Kalevi Wiik: Difference between revisions
m r2.5.1) (robot Adding: hu:Kalevi Wiik |
No edit summary |
||
(42 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Finnish linguist (1932–2015)}} |
|||
{{refimprove|date=June 2013}} |
|||
[[File:Kalevi Wiik.jpg|thumb|Kalevi Wiik]] |
[[File:Kalevi Wiik.jpg|thumb|Kalevi Wiik]] |
||
'''Kalevi Wiik''' (born 2 August 1932 in [[Turku]]) is a [[professor emeritus]] of [[phonetics]] at the [[University of Turku]], [[Finland]]. He is best known for his controversial hypotheses about the effect of the [[Uralic languages]] on creation of various Indo-European languages in northern Europe, such as Germanic, Slavic, and Baltic languages. Like [[Marija Gimbutas]] before him, he has tried to combine [[archaeology]] with [[linguistics]] in order to locate the origins of European peoples. He also bases much of his hypothetical structures on results of genetics. |
|||
'''Kaino Kalevi Wiik''' (2 August 1932, [[Turku]] — 12 September 2015, Turku) was a [[professor]] of [[phonetics]] at the [[University of Turku]], [[Finland]]. He was best known for his controversial hypothesis about the effect of the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] contact influence on the creation of various [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] protolanguages in [[Northern Europe]] such as Germanic, Slavic, and Baltic. He also based much of his hypothetical structures on results of genetics of his time. Ludomir R. Lozny states, "Wiik's controversial ideas are rejected by the majority of the scholarly community, but they have attracted the enormous interest of a wider audience."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lozny|first=Ludomir R.|title=Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past|date=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4419-8224-7|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFkueBuO-ucC&pg=PA156 }}</ref> |
|||
==Views== |
|||
⚫ | Wiik |
||
==Hypothesis== |
|||
⚫ | By 5500 BC the extinction of many large species of animals reduced the inhabitants of |
||
⚫ | Wiik proposed<ref>Wiik, Kalevi: [http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/bff/399/wiik.html Europe's oldest language?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075659/http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/bff/399/wiik.html |date=2008-06-09 }}</ref> Indo-European origins in [[Southeast Europe]] by using linguistic, genetic, archaeological and anthropological data to support his hypotheses. He believed that from 23,000 to 8000 BC (the last [[ice age]]), inhabitation in Europe was in three main regions during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], and their populations then came to divide Europe between themselves. |
||
Western 'Basque' Europe and Northern 'Uralic' Europe were inhabited by hunters of large animals that were abundant. The people spoke languages related respectively to modern [[Basque language|Basque]] and Uralic. The rest of Europe was inhabited by hunters of smaller animals and fragmented into many smaller unknown languages. |
|||
⚫ | Wiik suggests that at the periphery of the Indo-European language expansion, the Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Celtic and Iberian languages were formed; |
||
⚫ | By 5500 BC, the extinction of many large species of animals reduced the inhabitants of [[Western Europe]] and [[Northern Europe]] to hunting small game. The inhabitants of South-East Europe (hypothesised to have spread from the [[Balkans]]) had adopted the Neolithic way of life of mixed farming and animal husbandry and were becoming economically more successful. Early farmers diffusing from [[Greece]] and the Balkans gave rise to Indo-European, serving as a lingua franca of the inhabitants of region and displacing or gradually converting linguistically the less successful hunters from the other regions. |
||
⚫ | Thus, Wiik proposes that eventually most of Europe was Indo-Europeanized as many of the Basque and Uralic speaking hunters adopted |
||
⚫ | Wiik suggests that at the periphery of the Indo-European language expansion, the Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Celtic and Iberian languages were formed; they were Indo-European mixed with many elements from the languages of the hunters: Basque and Uralic. He claims the [[Swiderian culture|Post-Swiderian]] people (originating from western Poland) as Finnic-Ugric, and the [[Sami people|Saami]] as migrants from (Magdalenian) Western Europe who changed their original language, probably Basque-like, to a Uralic tongue. |
||
⚫ | In “Where Did European Men Come |
||
⚫ | Thus, Wiik proposes that eventually most of Europe was Indo-Europeanized as many of the Basque and Uralic speaking hunters adopted Indo-European languages. Only in the periphery of the European continent, in Iberia and in [[Baltic region|Northeastern Europe]] strong nuclei of hunters apparently adopted farming without being linguistically converted: their descendants are Basque- and Finnish-speakers. Everywhere else, the Indo-European languages have won the upper hand. The key proposition in Wiik's hypothesis is the phonetically-derived idea that the Finnic-Ugric and Basque populations who adopted the fashionable Indo-European language replaced their own new language but used pronunciations in a way familiar to their birth language, which all gave rise to the new language. In essence, Wiik suggests that Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Celtic and [[Iberian language|Iberian]] did not emerge from Indo-Europeans themselves but from the Finnic-Ugric and Proto-Basque populations. That would make the Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Celtic and Iberian populations genetically as descendants not of Indo-European but of Finnic-Ugric and Proto-Basque respectively, a claim not fully supported by any genetic evidence. |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | In “Where Did European Men Come From,”<ref>Wiik, Kalevi: [http://www.jogg.info/41/Wiik.pdf Where Did European Men Come From.] ''Journal of Genetic Genealogy'', 4:35-85, 2008)</ref> Wiik surveyed [[Y chromosome]] variation in Europeans and in accordance with his position: "The men of the Balkan [[refugium (population biology)|refuge]] were more likely than those of any other to have spoken an early form of the Indo-European language." |
