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Middle Creek High School

Completing unfinished nom. Ten Pound Hammer and his otters • ^{(Broken clamshells • Otter chirps • HELP)} 19:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

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+===[[Middle Creek High School]]===
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-{{wiktionarypar|humour|humor}}
+:{{la|Middle Creek High School}} (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Middle Creek High School|wpReason={{urlencode: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Middle Creek High School]]}}&action=delete}} delete]</span>) – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Middle Creek High School|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 October 10#{{anchorencode:Middle Creek High School}}|View log]])</noinclude>
-you people are filth
+Completing unfinished nom. [[User:TenPoundHammer|<span style="color:green">Ten Pound Hammer</span>]] and his otters • <sup>([[Special:Contributions/TenPoundHammer|Broken clamshells]] • [[:User talk:TenPoundHammer|Otter chirps]] • [[:User:TenPoundHammer/Country|HELP]])</sup> 19:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
-'''Humour''' or '''humor''' (see [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]]) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke [[laughter]] and provide [[amusement]]. Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves.  People of most ages and cultures respond to humour. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a "sense of humour".
-The term derives from the [[humorism|humoural medicine]] of the [[ancient Greeks]], which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours ([[Greek language|Greek]]: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115103 χυμός], ''chymos'', literally: [[juice]] or [[sap]], metaphorically: [[flavour]]) controlled human health and emotion.
-A '''sense of humour''' is the ability to experience humour, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of [[variable]]s, including [[geographical location]], [[culture]], maturity, level of [[education]], intelligence, and [[wiktionary:context|context]]. For example, young children may possibly favour [[slapstick]], such as [[Punch and Judy]] puppet shows or cartoons (e.g. [[Tom and Jerry]]). [[Satire]] may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences. Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery".<ref>Seth Benedict Graham ''[http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-11032003-192424/unrestricted/grahamsethb_etd2003.pdf A cultural analysis of the Russo-Soviet Anekdot]'' 2003 p.13</ref><ref>Bakhtin, Mikhail. ''Rabelais and His World'' [1941, 1965]. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press p.12</ref>
-[[Image:Eduard von Grützner Falstaff.jpg|thumb|[[Smile|Smiling]] can imply a sense of humour and a state of amusement: a painting by [[Eduard von Grützner]].]]
-==Understanding humour==
-{{Cleanupsect|date=January 2008}}
-Humor occurs when
-*An alternative (or surprising) shift in perception or answer is given that still shows relevance and can explain a situation.
-*Sudden relief occurs from a tense situation. "Humourific" as formerly applied in comedy referred to the interpretation of the [[sublime (philosophy)|sublime]] and the ridiculous, a relation also known as [[bathos]]. In this context, humour is often a [[subject (philosophy)|subjective]] experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective.
-*Two ideas or things are juxtaposed that are very distant in meaning emotionally or conceptually, that is, having a significant incongruity.
-*We laugh at something that points out another's errors, lack of intelligence, or unfortunate circumstances; granting a sense of superiority.
-[[Arthur Schopenhauer]] lamented the misuse of the term (the [[German language|German]] [[loanword]] from [[English language|English]]) to mean any type of comedy.  However, both terms are often used when theorizing about the subject.  The connotation of "humour" is more that of response, while "comic" refers more to stimulus.  "Humour" also originally had a connotation of a combined ridiculousness and wit in one individual; the paradigm case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff.  The French were slow to adopt the term "humour," and in French "humeur" and "humour" are still two different words, the former still referring only to the archaic concept of [[humors]].
-Western humour theory begins with [[Plato]] who attributed to [[Socrates]] (as a semi-historical dialogue character), in the [[Philebus]] (p. 49b), the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed.  Later in Greek philosophy, [[Aristotle]] in the [[Poetics]] (1449a p 34-35) suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour.
-The Incongruity Theory originated mostly with [[Kant]] who claimed that the comic is an expectation that comes to nothing.  [[Henri Bergson]] attempted to perfect incongruity, by reducing it to the 'living' and 'mechanical'.<ref>Henri Bergson, ''Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic'' (1900) English translation 1914.</ref>
-An incongruity like Bergson's, in things juxtaposed simultaneously, is still in vogue.  This is often debated against theories of the shifts in perspectives in humour.  Hence the debate in the series ''Humor Research'' between John Morreall and Robert Latta.<ref>Robert L. Latta (1999) The Basic Humor Process: A Cognitive-Shift Theory and the Case against Incongruity, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110161036 (Humor Research no. 5)</ref>
-Morreall presented mostly simultaneous juxtapositions,<ref>[[John Morreall]] (1983) Taking Laughter Seriously , Suny Press, ISBN 0873956427</ref> with Latta countering that it requires a "cognitive shift," created by a discovery or solution to a puzzle or problem.  Latta is criticized for having reduced jokes' essence to their own puzzling aspect.
