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'''Crystal Caverns''' may refer to:
{{Refimprove|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox Election
| election_name = United States presidential election, 2000
| country = United States
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States presidential election, 1996
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = United States presidential election, 2004
| next_year = 2004
| election_date = November 7, 2000
<!-- Al Gore -->
| image2 = [[Image:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|157px]]
| nominee2 = [[Al Gore]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Tennessee]]
| running_mate2 = [[Joe Lieberman]]
| electoral_vote2 = 266
| states_carried2 = 20+[[Washington, D.C.|DC]]
| popular_vote2 = '''50,999,897'''
| percentage2 = '''48.4%'''
<!-- George bushhh -->
| image1 = [[Image:George-W-Bush.jpeg|148px]]
| nominee1 = [[George W. Bush]]
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Texas]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Dick Cheney]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = 271
| states_carried1 = '''30'''
| popular_vote1 = 50,456,002
| percentage1 = 47.9%
| map_image = ElectoralCollege2000.svg
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <font color = "#CC2200">Red</font> denotes states won by Bush/Cheney(30), <font color = "darkblue">Blue</font> denotes those won by Gore/Lieberman(20+DC).
| title = President
| before_election = [[Bill Clinton]]
| before_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| after_election = [[George W. Bush]]
| after_party = Republican Party (United States)
}}


*[[Crystal Caverns (South Dakota)]], a cave complex near [[Rapid City, South Dakota]], USA.
The '''United States presidential election of 2000''' was a contest between [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidate [[Al Gore]], then [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], and [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] candidate [[George W. Bush]], then [[governor of Texas]] and son of former president [[George H. W. Bush]] (1989-1993). [[Bill Clinton]], the incumbent [[President of the United States|President]], was vacating the position after serving the maximum two terms allowed by [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|the Twenty-second Amendment]]. Bush narrowly won the November 7 election, with 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266 (with one [[faithless elector]] abstaining in the official tally). The election featured a controversy over who won Florida's 25 electoral votes (and thus the presidency), the recount process in that state, and the unusual event that the losing candidate had received 543,816 more popular votes than the winner.
*[[Crystal Caverns (Virginia)]], a [[show cave]] near [[Strasburg, Virginia]], USA.


See also:
In the American system of presidential elections, the [[United States Electoral College|electoral vote]] determines the winner, and Bush won this count, although Gore received the most votes (called the "popular vote"). This was the [[Electoral College (United_States)#Irrelevancy of national popular vote|third time]] in American history that a candidate won the presidency without receiving at least a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the popular vote; it also happened in the elections of [[United States presidential election, 1876|1876]] and [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888]].<ref>In [[United States presidential election, 1824|1824]], there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed rather than being popularly elected, so the true popular vote is uncertain. With no candidate having received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], and is thus distinct from the latter three elections in which a single candidate won by an Electoral College majority.</ref>
*[[Crystal Cavern]], a small cave in [[Clay, Alabama]], USA.


{{disambig}}
==Nominations==
===Democratic Party nomination===
{{main|2000 Democratic National Convention}}
{{main|Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2000}}

*Democratic Party candidates
<gallery>
Image:Senator Bill Bradley (D-NJ).jpg|[[United States Senate|Former Senator]] '''[[Bill Bradley]]''' of [[New Jersey]]
Image:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|[[U.S. Vice President|Vice President]] '''[[Al Gore]]''' of [[Tennessee]]
</gallery>

Numerous candidates for the Democratic nomination tested the waters, but only two serious candidates entered the contest: Vice President [[Al Gore]] of Tennessee and former Senator [[Bill Bradley]] of New Jersey. Only Minnesota Senator [[Paul Wellstone]] formed an exploratory committee.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/08/wellstone/index.html | title = Wellstone Launches Presidential Exploratory Committee | publisher = CNN | first = Carin | last = Dessauer | date = [[1998-04-08]] }}</ref>

Gore had a strong base as the incumbent Vice President; Bradley received some endorsements but was not the candidate of a major faction or coalition of blocs. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist [[Democratic Leadership Council]]. While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." He made the spending of the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle-class one of his central issues, along with campaign finance reform and gun control.

Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries, largely because of the support given to Gore by the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers in rural America. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14th Al Gore won the Democratic nomination.

Gore, as incumbent V.P., was supported by Clinton and despite Bradley's challenge was a safe front-runner. But some other prominent Democrats were mentioned as possible contenders, such as [[Nebraska]] Senator [[Bob Kerrey]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/12/13/kerrey/ | title = Nebraska's Kerrey bows out of 2000 presidential race | publisher = CNN | date = [[1998-12-13]] }}</ref> [[Missouri]] Congressman [[Dick Gephardt]], [[Minnesota]] Senator [[Paul Wellstone]], and famous actor and director [[Warren Beatty]],<ref>York, Anthony (Sep. 2, 1999) [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/09/02/beatty/index.html "Life of the Party?"] ''Salon News''.</ref> who declined to run.