||
==Criticism== |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{see also|Germanic substrate hypothesis}} |
{{see also|Germanic substrate hypothesis}} |
||
== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
* [http://www.wiik.fi/kalevi Wiik's home page] |
|||
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
|||
| NAME = Wiik, Kalevi |
|||
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
|||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
|||
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 August 1932 |
|||
| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
|||
| DATE OF DEATH = |
|||
| PLACE OF DEATH = |
|||
}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiik, Kalevi}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wiik, Kalevi}} |
||
[[Category:1932 births]] |
[[Category:1932 births]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:2015 deaths]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Turku]] |
||
[[Category:Linguists from Finland]] |
|||
[[Category:Phoneticians]] |
|||
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 4th Class]] |
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 4th Class]] |
||
[[da:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[et:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[es:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[hu:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[nn:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[fi:Kalevi Wiik]] |
|||
[[sv:Kalevi Wiik]] |
Latest revision as of 18:01, 24 July 2023
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
Kaino Kalevi Wiik (2 August 1932, Turku — 12 September 2015, Turku) was a professor of phonetics at the University of Turku, Finland. He was best known for his controversial hypothesis about the effect of the Uralic contact influence on the creation of various Indo-European protolanguages in Northern Europe such as Germanic, Slavic, and Baltic. He also based much of his hypothetical structures on results of genetics of his time. Ludomir R. Lozny states, "Wiik's controversial ideas are rejected by the majority of the scholarly community, but they have attracted the enormous interest of a wider audience."[1]
Hypothesis[edit]
Wiik proposed[2] Indo-European origins in Southeast Europe by using linguistic, genetic, archaeological and anthropological data to support his hypotheses. He believed that from 23,000 to 8000 BC (the last ice age), inhabitation in Europe was in three main regions during the Last Glacial Maximum, and their populations then came to divide Europe between themselves.
Western 'Basque' Europe and Northern 'Uralic' Europe were inhabited by hunters of large animals that were abundant. The people spoke languages related respectively to modern Basque and Uralic. The rest of Europe was inhabited by hunters of smaller animals and fragmented into many smaller unknown languages.
By 5500 BC, the extinction of many large species of animals reduced the inhabitants of Western Europe and Northern Europe to hunting small game. The inhabitants of South-East Europe (hypothesised to have spread from the Balkans) had adopted the Neolithic way of life of mixed farming and animal husbandry and were becoming economically more successful. Early farmers diffusing from Greece and the Balkans gave rise to Indo-European, serving as a lingua franca of the inhabitants of region and displacing or gradually converting linguistically the less successful hunters from the other regions.
Wiik suggests that at the periphery of the Indo-European language expansion, the Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Celtic and Iberian languages were formed; they were Indo-European mixed with many elements from the languages of the hunters: Basque and Uralic. He claims the Post-Swiderian people (originating from western Poland) as Finnic-Ugric, and the Saami as migrants from (Magdalenian) Western Europe who changed their original language, probably Basque-like, to a Uralic tongue.
Thus, Wiik proposes that eventually most of Europe was Indo-Europeanized as many of the Basque and Uralic speaking hunters adopted Indo-European languages. Only in the periphery of the European continent, in Iberia and in Northeastern Europe strong nuclei of hunters apparently adopted farming without being linguistically converted: their descendants are Basque- and Finnish-speakers. Everywhere else, the Indo-European languages have won the upper hand. The key proposition in Wiik's hypothesis is the phonetically-derived idea that the Finnic-Ugric and Basque populations who adopted the fashionable Indo-European language replaced their own new language but used pronunciations in a way familiar to their birth language, which all gave rise to the new language. In essence, Wiik suggests that Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Celtic and Iberian did not emerge from Indo-Europeans themselves but from the Finnic-Ugric and Proto-Basque populations. That would make the Germanic, Slavic, Baltic, Celtic and Iberian populations genetically as descendants not of Indo-European but of Finnic-Ugric and Proto-Basque respectively, a claim not fully supported by any genetic evidence.
In “Where Did European Men Come From,”[3] Wiik surveyed Y chromosome variation in Europeans and in accordance with his position: "The men of the Balkan refuge were more likely than those of any other to have spoken an early form of the Indo-European language."
Criticism[edit]
The possible linguistic substrate in Germanic seems to have nothing in common with Uralic languages, and there is no evidence for Uralic languages ever having been spoken in Central Europe, as opposed to Northern and Eastern Europe, where they were spoken.
References[edit]
- ^ Lozny, Ludomir R. (2011). Comparative Archaeologies: A Sociological View of the Science of the Past. Springer. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4419-8224-7.
- ^ Wiik, Kalevi: Europe's oldest language? Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wiik, Kalevi: Where Did European Men Come From. Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4:35-85, 2008)