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== October 2008 == |
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{{redirect|AD}} |
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[[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created{{#if:Jennifer Fabes|, [[:Jennifer Fabes]],}} may not conform to some of Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:List of policies|guidelines]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]] (if it hasn't been already). Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. For more information about creating articles, you may want to read [[Wikipedia:Your first article|Your first article]]. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about contributing. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> --[[User:Bongwarrior|Bongwarrior]] ([[User talk:Bongwarrior|talk]]) 04:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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[[Image:Scriptorium.jpg|frame|[[Dionysius Exiguus]] invented ''Anno Domini'' years to [[computus|date Easter]].]] |
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'''{{lang|la|Anno Domini}}''' <ref>May also be spelled "{{lang|la|Anno Domine}}."</ref> ([[Medieval Latin]]: In the year of (the/Our) Lord),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini|title=Anno Domini|encyclopedia=Merriam Webster Online Dictionary|year=2003|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</ref><ref> Blackburn & Holford-Strevens p. 782</ref> abbreviated as '''AD''' or '''A.D.''', is a designation used to number years in the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s. More fully, years may be also specified as ''Anno Domini Nostri Iesu (Jesu) Christi'' ("In the Year of Our Lord Jesus Christ"). |
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==Speedy deletion of [[:Jennifer Fabes]]== |
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The [[calendar era]] which it numbers is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the [[annunciation|conception]] or [[Nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]]. '''Before [[Christ]]''', abbreviated as '''BC''' or '''B.C.''', is used in the [[English language]] to denote years before the start of this [[epoch]]. |
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[[Image:Ambox warning_pn.svg|48px|left]] Please do not make personal attacks. Wikipedia has a strict policy against [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|personal attacks]]. [[Wikipedia:Attack_page|Attack pages]] and images '''are not tolerated''' by Wikipedia and are [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedily deleted]]. Users who continue to create or repost such pages and images in violation of our [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons]] policy will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. Thank you. |
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If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to '''the top of [[:Jennifer Fabes|the page that has been nominated for deletion]]''' (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[ Talk:Jennifer Fabes|the talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. <!-- Template:Db-attack-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:Arbiteroftruth|Arbiteroftruth]] ([[User talk:Arbiteroftruth|talk]]) 05:31, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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Though the ''Anno Domini'' dating system was devised in 525, it was not until the 8th century that the system began to be adopted in Western Europe. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, even popes continued to date documents according to [[regnal years]], and usage of AD only gradually became more common in Europe from the 11th to the 14th centuries.<ref name=CathEncy>Gerard, 1908</ref> In 1422, [[Portugal]] became the last [[Western Europe]]an country to adopt the ''Anno Domini'' system.<ref name=CathEncy/> |
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[[Image:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] This is the '''only warning''' you will receive for your disruptive edits. <br> If you add [[Wikipedia:Libel|defamatory]] content once again{{#if:Jennifer Fabes|, as you did to [[:Jennifer Fabes]]}}, you '''will''' be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}}<!-- Template:uw-defamatory4im --> [[User:Arbiteroftruth|Arbiteroftruth]] ([[User talk:Arbiteroftruth|talk]]) 05:32, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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Year numbering using the ''Anno Domini'' system (or its alternative [[Common Era]] (CE) designation) is the most widespread numbering system in the world today, including numbering of decades, centuries, and millennia. It is a ''de facto'' standard as used by international agencies such as the [[United Nations]] and the [[Universal Postal Union]]. Its preeminence is a consequence of the European colonisation of the other continents, thus spreading the [[Gregorian calendar]]. |
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Traditionally, [[English language|English]] copied [[Latin]] usage by placing the abbreviation ''before'' the year number for AD, but ''after'' the year number for BC; for example: 64 BC, but AD {{CURRENTYEAR}}. However, placing the AD after the year number (as in {{CURRENTYEAR}} AD) is now also common. The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a [[century]] or [[millennium]], as in 4th century AD or 2nd millennium AD. In these cases it should be read as, e.g., "in the 4th century of the AD scale". |
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Because ''B.C.'' is an abbreviation for ''Before Christ'', some people incorrectly conclude that ''A.D.'' must mean ''After Death'', i.e., after the death of Jesus. If that were true, the thirty-three or so years of his life would not be in any era.<ref>Donald P. Ryan, (2000), 15</ref> |
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== History == |
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{{further|[[Calendar era]]}} |
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During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era, European countries used various systems to count years. Systems in use included [[List of Roman consuls|consular dating]], imperial [[regnal year]] dating, and [[Anno Mundi|Creation dating]]. |
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Although the last non-imperial consul, [[Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius|Basilius]], was appointed in 541 by Emperor [[Justinian I]], later emperors through [[Constans II]] (641–668) were appointed consuls on the first [[January 1]] after their accession. All of these emperors, except Justinian, used imperial post-consular years for all of the years of their reign alongside their regnal years.<ref>Roger S. Bagnall and Klaas A. Worp, ''[https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/11125 Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt]'', Leiden, Brill, 2004.</ref> Long unused, this practice was not formally abolished until Novell xciv of the law code of [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] did so in 888. |