None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention. [[Connecticut]] Senator [[Joe Lieberman]] was nominated for Vice President by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party. Lieberman was chosen by Gore over five other finalists on his shortlist.<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN>{{cite news | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/08/07/gore.lieberman/index.html | title =
Gore, Lieberman prepare for public debut of Democratic ticket | publisher = CNN | date = [[2000-08-08]] }} </ref>

====Potential vice-presidential candidates====
* Senator [[Evan Bayh]] of Indiana<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN/><ref name = WashingtonMonthly>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/1999/9907.starr.campaign.html | title = Running Mates: Who will be on the ticket in 2000? | first = Alexandra | last = Starr | work = [[The Washington Monthly]] | date = July/August 1999 }}</ref>
* Senator [[John Edwards]] of North Carolina<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN/>
* Senator [[John Kerry]] of Massachusetts<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN/>
* House Minority Leader [[Dick Gephardt]] of Missouri<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN/>
* Governor [[Jeanne Shaheen]] of New Hampshire<ref name = GoreLiebermanCNN/>
[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/13/gore.veep/index.html Gore considers naming VP immediately after GOP convention - June 13, 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]

===Republican Party nomination===
{{see|2000 Republican National Convention}}
* Republican Party candidates
<gallery>
Image:Lamar Alexander official portrait.jpg|Former [[Governor of Tennessee|Governor]] and [[U.S. Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]] '''[[Lamar Alexander]]''' of [[Tennessee]]
Image:Gary_Bauer.jpg|Former [[United States Secretary of Education|Undersecretary of Education]] '''[[Gary Bauer]]''' of [[Kentucky]]
Image:Patrickjbuchanan.JPG|Publisher and author '''[[Pat Buchanan]]''' of [[Virginia]]
Image:George-W-Bush.jpeg|[[Governor of Texas|Governor]] '''[[George W. Bush]]''' of [[Texas]]
Image:Elizabeth Dole official photo.jpg|Former [[U.S. Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] '''[[Elizabeth Dole]]''' of [[North Carolina]]
Image:Steve_Forbes.jpg|Owner and publisher '''[[Steve Forbes]]''' of [[New York]]
Image:Orrin Hatch, official 110th Congress photo.jpg|Senator '''[[Orrin Hatch]]''' of [[Utah]]
Image:John Kasich.jpg|[[US House|Representative]] '''[[John Kasich]]''' of [[Ohio]]
Image:Alan Keyes speech.jpg|Former Ambassador and conservative activist '''[[Alan Keyes]]''' of [[Maryland]]
Image:John McCain official photo portrait-cropped-background edit.JPG|Senator '''[[John McCain]]''' of [[Arizona]]
Image:Quayle.jpg|Former Vice President '''[[Dan Quayle]]''' of [[Indiana]]
Image:Robert C Smith.jpg|Senator '''[[Robert C. Smith]]''' of [[New Hampshire]]
</gallery>

George W. Bush became the early frontrunner, acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support based on his governorship of Texas and the name-recognition and connections of the Bush family. Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus because they were unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included [[Lamar Alexander]], [[Elizabeth Dole]], [[John Kasich]], [[Dan Quayle]], and [[Robert C. Smith]]. [[Pat Buchanan]] dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination. That left Bush, [[John McCain]], [[Alan Keyes]], [[Steve Forbes]], [[Gary Bauer]], and [[Orrin Hatch]] as the only candidates still in the race.

On January 24th Bush won the Iowa caucus with 41% of the vote. Forbes came in second with 30% of the vote. Keyes received 14%, Bauer 9%, McCain 5%, and Hatch 1%. Hatch dropped out.

Bush, the governor of Texas, a son of a former president, and the favored candidate of the Christian right, was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate. McCain, with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents, portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform.

On February 1st McCain won a 49%-30% victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary. Gary Bauer dropped out. After coming in third in Delaware Forbes dropped out, leaving three candidates. In the South Carolina primary, Bush soundly defeated McCain. Some credit Bush's win to the fact that it was the first major closed primary in 2000, which negated McCain's strong advantage among independents. Some McCain supporters blamed it on the Bush campaign, accusing them of mudslinging and dirty tricks, such as [[push poll]]ing that implied that McCain's adopted Bangladeshi-born daughter was an African-American child he fathered out of wedlock.<ref name = pushpolling> [http://www.dadmag.com/archive/060400jmccain.php ''Interview with John McCain'' - Jun 04, 2000]</ref> McCain's loss in South Carolina damaged his campaign. After the South Carolina primary, McCain won both Michigan and his home state of Arizona on February 22nd.

On February 24, John McCain criticized George W. Bush for not denouncing the [[Bob Jones University]] policy banning inter-racial dating. On February 28th John McCain also referred to Rev. [[Jerry Falwell]] and televangelist [[Pat Robertson]] as agents of intolerance. John McCain lost the state of Virginia to George W. Bush on February 29. On [[Super Tuesday]], March 7, Bush won New York, Ohio, Georgia, Missouri, California, Maryland, and Maine. McCain won Rhode Island, Vermont, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, but dropped out of the race. On March 10, Alan Keyes got 21% of the vote in Utah. Bush took the majority of the remaining contests and won the Republican nomination on March 14, winning his home state of Texas and his brother Jeb's home state of Florida and other states. At the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia George W. Bush accepted the Nomination of the Republican party.

====Vice Presidential candidates====
Governor Bush told former [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Dick Cheney]] to head up a commission to help select a running mate for him, but ultimately, Cheney decided that he himself should be Bush's running mate, and was nominated by voice vote. While the U.S. Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice-president from the same state, it ''does'' prohibit members of the state's electoral college from casting both of their votes for persons from their own state. Accordingly, Cheney—who had been a resident of [[Texas]] for nearly 10 years—changed his voting registration back to Wyoming. Had Cheney not done this, either he or Governor Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors, a situation which—given the eventual razor-thin margin of victory for the Republicans that year—would have almost certainly resulted in the Vice-Presidential election going to the Republican Senate.

