simply because they contain essential oils, although they may provide no therapeutic benefit. |
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Some proponents of aromatherapy believe that the claimed effect of each type of oil is not caused by the chemicals in the oil interacting with the senses, but because the oil contains a distillation of the "[[Vitalism|life force]]" of the plant from which it is derived that will "balance the energies" of the body and promote healing or well-being by purging negative vibrations from the body's energy field. Arguing that there is no [[scientific method|scientific evidence]] that healing can be achieved, and that the claimed "energies" even exist, many [[scientific skepticism|skeptics]] reject this form of aromatherapy as [[pseudoscience]] or even [[quackery]]. |
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== Safety concerns == |
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<!-- please consider updating the essential oil article's section on safety/danger when you update this. --> |
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In addition, there are potential [[Alternative medicine#Criticism of alternative medicine|safety concerns]]. |
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Because essential oils are highly concentrated they can irritate the skin when used neat. As such, they are normally diluted with a carrier oil for topical application. [[phototoxicity|Phototoxic]] reactions may occur with [[citrus]] peel oils such as [[lemon]] or [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] <ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1312240 Hyperpigmented macules and streaks</ref>. Also, many essential oils have chemical components that are [[sensitivity|sensitisers]] (meaning that they will after a number of uses cause reactions on the skin, and more so in the rest of the body). Some oils can be toxic to some domestic animals, with [[cat]]s being particularly prone.<ref>[http://www.thelavendercat.com/3201/index.html The Lavender Cat - Cats and Essential Oil Safety<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| url=http://www.vet-task-force.com/Abstract-tea-tree-oil.htm |
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| title=Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Oil Poisoning in three purebred cats |
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| journal=Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation |
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| author=K. Bischoff, F. Guale |
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| volume=10 |
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| issue=108 |
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| date=1998 |
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| accessdate=2006-10-17 |
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| format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AAustralian+tea+tree+%28Melaleuca+alternifolia%29+Oil+Poisoning+in+three+purebred+cats&as_publication=Journal+of+Veterinary+Diagnostic+Investigation&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> |
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}}</ref> |
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Two common oils, [[lavender]] and [[tea tree]], have been implicated in causing [[gynaecomastia]], an abnormal breast tissue growth, in prepubescent boys. |
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<ref>{{cite journal |
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|title=Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils |
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|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/356/5/479 |
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|journal=New England Journal of Medicine |
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|volume=356 |
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|issue=5 |
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|pages=479–85 |
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|year=2007 |
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|pmid=17267908 |
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|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa064725 |
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|author=Henley, D. V.}}</ref> |
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A child hormone specialist at the [[University of Cambridge]] claimed "... these oils can mimic [[oestrogen]]s" and "people should be a little bit careful about using these products". <ref>{{cite news |
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| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6318043.stm |
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| publisher=BBC News |
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| date=2007-02-01 |
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| accessdate=2007-09-09 |
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| title=Oils make male breasts develop}}</ref> |
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As with any bioactive substance, an essential oil that may be safe for the general public could still pose hazards for pregnant and lactating women. |
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While some advocate the ingestion of essential oils for therapeutic purposes, licensed aromatherapy professionals do not recommend self prescription due the highly toxic nature of some essential oil. Some very common oils like [[Eucalyptus]] are extremely toxic when taken internally. Doses as low as one teaspoon has been reported to cause clinically significant symptoms and severe poisoning can occur after ingestion of 4 to 5 ml.<ref>[http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim031.htm#SectionTitle:7.2%20%20Toxicity Eucalyptus oil (PIM 031)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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A few reported cases of toxic reactions like [[liver]] damage and seizures have occurred after ingestion of sage, hyssop, thuja, and cedar.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| quotes = |
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| author = Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz MD, Tognetti P, Joanny P, Arditti J. |
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| date = |
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| year = 1981 |
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| month = Dec |
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| title = Toxicity of some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study. |
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| journal = Clin Toxicol. |
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| volume = 18 |
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| issue = 12 |
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| pages = 1485–98 |
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| issn = |