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The ''Anno Domini'' system was devised by a monk named [[Dionysius Exiguus]] (born in [[Scythia Minor]]) in Rome in 525. In his [[Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table|Easter table]] Dionysius equates the year AD 532 with the [[Era of Martyrs|regnal year]] 284 of Emperor [[Diocletian]]. In Argumentum I attached to this table he equates the year AD 525 with the consulate of Probus Junior.<ref>[http://hbar.phys.msu.su/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius]</ref> He thus implies that Jesus' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. |
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:"However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."<ref name = "Blackburn2003p778">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 778.</ref> |
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Blackburn & Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation. |
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Among the sources of confusion are:<ref name = "">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 778–9.</ref> |
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*In modern times Incarnation is synonymous with [[Annunciation|conception]], but some ancient writers, such as Bede, considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity |
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*The civil, or consular year began on [[January 1]] but the Diocletian year began on [[August 29]] |
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*There were inaccuracies in the list of consuls |
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*There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years |
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Two centuries later, the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] historian [[Bede|Bede the Venerable]] used another [[Latin]] term, "''ante uero incarnationis dominicae tempus''" ("the time before the Lord's true incarnation"), equivalent to the [[English language|English]] "before Christ", to identify years before the first year of this era. <ref>[[Bede]], 731, Book 1, Chapter 2, first sentence.</ref> |
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Another calculation had been developed by the [[Alexandria]]n monk [[Annianus of Alexandria|Annianus]] around the year AD 400, placing the [[Annunciation]] on [[March 25]], AD 9 (Julian)—eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply. Although this Incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the [[Byzantine Empire]], years numbered from it, an ''Era of Incarnation'', was only used, and is still only used, in [[Ethiopia]], accounting for the eight- or seven-year discrepancy between the Gregorian and the [[Ethiopian calendar]]s. Byzantine chroniclers like [[Maximus the Confessor]], [[George Syncellus]] and [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]] dated their years from Annianus' [[Creation according to Genesis|Creation]] of the World. This era, called ''[[Anno Mundi]]'', "year of the world" (abbreviated AM), by modern scholars, began its first year on [[25 March]] [[6th millennium BC|5492 BC]]. Later Byzantine chroniclers used ''Anno Mundi'' years from [[September 1]] [[6th millennium BC|5509 BC]], the [[Byzantine calendar|Byzantine Era]]. No single ''Anno Mundi'' epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world. |
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=== Accuracy===<!-- This section is linked from [[Biblical Magi]] --> |
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According to Doggett, "Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before A.D. 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating".<ref>Doggett 1992, 579</ref> According to the [[Gospel of Matthew|Gospel of St. Matthew]] (2:1,16) King [[Herod the Great]] was alive when [[Chronology of Jesus|Jesus was born]], and ordered the [[Massacre of the Innocents]] in response to his birth. Blackburn & Holford-Strevens fix King Herod's death shortly before [[Passover]] in 4 BC,<ref name="BHS 770">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 770</ref> and say that those who accept the story of the [[Massacre of the Innocents]] sometimes associate the star that led the [[Biblical Magi]] with the [[Conjunction (astronomy)|planetary conjunction]] of [[September 15]] 7 BC or [[Comet Halley|Halley's comet]] of 12 BC; even historians who do not accept the Massacre accept the birth under Herod as a tradition older than the written gospels.<ref name="BHS 776">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003, 776</ref> |
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The [[Gospel of Luke|Gospel of St. Luke]] (1:5) states that [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]] was at least conceived, if not born, under King Herod, and that Jesus was conceived while St. John's mother St. Elizabeth was in the sixth month of her pregnancy (1:26). St. Luke's Gospel also states that Jesus was born during the reign of the Emperor [[Augustus]] and while [[Quirinius|Cyrenius]] (or [[Quirinius]]) was the governor of [[Syria]] (2:1–2). Blackburn and Holford-Strevens<ref name="BHS 770" /> indicate Cyrenius/Quirinius' governorship of Syria began in AD 6, which is incompatible with conception in 4 BC, and say that "St. Luke raises greater difficulty....Most critics therefore discard Luke".<ref name="BHS 776" /> Some scholars rely on [[Gospel of John|St. John's Gospel]] to place Christ's birth in c. 18 BC.<ref name="BHS 776" /> |
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=== Popularization === |
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The first historian or chronicler to use Anno Domini as his primary dating mechanism was [[Victor of Tunnuna|Victor of Tonnenna]], an African chronicler of the 6th century.{{fact|date=April 2008}} A few generations later, the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] historian [[Bede|Bede the Venerable]], who was familiar with the work of Dionysius, also used Anno Domini dating in his ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'', finished in 731. In this same history, he was the first to use the Latin equivalent of ''before Christ'' and established the standard for historians of no [[year zero]], even though he used zero in his [[computus]]. Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus, but "the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ's conception, i.e., the [[Annunciation]] on [[March 25]]" (''Annunciation style'').<ref name = "Blackburn881">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 881.</ref> |
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On the continent of [[Europe]], Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the [[Carolingian Renaissance]] by [[Alcuin]]. This endorsement by Emperor [[Charlemagne]] and [[List of Frankish Kings|his successors]] popularizing the usage of the epoch and spreading it throughout the [[Carolingian Empire]] ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence until present times. |