Other mentioned candidates:<ref name = WashingtonMonthly/>
*Former Sen. [[John Danforth]] of Missouri
*Gov. [[John Engler]] of Michigan
*Gov. [[Frank Keating]] of Oklahoma
*Gov. [[Tom Ridge]] of Pennsylvania
*Former Gov. [[Lamar Alexander]] of Tennessee
*Sen. [[Fred Thompson]] of Tennessee
*Gen. [[Colin Powell]] of New York
*Sen. [[John McCain]] of Arizona
*Sen. [[Chuck Hagel]] of Nebraska

====Notable endorsements====
{{Citecheck|date=September 2008}}
Note: Some of the endorsers switched positions.

;George W. Bush
*[[Senate Majority Leader]] [[Trent Lott]] of [[Mississippi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32218|title=Mississippi US President Republican Primary Race|date=[[2000-03-14]]}}</ref>
*Former HUD Secretary and 1996 V.P. nominee [[Jack Kemp]] of [[New York]]<ref name = 2/1/2000primary>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218 US President - Republican Primaries Race]</ref>
*Senator [[Robert C. Smith]] of [[New Hampshire]]<ref name = NHprimary>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32108 New Hampshire US President - Republican Primary Race]</ref>
*Former [[Governor of New Hampshire|Governor]] and [[White House Chief of Staff]] [[John H. Sununu]] of New Hampshire<ref name = NHprimary/>
*[[Governor of Arizona|Governor]] [[Jane Dee Hull]] of [[Arizona]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32081|title=Arizona US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 22, 2000}}</ref>
*[[Governor of Michigan|Governor]] [[John Engler]] of [[Michigan]]
*Senator [[John Warner]] of [[Virginia]]<ref name = VAprimary>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34624 Virginia US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 29, 2000]</ref>
*[[Governor of Virginia|Governor]] [[Jim Gilmore]] of Virginia<ref name = VAprimary/>
*Senator [[John Ashcroft]] of [[Missouri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32448|title=Missouri US President Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000}}</ref>
*[[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]] [[Paul Cellucci]] of [[Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32187|title=Massachusetts US President Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000}}</ref>
*[[Governor of Wisconsin|Governor]] [[Tommy Thompson]] of [[Wisconsin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34642|title=Wisconsin US President - Republican Primary Race - Apr 04, 2000}}</ref>
*Representative [[John Thune]] of [[South Dakota]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34611|title=South Dakota US President - Republican Primary Race - Jun 06, 2000}}</ref>
*[[Ross Perot]] of Texas.

;John McCain
*Senator [[Jon Kyl]] of [[Arizona]]<ref name="autogenerated1" />
*Senator [[Fred Thompson]] of [[Tennessee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34613|title=Tennessee US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 14, 2000}}</ref>
*Senator [[Mike DeWine]] of [[Ohio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32482|title=Ohio US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 07, 2000}}</ref>
*Senator [[Chuck Hagel]] of [[Nebraska]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32462|title=Nebraska US President Republican Primary Race - May 9, 2000}}</ref>
*Representative [[Lindsey Graham]] of [[South Carolina]]<ref name = SCprimary>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34610 South Carolina US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 19, 2000]</ref>
*Representative [[Mark Sanford]] of South Carolina<ref name = SCprimary>[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34610 SC US President - Republican Primary Race - Feb 19, 2000]</ref>
*Representative [[Peter T. King]] of [[New York]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1964|title=Candidate - Peter T. King}}</ref>
*[[Staten Island]] Borough President [[Guy V. Molinari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=15104|title=Candidate - Guy V. Molinari}}</ref>

;Steve Forbes
*Representative [[Roscoe G. Bartlett]] of [[Maryland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1202|title=Candidate - Roscoe G. Bartlett}}</ref>
*[[Ohio]] Secretary of State [[Ken Blackwell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=3696|title=Candidate - J. Kenneth Blackwell}}</ref>

;Alan Keyes
*Representative [[Tom Coburn]] of [[Oklahoma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=32484|title=OK US President - Republican Primary Race - Mar 14, 2000}}</ref>

;Orrin Hatch
*Senator [[Bob Bennett]] of [[Utah]]<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55218 US President - Republican Primaries Race - Feb 01, 2000]</ref>

;Lamar Alexander
*[[Governor of Arkansas|Governor]] [[Mike Huckabee]] of [[Arkansas]]<ref name="autogenerated2" />
*Former [[Governor of Iowa|Governor]] [[Terry Branstad]] of [[Iowa]]<ref name="autogenerated2" />

;Dan Quayle
*Former [[Governor of South Carolina|Governor]] [[Carroll Campbell]] of [[South Carolina]]<ref name="autogenerated2" />

;John Kasich
*Mike DeWine (initially)<ref name="autogenerated2" />
*Senator [[George Voinovich]] of [[Ohio]]<ref name="autogenerated2" />
*Representative [[John Boehner]] of [[Ohio]]<ref name="autogenerated2" />

===Reform Party nomination===
*[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] candidates
**[[John B. Anderson]] of Florida, former U.S. Representative for the 16th Congressional District of Illinois, former Independent Presidential candidate
**[[David L. Boren]] of Oklahoma, former U.S. Senator
**[[Patrick J. Buchanan]] of Virginia, former speechwriter and Senior Advisor to President Richard Nixon
**[[Charles E. Collins]] of Georgia, former school board chairman from a rural Florida county
**[[John Hagelin]] of Iowa, Ph.D., past and then-current Natural Law Party candidate
**[[Ross Perot]] of Texas, 1996 presidential nominee
**[[Donald Trump]] of New York, billionaire real estate developer

The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and runningmate Ezola Foster of California, over the objections of party-founder [[Ross Perot]] and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction (see Other nominations below). In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots.

