2008–09 Heineken Cup pool stage and Copper indium gallium selenide: Difference between pages

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'''Copper indium gallium selenide''' ('''CIGS''') is a new [[semiconductor material]] composed of [[copper]], [[indium]], [[gallium]], and [[selenium]]. The material is a [[solid solution]] of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide, with a chemical formula of CuIn<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>(1-x)</sub>Se<sub>2</sub>, where the value of x can vary from 1 (pure copper indium selenide) to 0 (pure copper gallium selenide). It is a tetrahedrally-bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure, and a [[bandgap]] varying continuously with x from about 1.0eV (for copper indium selenide) to about 1.7eV (for copper gallium selenide)
{{main|2008-09 Heineken Cup}}
The '''pool stage of the 2008&ndash;09 Heineken Cup''' will begin on [[10 November]] [[2008]], with the final round scheduled for the weekend beginning [[23 January]] [[2009]]. This is the first year for which qualified teams are to be seeded for the group stage.


==Use and Manufacture==
==Ranking system==
Its main use is for [[solar cell|photovoltaic cells]] ([[Solar_cell#Copper-Indium_Selenide|CIGS cells]]), in the form of polycrystalline [[thin film]]s. Unlike the [[silicon]] cells based on a [[homojunction]] [[p-n junction]], the structure of CIGS is a more complex [[heterojunction]] system. The best efficiency achieved as of December 2005 was 19.5% reported by Contreras et al <ref>Miguel Contreras, Kannan Ramanathan, Jehad AbuShama, Falah Hasoon, David Young, Brain Egaas and Rommel Noufi “Diode Characteristics of State-of-the art ZnO/CdS/Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 Solar Cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13, 209 (2005 )</ref>. Just recently the team at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory achieved 19.9% new world record efficiency by modifying the CIGS surface and making it look like CIS<ref>Ingrid Repins, Miguel A. Contreras, Brian Egaas, Clay DeHart, John Scharf, Craig L. Perkins, Bobby To, Rommel Noufi,19.9%-efficient ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe2 solar cell with 81.2% fill factor, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16, 235 (2008)</ref>. . This idea was first introduced by Dr. Jehad AbuShama in the IEEE conference in 2005<ref>Jehad A. AbuShama, R. Noufi, S. Johnston, S. Ward, and X. Wu, “Improved Performance in CuInSe2 and Surface-Modified CuGaSe2 (CGS) Thin Film Solar Cells,” Proceedings of 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, January 2005.</ref>. The 19.9% efficiency is by far the highest compared with those achieved by other thin film technologies such as [[Cadmium Telluride]] (CdTe) or [[amorphous silicon]] (a-Si). <ref>{{cite web
The 24 teams were ranked according to previous progress in the Heineken Cup, with teams from the same tier and same country being placed in separate pools. The brackets show each team's ERC Ranking before the start of the 2008/2009 season.
| last = Noufi
{|$ class="wikitable"
| first = Rommel
|-
| authorlink =
!width=6%| Tier 1
| coauthors = Ken Zweibel
|width=15%| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] (1)
| title = HIGH-EFFICIENCY CDTE AND CIGS THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS: HIGHLIGHTS AND CHALLENGES
|width=15%| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]] (2)
| work =
|width=15%| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] (3)
| publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory
|width=15%| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester Tigers]] (4)
| date =
|width=15%| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Français]] (5)
| url = http://www.nrel.gov/pv/thin_film/docs/wc4papernoufi__.doc
|width=15%| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Wasps]] (6)
| format =
|-
! Tier 2
| doi =
| accessdate = }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] (7)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bath Rugby|Bath]] (8)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]] (9)
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]] (10)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sale Sharks]] (12)
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Llanelli Scarlets]] (13)
|-
! Tier 3
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]] (15)
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Cardiff Blues]] (17)
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] (18)
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Newport Gwent Dragons]] (20)
| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] (21)
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Castres Olympique|Castres]] (22)
|-
! Tier 4
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow Warriors]] (24)
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]] (25)
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]] (28)
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]] (32)
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Harlequin FC|Harlequins]] (35)
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[US Montauban|Montauban]]
|}


As for CIS, and CGS solar cells, Dr. Jehad AbuShama reported the world record total area efficiencies of 15.0% and 10.2% respectively. <ref>Jehad A. AbuShama, R. Noufi, S. Johnston, S. Ward, and X. Wu, “Improved Performance in CuInSe2 and Surface-Modified CuGaSe2 (CGS) Thin Film Solar Cells,” Proceedings of 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, January 2005.</ref>
The draw for the pool stage took place on [[17 June]] [[2008]] in Dublin.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/7450881.stm BBC SPORT | Rugby Union | Heineken Cup draw - full details<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


CIGS films can be manufactured by several different methods. The most common vacuum-based process [[co-evaporates]] or [[co-sputters]] copper, gallium, and indium, then anneals the resulting film with a selenide vapor to form the final CIGS structure. A non-vacuum-based alternative process deposits nanoparticles of the precursor materials on the substrate and then [[sinters]] them in situ.
===Seeding and Runners-up===
The winners of each of the six pools are seeded 1 to 6 first by points, then tries scored, and finally score difference. The runners-up are similarly sorted, and the best two are seeded seven and eight and progress to the quarter-finals alongside the six winners. The top four seeds are given home matches in the quarter-finals, with seed 1 playing seed 8, seed 2 playing seed 7 etc.