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| pmid = 7333081 |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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}}</ref> Accidental ingestion may happen when oils are not kept out of reach of children. |
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Oils both ingested and applied to the skin can potentially have negative interaction with conventional medicine. For example, the topical use of [[methyl salicylate]] heavy oils like [[Sweet Birch]] and [[Wintergreen]] may cause hemorrhaging in users taking the [[anticoagulant]] [[Warfarin]]. |
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Adulterated oils may also pose problems depending on the type of substance used. |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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=== Journals === |
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* [http://www.naha.org/journal.htm Aromatherapy Journal] |
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* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=6955&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0e4b203f6b02250f9d7888636094345c International Journal of Aromatherapy] |
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* [http://www.aromascentsjournal.ca/articles.html Aroma Scents Journal ] |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.naha.org/ The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy] |
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* [http://www.ifaroma.org/ International Federation of Aromatherapy] |
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* [http://www.aromaworld4u.com/ Aromatherapy : a healing art] |
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* [http://www.storz-bickel.com/vaporizer/vaporizer.html/ Official Website of a medical grade herb vaporizer] |
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* [http://myhuilesessentielles.free.fr Essential oil and Aromatherapy] (fr. with translator) |
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* [http://www.florame.co.uk/the-history-of-aromatherapy-i-16.html The History of Aromatherapy] |
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* [http://www.aromatherapypoint.com/ Aromatherapy Guide] |
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* [http://www.herbalgram.org/iherb/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2450 Aromatherapy: What Is It?] |
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* [http://www.naha.org/safety.htm Aromatherapy and Essential Oil Cautions and Safety Information ] |
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* [http://takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/therapies/aromatherapy/research What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils?] |
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* [http://www.aromabar.com/articles/baud55.htm Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils] |
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* [http://www.nature-helps.com/agora/agora.htm The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives] |
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==Criticism== |
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* [http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html Smell Research by Tim Jacob: ''Aromatherapy - does it work?''] |
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* [http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/aroma.html Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents] |
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== Further reading == |
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* Maria Lis-Balchin, Aromatherapy science - a guide for healthcare professionals, éd. Pharmaceutical Press (2006) |
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* Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D., Advanced Aromatherapy : The Science of Essential Oil Therapy, (ISBN 0-89281-743-7) |
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* Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D., Medical Aromatherapy : Healing With Essential Oils (ISBN 1-883319-69-2) |
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* The Practice of Aromatherapy: A Classic Compendium of Plant Medicines and Their Healing Properties (ISBN 0-89281-398-9) |
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* {{cite book|title=Food Chemicals Codex|author=National Research Council|year=2003|publisher=National Academy Press|id=ISBN 0309088666}} |
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* Christopher Wanjek, Bad Medicine : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (ISBN 0-471-43499-X) |
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* Dr. Jean Valnet, The Practice of Aromatherapy (ISBN 0852071434) |
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[[Category:Mind-body interventions]] |
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[[Category:Aromatherapy| ]] |
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[[ar:طب الروائح]] |
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[[et:Aroomiteraapia]] |
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[[es:Aromaterapia]] |
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[[eo:Aromoterapio]] |
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[[ja:アロマセラピー]] |
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[[ru:Ароматерапия]] |
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[[uk:Аромотерапія]] |
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[[bat-smg:Aruomaterapėjė]] |
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[[zh:芳香療法]] |
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Revision as of 19:59, 11 October 2008
Summary
| TV series |
Simpsons |
|---|---|
| Episode |
"The Boys of Bummer" |
| Episode Number | JABF11 |
| Description |
"I Hate Bart Simpson" sprayed on the town drunk. |
| Screenshot Source | |
| Original Air Date/Copyright Date |
April 29, 2007 |
| Creation Date of Screenshot |
May 08, 2007 |
| Author/Creator |
FOX |
| Permission |
Unlicensed, and only permitted on Wikipedia if it meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content and the requirements for "fair use" under US law. |
Licensing
 | This image is a screenshot of a copyrighted television program. As such, the copyright for it is most likely owned by the company or corporation that produced it. It is believed that the use of a limited number of low-resolution screenshots
qualifies as fair use under the Copyright law of the United States. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, might be copyright infringement. For more information, see Wikipedia:Non-free content. | ||
| |||
Fair use for The Boys of Bummer
This image, SimpsonsS18E18.jpg, is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright I (Copysan 09:58, 8 May 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
- it is a low resolution still of a television program;
- it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the television program in any way;
- copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the television program;
- the photo is only being used for informational purposes.
- Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article