===Green Party nomination===
[[Image:Nader at O17.jpg|thumb|right|Ralph Nader in 2000]]
*[[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] candidates [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/20000625-0.html]
**[[Ralph Nader]]
**[[Jello Biafra]]
**[[Stephen Gaskin]]
**[[Joel Kovel]]

The nomination went to [[Ralph Nader]] of Connecticut and [[Winona LaDuke]] of Minnesota, at the Green Party's National Nominating Convention in Denver, Colorado [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/20000625-0.html]. The [[United States Green Party|Green Party]] appeared on 44 state ballots and [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] out of 50 ballots and [[Washington, D.C.|DC]].

===Libertarian Party nomination===
*[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] candidates [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/20000702-0.html]
**[[Harry Browne]]
**[[Don Gorman]]
**[[Jacob Hornberger]]
**[[Barry Hess]]
**[[David Hollist]]

The [[United States Libertarian Party|Libertarian Party's]] National Nominating Convention nominated [[Harry Browne]] of Tennessee and [[Art Olivier]] of California for Vice President. Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the Vice Presidential nomination on the second ballot [http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/20000702-0.html]. The Libertarian Party appeared on 50 of 51 ballots.

===Constitution Party nomination===
*[[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution Party]] candidates
**[[Howard Phillips]]
**[[Herb Titus]]
**Mathew Zupan

The nomination went to [[Howard Phillips]] of [[Virginia]] and [[Curtis Frazier]] of [[Missouri]]. The Constitution Party was on the ballot in 41 states.

===Natural Law Party nomination===
*[[John Hagelin]] of Iowa and [[Nat Goldhaber]] of California

The [[United States Natural Law Party|Natural Law Party]] was on 38 ballots.

==The general election campaign==
In the campaign, Bush criticized the Clinton administration policy in [[Somalia]], where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions, and in the Balkans, where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions. "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called [[nation-building]]," Bush said in the second [[American presidential debate|presidential debate]].<ref>{{cite web| year=2004| url=http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html| title=The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate| work=2000 Debate Transcript| publisher=Commission on Presidential Debates| accessmonthday=October 21 | accessyear=2005}}</ref> During his campaign, Bush also pledged to bridge bi-partisan gaps between the Democratic and Republican parties as well.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/ CNN/AllPolitics.com - Election 2000 Archive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

[[Ralph Nader]] was the most successful of third-party candidates, drawing 2.74% of the popular vote. His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of "super-rallies"; large rallies held in sports arenas like [[Madison Square Garden]], with retired [[talk show host]] [[Phil Donahue]] as master of ceremonies. After initially ignoring Nader, the Gore campaign made a big publicity pitch to (potential) Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign, downplaying Gore's differences with Nader on the issues and claiming that Gore's ideas were more similar to Nader's than Bush's were, noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader. On the other side, the [[Republican Leadership Council]] ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the "liberal" vote.<ref>Meckler, Laura (Oct. 27, 2000) [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20001027/aponline115918_000.htm "GOP Group to Air Pro-Nader TV Ads."] ''Washington Post''.</ref> In the aftermath of the campaign, many Gore supporters claimed that many of Nader's voters would have supported Gore, thus [[spoiler effect|siphoning off enough would-be Gore votes to throw the election to Bush.]]

The sharpest differences among partisan groups came on the topic of moral issues. Already by 1992, Republicans were campaigning much more vigorously and vociferously than Democrats or independents on "hot button" social issues concerning what some proclaimed as the [[moral decay (sociology)|moral decay]] of society, in the form of permissive attitudes toward [[human sexual behavior|sex]], [[abortion]], [[homosexuality|gays and lesbians]], and [[secularism]]. The difference grew larger by 2000, especially if one considers statements about moral decay and issues having to do with corruption and scandals in Washington together. Republicans often referred to morality as the "single most important problem" facing the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=Miller|title=and Klobucar 2003}}</ref> During his campaign, Bush frequently referred to restoring moral integrity not only to the White House, but to the nation as a whole. Gore studiously avoided the Clinton scandals, as did Lieberman, even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton's misbehavior. Gore avoided appearing with Clinton, who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was popular.

Both vice presidential candidates [[Dick Cheney]] and [[Joe Lieberman]] campaigned aggressively in the 2000 presidential election. Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide, often just missing each other such as when Cheney, [[Hadassah Lieberman]], and [[Tipper Gore]] attended [[Chicago]]'s [[Taste of Polonia]] over [[Labor Day Weekend]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E2DB1F30F936A3575AC0A9669C8B63|work=The New York Times|title=The 2000 Campaign: Campaign Briefing Published|date=September 5, 2000|accessdate=2008-03-25}}</ref>

==The election==
[[Image:pbc-fl-2000-recount-1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Palm Beach County recount]]
With the exception of [[Florida]], Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins and also secured wins in [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], most of the rural Midwestern farming states, most of the Rocky Mountain states, and [[Alaska]]. Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the [[Northeastern United States]] (with the sole exception of [[New Hampshire]], which Bush won narrowly), most of the [[Upper Midwest]], and all of the Pacific Coast states of [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], and [[California]]. Gore also won [[Hawaii]].

