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{{Short description|Ruler of northern Oltenia during the 13th century}}
⚫
'''Litovoi''',<ref name='Pop'>{{cite book | last = Pop | first = Ioan Aurel | title = Romanians and Romania: A Brief History}}</ref> also '''Litvoy''',<ref name='Vásáry'>{{cite book | last = Vásáry | first = István | title = Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365}}</ref> was a [[Vlachs|Vlach]] ''[[voivode]]'' in the 13th century whose territory comprised northern [[Oltenia]] ([[Romania]]).<ref name='Georgescu'>{{cite book | last = Georgescu | first = Vlad | title = The Romanians: A History}}</ref>
{{Infobox royalty|name=Litvoy|title=[[Voivode]]|reign=c. 1240-1280|predecessor=[[Bezerenbam]]?|successor=[[Bărbat]]|birth_date=c. 1210|death_date=c. 1280}}
⚫
'''Litovoi''',<ref name='Pop'>{{cite book | last = Pop | first = Ioan Aurel | title = Romanians and Romania: A Brief History}}</ref> also '''Litvoy''',<ref name='Vásáry'>{{cite book | last = Vásáry | first = István | title = Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365}}</ref> was a [[Vlachs|Vlach]]/[[Romanians|Romanian]] ''[[voivode]]'' in the 13th century whose territory comprised northern [[Oltenia]] in today's [[Romania]].<ref name='Georgescu'>{{cite book |last= Georgescu |first= Vlad |title= The Romanians: A History}}</ref>


He is mentioned for the first time in a diploma issued by king [[Béla IV of Hungary]] (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247.<ref name='Vásáry'/> The diploma granted territories to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in the [[Banate of Severin]] and ''[[Diocese of Cumania|Cumania]]'', ''“with the exception of the land of the kenazate of Voivode Litovoi,”'' which the king leaved to the Vlachs ''“as they had held it”''.<ref name='Vásáry'/>
He is mentioned for the first time in the [[Diploma of the Joannites]] issued by king [[Béla IV of Hungary]] (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247.<ref name='Vásáry'/> The diploma granted territories to the [[Knights Hospitaller]] in the [[Banate of Severin]] and ''[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania|Cumania]]'', ''“with the exception of the land of the [[cneaz|kenazate]] of Voivode Litovoi,”'' which the king left to the Vlachs ''“as they had held it”''.<ref name='Vásáry'/>


== Name ==
The king’s diploma also refers to the ''kenazate''s of [[Farcaş]] and [[John (knez)|John]] and to a certain ''voivode'' [[Seneslau]].<ref name='Pop'/> Although the names of Litovoi and Seneslau are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, they are expressly said to be Vlachs ''(Olati)'' in the king's diploma.<ref name='Vásáry'/> Bulgarian historian [[Vasil Zlatarski]], based on an information{{clarify|date=December 2010}} of [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din]] and other sources{{clarify|date=December 2010}}, suggests that the voivodeship of Litovoi was under the suzerainty of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]].<ref>[http://www.promacedonia.org/vz3/vz3_2_4.htm Златарски, Васил. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том III, с. 370-375] See also Коледаров, Петър. Политическа география на средновековната българска държава, с. 59-60.</ref>{{dubious|date=December 2010}}
⚫
The king’s diploma also refers to the ''kenazate''s of [[Farcaș]] and [[John (knez)|John]] and to a certain ''voivode'' [[Seneslau]].<ref name='Pop'/> Although the names of Litovoi and Seneslau are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin, they are expressly said to be Vlachs ''(Olati)'' in the king's diploma.<ref name='Vásáry'/> It seems that Litovoi was the most powerful of all the above local rulers.<ref name='Pop'/> His territories were exempted from the grant to the knights,<ref name='Vásáry'/> but half of the royal [[tax]] generated by his land ''(terra Lytua)'' was assigned to the Hospitallers – except for the income from the [[Țara Hațegului|District of Hátszeg]] (''terra Harszoc'' in the diploma’s only surviving, papal copy, {{lang-ro|Țara Hațegului}}), which the king kept all for himself.<ref name='Makkai'>{{cite book | last = Makkai | first = László | title = From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion}}</ref> According to the Romanian historian [[Ioan-Aurel Pop]], the king had grabbed Haţeg from Litovoi shortly before 1247.<ref name='Pop'/>