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Outside the Carolingian Empire, Spain continued to date by the [[Era of the Caesars]], or [[Spanish Era]], which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages,. The [[Era of Martyrs]], which numbered years from the accession of [[Diocletian]] in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the [[Church of Alexandria]], and is still used officially by the [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic]] church. It also used to be used by the [[Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian]] church. Another system was to date from the [[crucifixion]] of Jesus Christ, which as early as [[Hippolytus (writer)|Hippolytus]] and [[Tertullian]] was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears in the occasional medieval manuscript. Most Syriac manuscripts written at the end of the 19th century still gave the date in the end-note using the "year of the Greeks" (Anno Graecorum = [[Seleucid era]]).{{Fact|date=January 2007}} |
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Even though Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century, Before Christ (or its equivalent) did not become widespread until the late 15th century.<ref>[[Werner Rolevinck]] in ''[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/80248064097793506388868/index.htm Fasciculus temporum]'' (1474) used ''Anno ante xpi nativitatem'' (in the year before the birth of Christ) for all years between [[Creation according to Genesis|Creation]] and [[Jesus]]. "xpi" is the [[Greek language|Greek]] χρι in Latin letters, which is a cryptic abbreviation for ''christi''. This phrase appears upside down in the center of [[recto]] [[folio]]s (right hand pages). From Jesus to [[Pope Sixtus IV]] he usually used ''Anno christi'' or its cryptic form ''Anno xpi'' (on [[verso]] folios—left hand pages). He used ''Anno mundi'' alongside all of these terms for all years.</ref> |
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== Synonyms == |
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=== Common Era === |
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{{main|Common Era}} |
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Anno Domini is sometimes referred to as the [[Common Era]], Christian Era or Current Era (abbreviated as ''C.E.'' or ''CE''). CE is often preferred by those who desire a term unrelated to Christian conceptions of time. For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E. ... do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D." The [[People's Republic of China]], founded in 1949, adopted Western years, calling that era ''gōngyuán'' (公元) which literally means Common Era. |
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=== Anno Salutis === |
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''{{lang|la|Anno Salutis}}'' ({{lang-en|in the year of salvation}}) was the term sometimes used in place of ''Anno Domini'' until the 18th century. In all other respects it operated on the same epoch, reference date, which is the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] of [[Jesus]]. It was used by fervent [[Christian]]s to spread the message that the birth of Jesus saved mankind from eternal damnation. It was often used in a more elaborate form such as ''Anno Nostrae Salutis'' (meaning: "in the year of our salvation"), ''Anno Salutis Humanae'' (meaning: "in the year of the salvation of men"), or ''Anno Reparatae Salutis'' (meaning: "in the year of accomplished salvation"). |
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==Numbering of years == |
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In the [[Gregorian Calendar]] AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC. For computational reasons [[astronomer]]s use a time scale in which AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year -1. To convert from a year BC to [[astronomical year numbering]], reduce the absolute value of the year by 1, and prefix it with a negative sign (unless the result is zero). For years AD, omit the AD and prefix the number with a plus sign (plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the year is after the year 0).<ref>Doggett, 1992, p. 579</ref> |
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==Notes and references== |
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'''Notes''': |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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'''References''': |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| title = Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus |
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| author = Abate, Frank R(ed.) |
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| edition = American ed. |
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| location = New York |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| year = 1997 |
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| id = ISBN 0-19-513097-9 |
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}} |
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* [[Bede]]. (731). [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede1.shtml ''Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum'']. Accessed 2007-12-07. |
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* {{ cite book |
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| last = Blackburn | first = Bonnie |
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| coauthors = Leofranc Holford-Strevens |
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| title = The Oxford companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| year = 2003 |
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| location = Oxford |
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| id = ISBN 0-19-214231-3 |
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}} (reprinted & corrected, originally published 1999) |
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* {{cite book |
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| author = Cunningham, Philip A |
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| coauthors = Starr, Arthur F |
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| year = 1998 |
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| title = Sharing Shalom: A Process for Local Interfaith Dialogue Between Christians and Jews |
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| publisher = Paulist Press |
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| id = ISBN 0-8091-3835-2 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last = Declercq | first = Georges |
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| title = Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian era |
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| location = Turnhout |
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| publisher = Brepols |
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| year = 2000 |