CIGS solar cells are not as efficient as crystalline silicon solar cells, for which the record efficiency lies at 24.7%<ref>M.A. Green, Jianhua Zhao, A. Wang and S.R.Wenham, [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.791982 "Very high efficiency silicon solar cells-science and technology"], IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 46(10), 1940, October 1999</ref>, but they are expected to be substantially cheaper. CIGS can be printed directly onto molybdenum coated glass sheets. Solar cells made from crystalline silicon are made of slices of solid silicon and require therefore more expensive semiconductor material.
==Pool 1==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Munster Rugby|Munster]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sale Sharks|Sale]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[US Montauban|Montauban]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}


==History==
{{rugbybox |
The market segment leader is [[Global Solar]], which is already selling flexible, portable solar chargers.<ref>[http://smalltimes.com/articles/article_display.cfm?Section=ARTCL&C=Feats&ARTICLE_ID=312010&dcmp=STD.Enl Forecast: Sunny for small tech in solar]</ref> Venture capitalists have poured more than $344 million into five CIGS companies in the last few years--[[Nanosolar]], [[Miasolé]], [[Solopower]], [[Solyndra]], and [[Heliovolt]].<ref>[http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-9800947-7.html HelioVolt raises more cash]</ref>
date = [[2008-10-10]]<br />20:00 |
home = [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[US Montauban|Montauban]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Thomond Park]], [[Limerick]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}


==See also==
{{rugbybox |
* [[Amorphous silicon]]
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />14:35 |
* [[Cadmium telluride]]
home = [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
* [[Cadmium telluride solar cell]]
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sale Sharks]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin]], [[Clermont-Ferrand]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-19]]<br />13:00 |
home = [[Sale Sharks]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Edgeley Park]], [[Stockport]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-19]]<br />16:00 |
home = [[US Montauban|Montauban]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Sapiac]], [[Montauban]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-05]]<br />19:45 |
home = [[Sale Sharks]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[US Montauban|Montauban]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Edgeley Park]], [[Stockport]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-07]]<br />16:00 |
home = [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Munster Rugby]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin]], [[Clermont-Ferrand]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />15:30 |
home = [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Thomond Park]], [[Limerick]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />19:00 |
home = [[US Montauban|Montauban]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sale Sharks]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Sapiac]], [[Montauban]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2009-01-16]] to [[2009-01-18]] <br />TBC |
home = [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[US Montauban|Montauban]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2009-01-16]] to [[2009-01-18]] <br />TBC |
home = [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sale Sharks]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = |
attendance = |
referee = }}

----
{{rugbybox |
date = [[2009-01-23]] to [[2009-01-25]] <br />TBC |
home = [[US Montauban|Montauban]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Munster Rugby|Munster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2009-01-23]] to [[2009-01-25]] <br />TBC |
home = [[Sale Sharks]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = |
attendance = |
referee = }}

==Pool 2==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Wasps|Wasps]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Castres Olympique|Castres]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />13:35 |
home = [[Edinburgh Rugby]] {{flagicon|SCO}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Murrayfield Stadium]], [[Edinburgh]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-12]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[London Wasps]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Castres Olympique|Castres]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Adams Park]], [[High Wycombe]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />17:30 |
home = [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Wasps]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS Showground]], [[Dublin]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />18:30 |
home = [[Castres Olympique|Castres]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Pierre-Antoine]], [[Castres]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-05]]<br />19:30 |
home = [[Edinburgh Rugby]] {{flagicon|SCO}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Wasps]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Murrayfield Stadium]], [[Edinburgh]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />13:35 |
home = [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Castres Olympique|Castres]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS Showground]], [[Dublin]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-12]]<br />21:00 |
home = [[Castres Olympique|Castres]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Leinster Rugby|Leinster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Pierre-Antoine]], [[Castres]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-14]]<br />13:00 |
home = [[London Wasps]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh Rugby]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Adams Park]], [[High Wycombe]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