As the night wore on, the returns in a handful of small-to-medium sized states, including Wisconsin and Iowa, were extremely close; however it was the State of [[Florida]] that would decide the winner of the election. As the final national results were tallied the following morning, Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes, while Gore had won 255 votes. 270 votes were needed to win. Two smaller states - [[New Mexico]] (5 electoral votes) and [[Oregon]] (7 electoral votes) - were still too close to call. It was Florida (25 electoral votes), however, that the [[news media]] focused their attention on. Mathematically, Florida's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for either candidate. Although both New Mexico and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days, Florida's statewide vote took center stage because the state's winner would ultimately win the election. The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the extended process of counting and then recounting Florida's presidential ballots.

===Florida===
{{main|United States presidential election in Florida, 2000}}
[[Image:TallahaseePalmBeachBallotBox1.jpg|right|thumb|2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box]]
At approximately 7:50 p.m. EST on election day, 70 minutes before the polls closed in the largely-Republican Florida panhandle, which is in the Central time zone, some television news networks declared that Gore had carried Florida's 25 electoral votes. They based this prediction substantially on [[exit poll]]s. However, in the actual vote tally Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida, and by 10 p.m. EST those networks had retracted that prediction and placed Florida back into the "undecided" column. At approximately 2:30 am, with some 85% of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes, the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and therefore had been elected President. However, most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily-Democratic counties - [[Broward County, Florida|Broward]], [[Miami-Dade County|Miami-Dade]], and [[Palm Beach County|Palm Beach]] - and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush. By 4:30 am, after all votes were counted, Gore had narrowed Bush's margin to just over 2,000 votes, and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the presidency. Gore, who had privately conceded the election to Bush,<!-- ref name="timemag"/ --> now withdrew his concession and announced that he would wait for a recount in Florida before any further action. After the first recount by the morning of Wednesday, November 8 Bush's margin in Florida had dwindled to about 500 votes, narrow enough to trigger a mandatory recount in that state. In addition, Gore asked for hand recounts in four counties (Broward, Miami Dade, Palm Beach, and [[Volusia County, Florida|Volusia]]), as provided under Florida state law. This set into motion a series of recounts (portions by machine, and portions by hand), questions about portions of the Florida vote, and finally lawsuits.

These ultimately resulted in a December 12 7-2 [[Bush v. Gore|United States Supreme Court decision]] stating that the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots was unconstitutional, as well as a 5-4 [[Bush v. Gore|United States Supreme Court decision]] that ended the Florida recounts and allowed Florida to certify its vote. The vote was certified according to Florida state election law by [[Katherine Harris]], the Republican Secretary of State who had been the Florida co-chair of Bush's campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/08/08/politics/main305435.shtml|title=Katherine Harris, W Files, CBS NEWS}}</ref> Because Bush's younger brother, [[Jeb Bush]], was the governor of Florida, there were allegations that Harris and Jeb Bush had manipulated the election to favor the governor's brother.<ref>Pallast, Gregory (April 29, 2004) [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040517/palast "Vanishing Votes."] ''The Nation''.</ref><ref>Taper, Jake (November 13, 2000) [http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/11/13/harris/ "The Woman Under Fire."] ''Salon''.</ref>

===Post recount===
After Florida was decided, [[Texas]] Governor [[George W. Bush]] became President-elect and began forming his transition committee. In a speech on December 13, Bush claimed he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America, saying, "the President of the United States is the President of every single American, of every race, and every background."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/transcripts/121300/bush.html|title=George W. Bush statement - December 13, 2000}}</ref>

On January 6, 2001, a joint-session of [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] met to certify the [[United States Electoral College|electoral vote]]. Twenty members of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], most of them Democratic members of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]], rose one-by-one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida. However, according to an [[Electoral Commission (United States)|1877]] law, any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a [[United States Senate|senator]]. No senator would co-sponsor these objections, deferring to the Supreme Court's ruling. Therefore, Gore, who was presiding in his capacity as [[Vice President of the United States|President of the Senate]], ruled each of these objections out of order.

Bush subsequently became the President-elect after the electoral votes from all 50 states and the District of Columbia were certified by the joint session of Congress. Bush took the oath of office on January 20, 2001.

Ultimately, the Media Consortium hired the [[National Opinion Research Center]] at the University of Chicago [http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/fl/index.asp] to examine 175,010 ballots that were discounted; these ballots contained under-votes (votes with no choice made for president) and over-votes (votes made with more than one choice marked). Their goal was not to deduce who actually won the election but to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used for the voting process.

In the aftermath of the election, the first independent recount was conducted by The Miami Herald and USA Today. Counting only "[[undervote]]s" (when the vote is not detected by machine), and not considering "overvotes" (when a ballot ends up with more than one indication of a vote, for example both a punch-out and hand-written name, even if both indicating the same candidate)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/media_watch/jan-june01/recount_4-3.html|title=Media Recount: Bush Won The 2000 election}}</ref> Bush would have won in all legally requested recount scenarios. If overvotes where the intent of the voter was clear were counted, using any consistent standard for 'clear intent of the voter', Gore would have won. This was not requested by either side at the time; the independent recount therefore led to a greater awareness of the issue of 'overvotes'.