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| id = ISBN 2-503-51050-7 |
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}} (despite beginning with 2, it is English) |
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* Declercq, G. "Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". ''Sacris Erudiri'' 41 (2002): 165–246. An annotated version of part of ''Anno Domini''. |
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* Doggett. (1992). [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEhelp/calendars.html "Calendars"] (Ch. 12), in P. Kenneth Seidelmann (Ed.) ''Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac.'' Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. |
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* Gerard, J. (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm "General Chronology"]. In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 16, 2008 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm |
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* {{cite book |
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| last = Richards | first = E. G. |
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| title = Mapping Time |
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| location = Oxford |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| year = 2000 |
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| id = ISBN 0-19-286205-7 |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| author = Riggs, John |
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| date = January-February 2003 |
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| url = http://www.ucc.org/ucnews/jan03/asiseeit.htm |
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| title = Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why? |
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| publisher =United Church News |
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| accessmonthday = [[December 19]] |
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| accessyear = 2005 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last=Ryan |
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|first=Donald P. |
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|year=2000 |
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|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Biblical Mysteries |
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|publisher=Alpha Books |
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|pages=p 15 |
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|isbn=002863831X |
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}} |
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* {{cite web |
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| publisher = Microsoft Corp. |
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| year = 2006 |
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| url = http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.globalization.taiwancalendar.aspx |
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| title = TaiwanCalender Class (System.Globalization) |
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| accessmonthday = [[September 10]] |
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| accessyear = 2006 |
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}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{wiktionarypar2|AD|Anno Domini}} |
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*[http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ Calendar Converter] |
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{{Chronology}} |
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[[Category:Calendar eras]] |
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[[Category:Christian history]] |
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[[Category:Christianity-related controversies]] |
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[[Category:Chronology]] |
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[[Category:Latin religious phrases]] |
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[[Category:Time]] |
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[[als:Christliche Zeitrechnung]] |
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[[ar:أنو دوميني]] |
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[[ca:Era cristiana]] |
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[[cy:Oed Crist]] |
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[[he:ספירת הנוצרים]] |
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[[sw:Baada ya Kristo]] |
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[[ml:ക്രിസ്ത്വബ്ദം]] |
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[[no:Kristi fødsel]] |
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[[pl:N.e.]] |
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[[pt:Anno Domini]] |
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[[ru:От Рождества Христова]] |
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[[sco:AD]] |
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[[simple:Anno Domini]] |
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[[fi:Jälkeen Kristuksen]] |
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[[sv:Efter Kristus]] |
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[[ta:அனோ டொமினி]] |
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[[th:คริสต์ศักราช]] |
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[[vi:Công Nguyên]] |
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[[tr:Anno Domini]] |
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[[yo:A.D.]] |
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[[zh-yue:公元]] |
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[[zh:公元]] |
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Revision as of 05:32, 10 October 2008
October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created, Jennifer Fabes, may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines for new pages, so it will shortly be removed (if it hasn't been already). Please use the sandbox for any tests. For more information about creating articles, you may want to read Your first article. You may also want to read our introduction page to learn more about contributing. Thank you. --Bongwarrior (talk) 04:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Speedy deletion of Jennifer Fabes
Please do not make personal attacks. Wikipedia has a strict policy against personal attacks. Attack pages and images are not tolerated by Wikipedia and are speedily deleted. Users who continue to create or repost such pages and images in violation of our biographies of living persons policy will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Thank you.
If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding {{hangon}} to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Arbiteroftruth (talk) 05:31, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive edits.
If you add defamatory content once again, as you did to Jennifer Fabes, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Arbiteroftruth (talk) 05:32, 10 October 2008 (UTC)