Mapoyo-Yabarana language: Difference between revisions

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The UNESCO Atlas discusses it as "near extinction"
 
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{{Short description|Extinct language of Venezuela}}
{{language
{{Infobox language
|name=Mapoyo
|name=Mapoyo
|nativename=
|nativename=''Mapoyo–Yavarana''
|states=[[Venezuela]]
|states=[[Venezuela]]
|region=Suapure River
|region=[[Suapure River]]
|ethnicity=520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)<ref name=e18/>
|speakers=3 (2000 Muller)
|extinct=Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)
|ref=e18
|familycolor=American
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]]
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]]
|fam2=[[Northern Carib languages|Northern]]
|fam2=Venezuelan Carib
|fam3=Western Guiana
|fam3=Mapoyo–Tamanaku
|lc1=mcg|ld1=Mapoyo
|iso2=
|lc2=yar|ld2=Yabarana
|iso3=mcg
|lc3=pev|ld3=Pémono
|glotto=mapo1245
|glottorefname=Mapoyo–Yawarana
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
'''Mapoyo''' is a [[Carib languages|Carib]] language that was spoken by three individuals in [[2000]] along Suapure an Parguaza Rivers, [[Venezuela]]. The ethnic population is about 186. In 2007 there are only two speakers.


'''Mapoyo''', or '''Mapoyo–Yavarana''', is a [[Carib languages|Carib]] language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, [[Venezuela]]. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.<ref name=e18/> An additional dialect, [[Pémono dialect|Pémono]],<ref>Not the same as [[Pemon language|Pemon]]</ref> was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct.


==External links==
== Phonology ==
*{{ethnologue|code=mcg}}


=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|p
|t
|
|k
|ʔ
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|ɲ
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|β
|s
|
|
|h
|- align="center"
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|
|j
|
|
|}


* /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
{{na-lang-stub}}
* /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
* /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
* /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
* /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|High]]
|i
|ɨ
|u
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|e
|ɘ
|o
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Low]]
|
|a
|
|}

* Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
* /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
* /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Medina |first=Francia |title=Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe) |publisher=Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela |year=1997}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Granadillo, Tania. 2019. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol7n1p43-55 El mapoyo y la rama venezolana de lenguas caribes]. ''Cadernos de Etnolingüística'', volume 7, número 1, julho/2019, p. 43-55.

==External links==
* [http://www.native-languages.org/yabarana_words.htm Yabarana word list]

{{Languages of Venezuela}}
{{Cariban languages}}


[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Cariban languages]]



{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}
[[eo:Mapoja lingvo]]
[[is:Mapójó]]

Latest revision as of 21:07, 13 March 2023

Mapoyo
Mapoyo–Yavarana
Native toVenezuela
RegionSuapure River
Ethnicity520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)[1]
ExtinctLast speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)[1]
Carib
  • Venezuelan Carib
    • Mapoyo–Tamanaku
      • Mapoyo
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
mcg – Mapoyo
yar – Yabarana
pev – Pémono
Glottologmapo1245
ELPYawarana
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mapoyo, or Mapoyo–Yavarana, is a Carib language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, Venezuela. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.[1] An additional dialect, Pémono,[2] was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct.

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p t k ʔ
Nasal m n ɲ
Fricative β s h
Rhotic ɾ
Approximant w j
  • /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
  • /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
  • /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
  • /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
  • /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.

Vowels[edit]

Front Central Back
High i ɨ u
Mid e ɘ o
Low a
  • Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
  • /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
  • /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.[3]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Mapoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Yabarana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Pémono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Not the same as Pemon
  3. ^ Medina, Francia (1997). Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe). Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.

External links[edit]


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