==Pool 3==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester Tigers]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-10]]<br />21:00 |
home = [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Aimé Giral]], [[Perpignan]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-12]]<br />13:00 |
home = [[Leicester Tigers]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Welford Road Stadium|Welford Road]], [[Leicester]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]] {{flagicon|ITA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester Tigers]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stadio Comunale di Monigo]], [[Treviso]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />15:30 |
home = [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Liberty Stadium, Swansea|Liberty Stadium]], [[Swansea]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Liberty Stadium, Swansea|Liberty Stadium]], [[Swansea]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />17:30 |
home = [[Leicester Tigers]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Welford Road Stadium|Welford Road]], [[Leicester]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Benetton Rugby Treviso|Benetton Treviso]] {{flagicon|ITA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Ospreys (rugby team)|Ospreys]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stadio Comunale di Monigo]], [[Treviso]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-14]]<br />16:00 |
home = [[USA Perpignan|Perpignan]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester Tigers]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Aimé Giral]], [[Perpignan]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

==Pool 4==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Français]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Llanelli Scarlets]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Harlequin FC|Harlequins]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />15:30 |
home = [[Llanelli Scarlets]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Harlequin FC|Harlequins]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stradey Park]], [[Llanelli]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />15:30 |
home = [[Ulster Rugby]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Français]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Ravenhill]], [[Belfast]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Stade Français]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Llanelli Scarlets]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Jean-Bouin]], [[Paris]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[Harlequin FC|Harlequins]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[The Stoop|Twickenham Stoop Stadium]], [[London]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-05]]<br />20:00 |
home = [[Ulster Rugby]] {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Llanelli Scarlets]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Ravenhill]], [[Belfast]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />16:30 |
home = [[Stade Français]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade de France]], [[Paris]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-12]]<br />20:00 |
home = [[Llanelli Scarlets]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby}} [[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Parc y Scarlets]], [[Llanelli]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[Harlequin FC|Harlequins]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Français]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[The Stoop|Twickenham Stoop Stadium]], [[London]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

==Pool 5==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bath Rugby|Bath]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Newport Gwent Dragons]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow Rugby|Glasgow]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />14:30 |
home = [[Newport Gwent Dragons]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow Warriors]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Rodney Parade]], [[Newport]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />14:30 |
home = [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bath Rugby]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stadium Municipal|Stade Municipal]], [[Toulouse]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-17]]<br />20:00 |
home = [[Glasgow Warriors]] {{flagicon|SCO}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Firhill Stadium]], [[Glasgow]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-19]]<br />13:00 |
home = [[Bath Rugby]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Newport Gwent Dragons]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Recreation Ground (Bath)|Recreation Ground]], [[Bath]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Newport Gwent Dragons]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Stade Ernest-Wallon]], [[Toulouse]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-07]]<br />12:00 |
home = [[Bath Rugby]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow Warriors]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Recreation Ground (Bath)|Recreation Ground]], [[Bath]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />14:30 |
home = [[Newport Gwent Dragons]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Stade Toulousain|Toulouse]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Rodney Parade]], [[Newport]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-14]]<br />14:00 |
home = [[Glasgow Warriors]] {{flagicon|SCO}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Bath Rugby|Bath]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Firhill Stadium]], [[Glasgow]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

==Pool 6==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!width="200"|Team
!width="20"|Pld
!width="20"|W
!width="20"|D
!width="20"|L
!width="20"|TF
!width="20"|PF
!width="20"|PA
!width="25"|+/-
!width="20"|BP
!width="20"|Pts
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Cardiff Blues]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|-
|align=left| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||'''0'''
|}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]] {{flagicon|ITA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Cardiff Blues]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Centro Sportivo San Michele]], [[Calvisano]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-11]]<br />17:30 |
home = [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Kingsholm Stadium|Kingsholm]], [[Gloucester]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-18]]<br />18:30 |
home = [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Parc des Sports Aguiléra]], [[Biarritz]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-10-19]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[Cardiff Blues]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Millennium Stadium]], [[Cardiff]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-05]]<br />20:00 |
home = [[Cardiff Blues]] {{flagicon|WAL}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Cardiff Arms Park|Arms Park]], [[Cardiff]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-06]]<br />14:35 |
home = [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]] {{flagicon|ITA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gloucester Rugby]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Centro Sportivo San Michele]], [[Calvisano]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}
----

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />18:30 |
home = [[Biarritz Olympique|Biarritz]] {{flagicon|FRA}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Cardiff Blues]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Parc des Sports Aguiléra]], [[Biarritz]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}

{{rugbybox |
date = [[2008-12-13]]<br />15:00 |
home = [[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]] {{flagicon|ENG}} |
score = v |
report = |
away = {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rugby Calvisano|Calvisano]] |
homescore = |
awayscore = |
stadium = [[Kingsholm Stadium|Kingsholm]], [[Gloucester]] |
attendance = |
referee = }}