== War with the Hungarians ==
⚫
It seems that Litovoi was the most powerful of all the above local rulers.<ref name='Pop'/> His territories were exempted from the grant to the knights,<ref name='Vásáry'/> but half of the royal [[tax]]es generated by his land ''(terra Lytua)'' was assigned to the Hospitallers – except for the income from the [[Haţeg]] district (''terra Harszoc'' in the diploma’s only surviving, papal copy), which the king kept all for himself.<ref name='Makkai'>{{cite book | last = Makkai | first = László | title = From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion}}</ref> According to the Romanian historian Ioan Aurel Pop, the king had grabbed Haţeg from Litovoi shortly before 1247.<ref name='Pop'/>
⚫
In 1277 (or between 1277 and 1280),<ref name='Pop'/> Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] (1272–1290) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay [[tribute]].<ref name='Georgescu'/> Litovoi was killed in battle.<ref name='Georgescu'/> This event is recounted in the king’s letter of grant of 8 January 1285, in which king Ladislaus IV donated villages in [[Sáros County]] (today in [[Slovakia]]) to Master [[George Baksa|George, son of Simon]], who had been sent against Litovoi.<ref name='Vásáry'/>

⚫
In 1277 (or between 1277 and 1280),<ref name='Pop'/> Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary]] (1272–1290) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay [[tribute]].<ref name='Georgescu'/> Litovoi was killed in battle.<ref name='Georgescu'/> This event is recounted in the king’s letter of grant of 8 January 1285, in which king Ladislaus IV donated villages in [[Sáros County]] (today in [[Slovakia]]) to Master George, son of Simon, who had been sent against Litovoi.<ref name='Vásáry'/>


Ioan Aurel Pop argues that the Litovoi mentioned in the diploma of 1247 was not identical to the Litovoi whose death is described in the letter of grant of 1285, and the latter was probably the former’s successor.<ref name='Pop'/>
Ioan Aurel Pop argues that the Litovoi mentioned in the diploma of 1247 was not identical to the Litovoi whose death is described in the letter of grant of 1285, and the latter was probably the former’s successor.<ref name='Pop'/>
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*[[Foundation of Wallachia]]
*[[Foundation of Wallachia]]
*[[Bărbat]]
*[[Bărbat]]
*[[Farcaş]]
*[[Farcaș]]
*[[John (knez)]]
*[[John (knez)]]
*[[Seneslau]]
*[[Seneslau]]
*[[Țara Litua]]


== References ==
== References ==
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== Sources ==
== Sources ==
*Georgescu, Vlad ''(Author)'' – Calinescu, Matei ''(Editor)'' – Bley-Vroman, Alexandra ''(Translator)'': ''The Romanians – A History''; Ohio State University Press, 1991, Columbus; ISBN 0-8142-0511-9
*Georgescu, Vlad ''(Author)'' – Calinescu, Matei ''(Editor)'' – Bley-Vroman, Alexandra ''(Translator)'': ''The Romanians – A History''; Ohio State University Press, 1991, Columbus; {{ISBN|0-8142-0511-9}}
*Makkai, László: ''From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion''; ''in:'' Köpeczi, Béla ''(General Editor)'' – Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán ''(Editors)'' – Barta, Gábor ''(Assistant Editor)'': ''History of Transylvania - Volume I: From the beginnings to 1606''; Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, Budapest; ISBN 963-05-6703-2
*Makkai, László: ''From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion''; ''in:'' Köpeczi, Béla ''(General Editor)'' – Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán ''(Editors)'' – Barta, Gábor ''(Assistant Editor)'': ''History of Transylvania - Volume I: From the beginnings to 1606''; Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, Budapest; {{ISBN|963-05-6703-2}}
*Pop, Ioan Aurel: ''Romanians and Romania: A Brief History''; Columbia University Press, 1999, New York; ISBN 0-88033-440-1
*Pop, Ioan Aurel: ''Romanians and Romania: A Brief History''; Columbia University Press, 1999, New York; {{ISBN|0-88033-440-1}}
*Vásáry, István: ''Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365''; Cambridge University Press, 2005, Cambridge; ISBN 0-521-83756-1
*Vásáry, István: ''Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365''; Cambridge University Press, 2005, Cambridge; {{ISBN|0-521-83756-1}}
* [http://www.promacedonia.org/vz3 Златарски, Васил. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асеневци (1187—1280), София 1940]
* Коледаров, Петър. Политическа география на средновековната българска държава, Втора част (1186–1396), София 1989