Under the recount rules initially requested by Gore, Bush would have won, and under the rules requested by Bush, Gore would have won.<ref>Table 11 in Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida at http://www2.norc.org/fl/articles.asp --be warned that this document is over 50 mgs to download although it is only 14 pages long</ref>

====National results====
Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote, he received 543,895 more individual votes than Bush. Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state, [[Tennessee]], which both he and his father had represented in the Senate. Had he won Tennessee, he would have won the election without Florida. Gore was the first major-party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since [[George McGovern]] lost [[South Dakota]] in [[United States presidential election, 1972|1972]].

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[George W. Bush]]| party=[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]| state=[[Texas]]| pv=50,456,002| pv_pct=47.87%| ev=271| vp_name=[[Dick Cheney]]| vp_state=[[Wyoming]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Al Gore]]| party=[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]| state=[[Tennessee]]| pv=50,999,897| pv_pct=48.38%| ev=266| vp_name=[[Joe Lieberman]]| vp_state=[[Connecticut]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=''([[abstention]])'' <sup>(a)</sup>| party=—| state=—| pv=—| pv_pct=—| ev=1| vp_name=''(abstention)'' <sup>(a)</sup>| vp_state=—}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Ralph Nader]]| party=[[Green Party (United States)|Green]]| state=[[Connecticut]]| pv=2,882,955| pv_pct=2.7%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Winona LaDuke]]| vp_state=[[Minnesota]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Pat Buchanan]]| party=[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]]| state=[[Virginia]]| pv=448,895| pv_pct=0.4%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Ezola B. Foster]]| vp_state=[[California]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Harry Browne]]| party=[[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]| state=[[Tennessee]]| pv=384,431| pv_pct=0.4%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Art Olivier]]| vp_state=[[California]]}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Howard Phillips]]| party=[[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution]]| state=[[Virginia]]| pv=98,020| pv_pct=0.1%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Curtis Frazier]]| vp_state=[[Missouri]]| }}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[John Hagelin]]| party=[[United States Natural Law Party|Natural Law]]/[[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]]| state=[[Iowa]]| pv=83,714| pv_pct=0.1%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Nat Goldhaber]]| vp_state=[[California]]| }}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=<sup>(b)</sup>| pv=51,186| pv_pct=0.1%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=105,405,100| ev=538| to_win=270}}
'''Source (Electoral and Popular Vote): [http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/elecpop.htm Federal Elections Commission Electoral and Popular Vote Summary]

<sup>(a)</sup> ''One [[faithless elector]] from the [[District of Columbia]], [[Barbara Lett-Simmons]], abstained from voting in [[protest]] of the District's lack of voting representation in the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]]. (D.C. has a [[Delegate (United States Congress)|non-voting delegate]] to Congress.) She had been expected to vote for Gore/Lieberman. <br />
<sup>(b)</sup> {{U.S. presidential election PV minimum}}

Although [[Guam]] has no votes in the Electoral College, they have held a straw poll for their presidential preferences since 1980. In 2000, the results were Bush 18,075 (51.6%), Gore 16,549 (47.2%), and Browne 420 (1.2%).<ref name="guam">{{Cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20020425113542/http://ballot-access.org/2000/1116.html#13 |title=Bush Carries Guam |publisher=Ballot-Access.org |date=2000-11-16 |accessdate=2008-09-17}}</ref>

{{seealso|United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)}}

<span id="CS"/>

====Close states====
{{seealso|United States presidential election, 2000 (detail)}}
Close states are listed below.

States where the margin of victory was less than 5%:
#<font color="red">'''Florida''', 0.0092%, 25 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''New Mexico''', 0.06%, 5 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Wisconsin''', 0.22%, 11 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Iowa''', 0.31%, 7 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Oregon''', 0.44%, 7 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''New Hampshire''', 1.27%, 4 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Minnesota''', 2.40%, 10 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Missouri''', 3.34%, 11 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Ohio''', 3.51%, 21 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Nevada''', 3.55%, 4 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Tennessee''', 3.86%, 11 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Pennsylvania''', 4.17%, 23 electoral votes</font>
(139 [[Electoral College]] votes were decided by 5 percentage points or less)

States where the margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10%:

#<font color="darkblue">'''Maine''', 5.12%, 4 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Michigan''', 5.13%, 18 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Washington''', 5.57%, 11 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Arkansas''', 5.45%, 6 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Arizona''', 6.28%, 8 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''West Virginia''', 6.33%, 5 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Louisiana''', 7.67%, 9 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Virginia''', 8.03%, 13 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="red">'''Colorado''', 8.36%, 8 electoral votes</font>
#<font color="darkblue">'''Vermont''', 9.93%, 3 electoral votes</font>
(224 [[Electoral College]] votes were decided by 10 percentage points or less)

==Aftermath==
===Voting machines===
Since the Presidential Election was so close in Florida, the United States Government and state governments pushed for [[election reform]] to be prepared by the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 United States Presidential Election]]. Many of Florida's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from [[usability]] and ballot design factors with voting systems, including the potentially confusing "[[butterfly ballot]]." Many voters had difficulties with the paper based [[Voting machine#Punch card|punch card]] voting machines and were either unable to understand the required process for voting or unable to perform the process. This resulted in an unusual amount of [[overvote|over votes]] (voting for more candidates than is allowed) and [[undervote]]s (voting for fewer than the minimum candidates, including none at all). Many undervotes were potentially caused by either voter error or errors with the punch card paper ballots resulting in hanging, dimpled, or pregnant [[Chad (paper)|chad]].