==References==
==References==
Line 860: Line 34:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.nrel.gov/pv/thin_film/pn_techbased_copper_indium_diselenide.html Copper Indium Diselenide] Publications, Presentations, and News Database of the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]].
*[http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/34_63.php European Rugby Cup : Pools]
* Michael Kanellos [http://msn-cnet.com.com/Silicon+vs.+CIGS+With+solar+energy,+the+issue+is+material/2100-1008_3-6121488.html Silicon vs. CIGS: With solar energy, the issue is material] October 2, 2006 CNET News.com
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet]


[[Category:Semiconductor materials]]
{{Heineken Cup}}
[[Category:Copper compounds]]
[[Category:Indium compounds]]
[[Category:Gallium compounds]]
[[Category:Selenides]]
[[Category:Thin films]]


[[ar:سيلينيد نحاس إنديوم غاليوم]]
[[Category:European Rugby Cup pool stages]]
[[de:CIGSSe]]
[[Category:2008 in rugby union|Heineken Cup]]
[[fr:Cellule CIGS]]
[[Category:2009 in rugby union|Heineken Cup]]
[[nl:CIGS]]

Revision as of 21:53, 10 October 2008

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is a new semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide, with a chemical formula of CuInxGa(1-x)Se2, where the value of x can vary from 1 (pure copper indium selenide) to 0 (pure copper gallium selenide). It is a tetrahedrally-bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure, and a bandgap varying continuously with x from about 1.0eV (for copper indium selenide) to about 1.7eV (for copper gallium selenide)

Use and Manufacture

Its main use is for photovoltaic cells (CIGS cells), in the form of polycrystalline thin films. Unlike the silicon cells based on a homojunction p-n junction, the structure of CIGS is a more complex heterojunction system. The best efficiency achieved as of December 2005 was 19.5% reported by Contreras et al [1]. Just recently the team at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory achieved 19.9% new world record efficiency by modifying the CIGS surface and making it look like CIS[2]. . This idea was first introduced by Dr. Jehad AbuShama in the IEEE conference in 2005[3]. The 19.9% efficiency is by far the highest compared with those achieved by other thin film technologies such as Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) or amorphous silicon (a-Si). [4]

As for CIS, and CGS solar cells, Dr. Jehad AbuShama reported the world record total area efficiencies of 15.0% and 10.2% respectively. [5]

CIGS films can be manufactured by several different methods. The most common vacuum-based process co-evaporates or co-sputters copper, gallium, and indium, then anneals the resulting film with a selenide vapor to form the final CIGS structure. A non-vacuum-based alternative process deposits nanoparticles of the precursor materials on the substrate and then sinters them in situ.

CIGS solar cells are not as efficient as crystalline silicon solar cells, for which the record efficiency lies at 24.7%[6], but they are expected to be substantially cheaper. CIGS can be printed directly onto molybdenum coated glass sheets. Solar cells made from crystalline silicon are made of slices of solid silicon and require therefore more expensive semiconductor material.

History

The market segment leader is Global Solar, which is already selling flexible, portable solar chargers.[7] Venture capitalists have poured more than $344 million into five CIGS companies in the last few years--Nanosolar, Miasolé, Solopower, Solyndra, and Heliovolt.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Miguel Contreras, Kannan Ramanathan, Jehad AbuShama, Falah Hasoon, David Young, Brain Egaas and Rommel Noufi “Diode Characteristics of State-of-the art ZnO/CdS/Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 Solar Cells,” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13, 209 (2005 )
  2. ^ Ingrid Repins, Miguel A. Contreras, Brian Egaas, Clay DeHart, John Scharf, Craig L. Perkins, Bobby To, Rommel Noufi,19.9%-efficient ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe2 solar cell with 81.2% fill factor, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 16, 235 (2008)
  3. ^ Jehad A. AbuShama, R. Noufi, S. Johnston, S. Ward, and X. Wu, “Improved Performance in CuInSe2 and Surface-Modified CuGaSe2 (CGS) Thin Film Solar Cells,” Proceedings of 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, January 2005.
  4. ^ Noufi, Rommel. "HIGH-EFFICIENCY CDTE AND CIGS THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS: HIGHLIGHTS AND CHALLENGES". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Jehad A. AbuShama, R. Noufi, S. Johnston, S. Ward, and X. Wu, “Improved Performance in CuInSe2 and Surface-Modified CuGaSe2 (CGS) Thin Film Solar Cells,” Proceedings of 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, January 2005.
  6. ^ M.A. Green, Jianhua Zhao, A. Wang and S.R.Wenham, "Very high efficiency silicon solar cells-science and technology", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 46(10), 1940, October 1999
  7. ^ Forecast: Sunny for small tech in solar
  8. ^ HelioVolt raises more cash

External links

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