-Humour frequently contains an unexpected, often sudden, shift in perspective, which gets assimilated by the Incongruity Theory.  This view has been defended by Latta (1998) and by [[Brian Boyd]] (2004).<ref>Brian Boyd, Laughter and Literature: A Play Theory of Humor
-Philosophy and Literature - Volume 28, Number 1, April 2004, pp. 1-22</ref>  Boyd views the shift as from seriousness to play.  Nearly anything can be the object of this perspective twist.   It is, however, in the areas of human creativity (science and art being the varieties) that the shift results from ‘structure mapping’ (termed "[[bisociation]]" by Koestler) to create novel meanings.<ref>Koestler, Arthur (1964): "The Act of Creation".</ref>  Koestler argues that humour results when two different frames of reference are set up and a collision is engineered between them.
-[[Tony Veal]], who is taking a more formalised computational approach than Koestler did, has written on the role of metaphor and metonymy in humour,<ref>Veal, Tony (2003): "Metaphor and Metonymy: The Cognitive Trump-Cards of Linguistic Humor"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/iclc2003.pdf]</ref><ref>Veale, Tony (2006): "The Cognitive Mechanisms of Adversarial Humor"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/Journal_of_Humor_Research_2006_trumping.pdf]</ref><ref>Veale, Tony (2004): "Incongruity in Humour: Root Cause of Epiphenomonon?"[http://afflatus.ucd.ie/Papers/fest2004.pdf]</ref> using inspiration from Koestler as well as from [[Dedre Gentner]]´s theory of structure-mapping, [[George Lakoff]]´s and [[Mark Johnson]]´s theory of [[conceptual metaphor]] and [[Mark Turner (cognitive scientist)|Mark Turner]]´s and [[Gilles Fauconnier]]´s theory of [[conceptual blending]].
-Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained.  [[Author]] [[E. B. White]] once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind."
-===Evolution of humour===
-As with any form of art, the same goes for humour, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the far east. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. [[18th-century]] [[Germany|German]] author [[Georg Lichtenberg]] said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."
-Alastair Clarke explains: "The theory is an evolutionary and cognitive explanation of how and why any individual finds anything funny. Effectively it explains that humour occurs when the brain recognizes a pattern that surprises it, and that recognition of this sort is rewarded with the experience of the humorous response, an element of which is broadcast as laughter."  The theory further identifies the importance of pattern recognition in human evolution: "An ability to recognize patterns instantly and unconsciously has proved a fundamental weapon in the cognitive arsenal of human beings. The humorous reward has encouraged the development of such faculties, leading to the unique perceptual and intellectual abilities of our species."
-[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-06/ph-maf062708.php]
-==Humour formulae==
-{{Refimprovesect|date=October 2006}}
-Root components:
-*appealing to [[feeling]]s or to [[emotion]]s.
-*similar to [[reality]], but not real.
-*some [[surprise]]/[[misdirection]], [[contradiction]], [[ambiguity]] or [[paradox]].
-Methods:
-*[[hyperbole]]
-*[[metaphor]]
-*[[reductio ad absurdum]] or [[farce]]
-*[[reframing]]
-*[[comic timing|timing]]
-[[Rowan Atkinson]] explains in his lecture in the documentary "''[[Funny Business (TV series)|Funny Business]]''",<ref>Rowan Atkinson/David Hinton, ''Funny Business'' (tv series), Episode 1 - aired 22 November 1992, UK, Tiger Television Productions</ref> that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are:
-*By behaving in an unusual way
-*By being in an unusual place
-*By being the wrong size
-Most [[sight gag]]s fit into one or more of these categories.
-Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the [[laughing Buddha]].