A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern [[electronic voting]] machines. The United States Presidential Election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform, but it did not end it.

===Exit polling and declaration of vote winners===
The [[Voter News Service]]'s reputation was damaged by its treatment of Florida's presidential vote in 2000. Breaking its own guidelines, VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in the [[Florida Panhandle|Florida panhandle]]. Although most of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone, counties in the Florida panhandle, located in the Central Time Zone, had not yet closed its polls. More seriously, inconsistent polling results caused the VNS to change its call twice, first from Gore to Bush, and then to "too close to call".

Also, charges of media bias were levied against the networks by Republicans. They claimed that the networks called states more quickly for Al Gore than for George W. Bush. Congress held hearings on this matter and the networks claimed to have no intentional bias in their election night reporting. However, a study of the calls made on election night 2000 indicated that states carried by Gore were called more quickly than states won by Bush; however, notable Bush states, like New Hampshire and Florida, were very close, and close Gore states like New Mexico were called late too.<ref>Uscinski, Joseph. 2007. "Too Close Too Call? Uncertainty and Bias in Election Night Reporting" Social Science Quarterly vol. 88,(1). </ref>

===More consequences===
In the aftermath of the election, the [[Help America Vote Act]] (HAVA) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections. Unfortunately, the electronic voting systems which many states purchased in order to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the following presidential election of 2004.

Some Democrats blame third party candidate [[Ralph Nader]] for taking the election away from Gore. Nader received some 97,000 votes in Florida. According to the Washington Post, national exit polls showed that "47% of Nader voters would have gone for Gore if it had been a two-man race, and only 21% for Bush." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A45950-2000Nov8?language=|title=Why the Fla. Exit Polls Were Wrong|publisher=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> If the national numbers can be applied to Florida, Gore would have had a margin of some 24,000 votes over Bush. Many commentators believe that if Nader had not run, Gore would have won both [[New Hampshire]] and [[Florida]], winning the election with 296 electoral votes. (Gore only needed one of the two to win.) Defenders of Nader, including [[Tom Tomorrow|Dan Perkins]], argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third-party candidates for the defeat, including [[Workers World Party]] candidate [[Monica Moorehead]], who received 1,500 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.salon.com/comics/tomo/2000/11/13/tomo/index.html|title=This Modern World|publisher=Salon.com Comics}}</ref> Nader's reputation was still hurt by this perception, and may have hindered his future goals as an activist. For example, ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' wrote, "For evidence of how rank-and-file liberals have turned against Nader, one need look no further than the empire he created. [[Public Citizen]], the organization (Nader) founded in 1971, has a new fundraising problem&mdash;its founder. After the election, contributions dropped... When people inquire about Nader's relationship to the organization, Public Citizen sends out a letter that begins with a startling new disclaimer: 'Although Ralph Nader was our founder, he has not held an official position in the organization since 1980 and does not serve on the board. Public Citizen&mdash;and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded&ndash;act independently.'"<ref>Margolis, John (July/August 2001) [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2001/07/nader.html Nader Unrepentant]. ''Mother Jones''.</ref>

Ironically, this is precisely opposite of the view held by Democratic Party and [[Democratic Leadership Council]] senior staff. In the [http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=86&subid=84&contentid=2919 January 24, 2001 issue] of the DLC's [http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ka.cfm?kaid=132 Blueprint magazine], Democratic party strategist and DLC chair [[Al From]] wrote,
<blockquote>
"I think they're wrong on all counts. The assertion that Nader's marginal vote hurt Gore is not borne out by polling data. When exit pollers asked voters how they would have voted in a two-way race, Bush actually won by a point. That was better than he did with Nader in the race."
</blockquote>

==See also==
*[[United States presidential election, 2000 Florida results]]
*[[Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns]]
*[[Canada and the 2000 United States presidential election]]
*[[United States Senate elections, 2000]]
*[[George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000]]
*[[John McCain presidential campaign, 2000]]
*[[Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000]]
*[[List of narrow elections]]
*[[History of the United States (1988–present)]]
*[[United States presidential election, 1876]]
*[[Bush v. Gore]]