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{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Litovoi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1270s deaths]]
[[Category:1270s deaths]]
[[Category:Rulers of Wallachia]]
[[Category:Princes of Wallachia]]
[[Category:History of Wallachia (1242-1386)| ]]
[[Category:People of medieval Wallachia| ]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Latest revision as of 13:40, 29 April 2023

Litvoy
Voivode
Reignc. 1240-1280
PredecessorBezerenbam?
SuccessorBărbat
Bornc. 1210
Diedc. 1280

Litovoi,[1] also Litvoy,[2] was a Vlach/Romanian voivode in the 13th century whose territory comprised northern Oltenia in today's Romania.[3]

He is mentioned for the first time in the Diploma of the Joannites issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247.[2] The diploma granted territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin and Cumania, “with the exception of the land of the kenazate of Voivode Litovoi,” which the king left to the Vlachs “as they had held it”.[2]

Name[edit]

The king’s diploma also refers to the kenazates of Farcaș and John and to a certain voivode Seneslau.[1] Although the names of Litovoi and Seneslau are of Slavic origin, they are expressly said to be Vlachs (Olati) in the king's diploma.[2] It seems that Litovoi was the most powerful of all the above local rulers.[1] His territories were exempted from the grant to the knights,[2] but half of the royal tax generated by his land (terra Lytua) was assigned to the Hospitallers – except for the income from the District of Hátszeg (terra Harszoc in the diploma’s only surviving, papal copy, Romanian: Țara Hațegului), which the king kept all for himself.[4] According to the Romanian historian Ioan-Aurel Pop, the king had grabbed Haţeg from Litovoi shortly before 1247.[1]

War with the Hungarians[edit]

In 1277 (or between 1277 and 1280),[1] Litovoi was at war with the Hungarians over lands king Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290) claimed for the crown, but for which Litovoi refused to pay tribute.[3] Litovoi was killed in battle.[3] This event is recounted in the king’s letter of grant of 8 January 1285, in which king Ladislaus IV donated villages in Sáros County (today in Slovakia) to Master George, son of Simon, who had been sent against Litovoi.[2]

Ioan Aurel Pop argues that the Litovoi mentioned in the diploma of 1247 was not identical to the Litovoi whose death is described in the letter of grant of 1285, and the latter was probably the former’s successor.[1]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Pop, Ioan Aurel. Romanians and Romania: A Brief History.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Vásáry, István. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365.
  3. ^ a b c Georgescu, Vlad. The Romanians: A History.
  4. ^ Makkai, László. From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion.

Sources[edit]

  • Georgescu, Vlad (Author) – Calinescu, Matei (Editor) – Bley-Vroman, Alexandra (Translator): The Romanians – A History; Ohio State University Press, 1991, Columbus; ISBN 0-8142-0511-9
  • Makkai, László: From the Hungarian conquest to the Mongol invasion; in: Köpeczi, Béla (General Editor) – Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán (Editors) – Barta, Gábor (Assistant Editor): History of Transylvania - Volume I: From the beginnings to 1606; Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994, Budapest; ISBN 963-05-6703-2
  • Pop, Ioan Aurel: Romanians and Romania: A Brief History; Columbia University Press, 1999, New York; ISBN 0-88033-440-1
  • Vásáry, István: Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365; Cambridge University Press, 2005, Cambridge; ISBN 0-521-83756-1
Preceded by Voivode in Wallachia
(before 1247 – 1277/1280) 		Succeeded by
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