-==See also==
-*[[Clown]]s
-*[[Comedy]] and [[Comedian]]s
-*[[:Category:Comedy and humor by nationality|Comedy and humour by nationality]]
-*[[Comics]]
-*[[Computational humor]]
-*[[Gelotology]]
-*[[Humor research]]
-*[[Internet humor]]
-*[[Joke]]
-*[[Laughter]]
-*[[List of publications in humor research]]
-*[[Mark Twain Prize for American Humor]]
-*[[Satire]]
-**[[Political satire]]
-*[[Smile]]
-*[[Theory of humor|Theory of humour]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-*{{citation  | last =Basu  | first =S  | title= Dialogic ethics and the virtue of humor   | journal =Journal of Political Philosophy   | publisher =Blackwell Publishing Ltd  | date= December 1999  | volume =Vol. 7  | issue =No. 4  | pages =378-403  | url=http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14   | format =Abstract  | doi =10.1111/1467-9760.00082   | accessdate =2007-07-06 }} (Abstract)
-*Billig, M. (2005).  ''Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour''.  London: Sage. ISBN 1412911435
-*Bricker, Victoria Reifler (Winter, 1980) ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-7710%28198024%2936%3A4%3C411%3ATFOHIZ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7&size=LARGE The Function of Humor in Zinacantan]'' Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 411-418
-*{{Citation  | last =Buijzen  | first =Moniek  | last2 =Valkenburg  | first2 =Patti M.  | title =Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media  | journal =Media Psychology  | volume =Vol. 6  | issue =No. 2  | pages =147-167 | date= 2004  | year =2004  | url =http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2?prevSearch=allfield%3A(buijzen)  | doi =10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2  | id =  }}(Abstract)
-*Carrell, Amy (2000), ''[http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/MathNat/Ruch/PSY356-Webarticles/Historical_Views.pdf Historical views of humour]'', University of Central Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
-*{{Citation  | last =García-Barriocanal  | first =Elena  | last2 =Sicilia  | first2 =Miguel-Angel  | last3 =Palomar | first3 =David  | title =A Graphical Humor Ontology for Contemporary Cultural Heritage Access  | | publisher =University of Alcalá  | place =Ctra. Barcelona, km.33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain, | date= 2005  | year =2005  |  url=http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20050064.pdf  | format=pdf   | accessdate=2007-07-06}}
-*Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et al. (1976) "Humour, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language." ''It's a Funny Thing, Humour''. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469-504.
-*Holland, Norman. (1982) "Bibliography of Theories of Humor." ''Laughing; A Psychology of Humor''. Ithaca: Cornell U P, 209-223.
-*[[Daniele Luttazzi|Luttazzi, Daniele]] (2004) [[Introduction (essay)|Introduction]] to his Italian translation of [[Woody Allen]]'s trilogy ''[[Side Effects]]'', ''[[Without Feathers]]'' and ''[[Getting Even]]'' (Bompiani, 2004, ISBN 88-452-3304-9 (57-65).
-*Martin, Rod A. (2007). ''The Psychology Of Humour:  An Integrative Approach.''  London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press.  ISBN 13: 978-0-12-372564-6
-*McGhee, Paul E. (1984) "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2: 37-57.
-*Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. (1988) ''Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. ISBN 0313245517; OCLC: 16085479.
-*Mobbs, D., Greicius, M.D.; Abdel-Azim, E., Menon, V. & Reiss, A. L. (2003) "Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers". ''[http://www.neuron.org/ Neuron]'', '''40''', 1041-1048.
-*Nilsen, Don L. F. (1992) "Satire in American Literature." ''Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography.'' New York: Garland, 1992. 543-48.
-*Pogel, Nancy, and Paul P. Somers Jr. (1988) "Literary Humor." ''Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics''. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1-34.
-*Roth, G., Yap, R, & Short, D. (2006). "Examining humour in HRD from theoretical and practical perspectives". ''Human Resource Development International, 9''(1), 121-127.
-*Smuts, Aaron. "Humor". ''[http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humor.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]''
-*{{citation  | last =Wogan  | first =Peter  | title=Laughing At ''First Contact''  | journal =Visual Anthropology Review   | date =Spring 2006  | volume =Vol. 22  | issue =No. 1  | pages =14-34 | publication-date =online December 12, 2006  | url=http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14   | format =Abstract | doi =10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14  | accessdate =2007-07-06 }} (Abstract)
-==External links==
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-*{{Dmoz|Recreation/Humor/|Humor}}
-*[http://www.hnu.edu/ishs/index.htm International Society for Humor Studies]
-*[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~lhc/institutes/fall2007/index.html No Laughing Matter: Visual Humor in Ideas of Race, Nationality and Ethnicity] International Humanities Institute, Dartmouth College
-[[Category:Humor|*]]
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