==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
{{reflist|2}}

===Books===
* {{cite book| last=Brinkley| first=Douglas| authorlink=Douglas Brinkley| title=36 Days: The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis| year=2001| isbn=0-8050-6850-3| publisher=Times Books}}
* {{cite book| editor=Steed, Robert P. (ed.)| title=The 2000 Presidential Election in the South: Partisanship and Southern Party Systems in the 21st Century| year=2002}}
* {{cite book| editor=de La Garza, Rodolfo O. (ed.)| title=Muted Voices: Latinos and the 2000 Elections| year=2004| isbn=0-7425-3590-8}}
* {{cite book| last=Abramson| first=Paul R.| coauthors=Rohde, David W.; Aldrich, John Herbert| title=Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections| year=2002| isbn=1-56802-740-0}}
* {{cite book| first=Vincent| last=Bugliosi| authorlink=Vincent Bugliosi| year=2001| title=[[The Betrayal of America|The Betrayal of America: How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President]]| publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press| isbn=1-56025-355-X}}
* {{cite book| last=Corrado| first=Anthony| coauthors=''et al.''| title=Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations| publisher=Chatham House Publishers| year=2001}}
* {{cite book| last=Denton| first=Robert E., Jr.| title=The 2000 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective| publisher=Praeger| year=2002}}
* {{cite book| first=Alan M.| last=Dershowitz| authorlink=Alan M. Dershowitz| year=2001| title=Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000| isbn=0-19-514827-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Dover| first=E. D.| title=Missed Opportunity: Gore, Incumbency, and Television in Election 2000| year=2002| isbn=0-275-97638-6}}
* {{cite book| last=Dougherty| first=John E.| title=Election 2000: How the Military Vote Was Suppressed | year=2001| isbn=978-1589390652}}
* {{cite book| first=H.| last=Gillman| year=2001| title=The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election| isbn=0-226-29408-0}}
* {{cite book| last=Moore| first=David W. | title=How to Steal an Election: The Inside Story of How George Bush's Brother and FOX Network Miscalled the 2000 Election and Changed the Course of History| year=2006| isbn=1560259299}}
* {{cite book| last=Jacobson| first=Arthur J.| coauthors=Rosenfeld, Michel| title=The Longest Night: Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000| year=2002}}
* {{cite book| first=Greg| last=Palast| authorlink=Greg Palast| year=2002| title=[[The Best Democracy Money Can Buy]]| publisher=Pluto Press| isbn=0-7453-1846-0}}
* {{cite book| last=Posner| first=Richard A.| title=Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution, and the Courts| year=2001| isbn=0-691-09073-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Rakove| first=Jack N.| title=The Unfinished Election of 2000| year=2002| isbn=0-465-06837-5}}
* {{cite book| last=Sabato| first=Larry J.| title=Overtime! The Election 2000 Thriller| year=2001| isbn=0-321-10028-X}}
* {{cite book| last=Sammon| first=Bill| authorlink=Bill Sammon| title=At Any Cost: How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election| year=2001| publisher=Regnery Publishing, Inc.| isbn=0-89526-227-4}}
* {{cite book| last=Toobin| first=Jeffrey| authorlink=Jeffrey Toobin| title=Too Close To Call: The Thirty-Six-Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election| year=2001| publisher=Random House| isbn=0-375-50708-6}}

===Journal articles===
* {{cite journal| first=Arthur H.| last=Miller| coauthors=Thomas F. Klobucar| title=The Role of Issues in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election| journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly| volume=33| issue=1| year=2003| pages=101+}}
* {{cite journal| last=Wattenberg| first=Martin P.| title=The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings| journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly| volume=29| year=1999| doi=10.1111/j.0268-2141.2003.00057.x| pages=685}}
* {{cite journal| last=Wattier| first=Mark J.| title=The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election| journal=White House Studies| volume=4| year=2004}}
* Tribe, Laurence H.: Erog .v Hsub and its Disguises: Freeing Bush v. Gore From its Hall of Mirrors, 115 Harvard Law Review 170 (November 2001).

===Papers===
* Keating, Dan (The Washington Post). [http://www.aei.org/docLib/20040526_KeatingPaper.pdf "Democracy Counts, The Florida ballot recount project"], paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 2002.

== External links ==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.hbo.com/films/recount/ Recount Movie]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/US_election_race/ UK Guardian newspaper special report on United States 2000 election]
*[http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/2000.htm 2000 popular vote by counties]
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/u/usa/pres/2000.txt 2000 popular vote by states]
*[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2000&fips=0&f=1&off=0&elect=0 2000 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)]
*[http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/c2k/pdf/REPFINAL.pdf CBS News Coverage of Election Night 2000: Investigation, Analysis, Recommendations] (231&nbsp;kB PDF).
*[http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/prespop.htm Popular vote data from the FEC]
*[http://www.thegreenpapers.com/PCC/ChAll.html Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions]
*[http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/vote2000/main.htm Report from United States Commission on Civil Rights]
*[http://fecweb1.fec.gov/pubrec/2000pres.htm Selected primary candidates for the election]
*[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/supremecourt/00-949_dec12.fdf Supreme Court Decisions of December 9, 2000]
*[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/election/magtimeline.htm Timeline of the 2000 Presidential Election]
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/parties/contrib.asp?Cmte=DPC&cycle=2000 Top Democratic Party contributors]
*[http://www.opensecrets.org/parties/contrib.asp?Cmte=RPC&cycle=2000 Top Republican Party contributors]
*[http://www.research.fsu.edu/researchr/winter2005/features/battlefield.html Battlefield Florida - A Chat with Lance deHaven-Smith] author of a 2005 book on the problems in Florida
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/statecartredblueakhi.png Cartogram by state.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countymapredbluelarge.png Cartogram by counties.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countycartredbluelarge.png Map by counties.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countymap3070large.png Map by counties, with adjustments by 70% or more leaning towards one party or another.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countycart3070large.png Cartogram by counties, with adjustments by 70% or more leaning towards one party or another.]
*[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/ Maps of the 2000 election]
*[http://www.nw0.info/?p=Documentaries/BBC%20Documentaries/Greg%20Palast%20-%20Stealing%20Of%20The%202000%20Presidential%20Election/ Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election - a short film focussing on Florida's contested ballots] (see [[Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election|article about the documentary]])
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#2000 How close was the 2000 election?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University

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{{United states presidential election and recount, 2000}}

[[Category:United States presidential election, 2000]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1991–present)]]

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Revision as of 14:45, 10 October 2008

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