Mapoyo-Yabarana language: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Kwamikagami (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Botterweg14 (talk | contribs) The UNESCO Atlas discusses it as "near extinction" |
||
(25 intermediate revisions by 15 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Extinct language of Venezuela}} |
|||
{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
||
|name=Mapoyo |
|name=Mapoyo |
||
|nativename=Mapoyo–Yavarana |
|nativename=''Mapoyo–Yavarana'' |
||
|states=[[Venezuela]] |
|states=[[Venezuela]] |
||
|region=Suapure River |
|region=[[Suapure River]] |
||
|ethnicity=520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)<ref name=e18/> |
|||
|speakers=12 Mapoyo proper |
|||
|extinct=Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977) |
|||
|date=2001 census |
|||
|ref=e18 |
|||
|familycolor=American |
|familycolor=American |
||
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]] |
|fam1=[[Carib languages|Carib]] |
||
|fam2= |
|fam2=Venezuelan Carib |
||
|fam3= |
|fam3=Mapoyo–Tamanaku |
||
|lc1=mcg|ld1=Mapoyo |
|lc1=mcg|ld1=Mapoyo |
||
|lc2=yar|ld2=Yabarana |
|lc2=yar|ld2=Yabarana |
||
|lc3=pev|ld3=Pémono |
|lc3=pev|ld3=Pémono |
||
|glotto=mapo1245 |
|||
|glottorefname=Mapoyo–Yawarana |
|||
|notice=IPA |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Mapoyo''', or '''Mapoyo–Yavarana''', is a [[Carib languages|Carib]] language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, [[Venezuela]]. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 35 speakers were known in 1977.<ref>Migliazza, [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=yar ethnologue.org]</ref> An additional dialect, [[Pémono dialect|Pémono]],<ref>Not the same as [[Pemon language|Pemon]]</ref> spoken by an 80-year-old woman, was discovered in 1998. |
|||
'''Mapoyo''', or '''Mapoyo–Yavarana''', is a [[Carib languages|Carib]] language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, [[Venezuela]]. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.<ref name=e18/> An additional dialect, [[Pémono dialect|Pémono]],<ref>Not the same as [[Pemon language|Pemon]]</ref> was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct. |
|||
== Phonology == |
|||
=== Consonants === |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
|||
![[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
|||
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
|||
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
|||
![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
|||
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
|||
|p |
|||
|t |
|||
| |
|||
|k |
|||
|ʔ |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
|||
|m |
|||
|n |
|||
|ɲ |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
|||
|β |
|||
|s |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|h |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
|||
| |
|||
|ɾ |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
|||
|w |
|||
| |
|||
|j |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|||
* /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive. |
|||
* /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/. |
|||
* /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/. |
|||
* /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/. |
|||
* /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel. |
|||
=== Vowels === |
|||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
|||
! |
|||
![[Front vowel|Front]] |
|||
![[Central vowel|Central]] |
|||
![[Back vowel|Back]] |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Close vowel|High]] |
|||
|i |
|||
|ɨ |
|||
|u |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
|||
|e |
|||
|ɘ |
|||
|o |
|||
|- align="center" |
|||
![[Open vowel|Low]] |
|||
| |
|||
|a |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|||
* Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position. |
|||
* /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/. |
|||
* /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Medina |first=Francia |title=Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe) |publisher=Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela |year=1997}}</ref> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
||
* Granadillo, Tania. 2019. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/article:vol7n1p43-55 El mapoyo y la rama venezolana de lenguas caribes]. ''Cadernos de Etnolingüística'', volume 7, número 1, julho/2019, p. 43-55. |
|||
==External links== |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
* [http://www.native-languages.org/yabarana_words.htm Yabarana word list] |
* [http://www.native-languages.org/yabarana_words.htm Yabarana word list] |
||
{{Languages of Venezuela}} |
|||
{{Cariban languages}} |
|||
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]] |
|||
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]] |
|||
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1990s]] |
|||
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]] |
|||
[[Category:Cariban languages]] |
|||
{{na-lang-stub}} |
|||
{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}} |
|||
[[es:Idioma mapoyo]] |
|||
[[eo:Mapoja lingvo]] |
|||
[[hr:Mapoyo jezik]] |
|||
[[is:Mapójó]] |
|||
[[pms:Lenga mapoyo]] |
Latest revision as of 21:07, 13 March 2023
Mapoyo | |
---|---|
Mapoyo–Yavarana | |
Native to | Venezuela |
Region | Suapure River |
Ethnicity | 520 Mapoyo & Yabarana (2007)[1] |
Extinct | Last speaker of Pemono after 1998. A few semi-speakers of Mapoyo proper (2007), 20 Yabarana (1977)[1] |
Carib
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:mcg – Mapoyoyar – Yabaranapev – Pémono |
Glottolog | mapo1245 |
ELP | Yawarana |
Mapoyo, or Mapoyo–Yavarana, is a Carib language spoken along the Suapure and Parguaza Rivers, Venezuela. The ethnic population of Mapoyo proper is about 365. Yabarana dialect is perhaps extinct; 20 speakers were known in 1977.[1] An additional dialect, Pémono,[2] was discovered in 1998. It was spoken by an 80-year-old woman and has since gone extinct.
Phonology[edit]
Consonants[edit]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||
Fricative | β | s | h | ||
Rhotic | ɾ | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
- /h/ can be heard as a palatal [ç] when preceding a voiceless plosive.
- /n/ can be heard as a velar [ŋ] when preceding a velar /k/.
- /β/ can be heard as a voiced stop [b], when after a voiceless plosive or glottal /ʔ/.
- /s/ can be heard with an allophone of [ts] when word-initially, or after a glottal /ʔ/.
- /j/ can be heard as a voiced fricative [ʝ], when before a back vowel.
Vowels[edit]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ɘ | o |
Low | a |
- Sounds /i, u/ are reduced to [ɪ, ʊ] in syllable-final position.
- /ɘ/ is heard as a lower [ə] sound when preceding /h/, or following /β/.
- /a/ is heard as [ɑ] when occurring after an initial bilabial sound.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Mapoyo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Yabarana at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Pémono at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Not the same as Pemon
- ^ Medina, Francia (1997). Introducción a la Fonética y a la Fonología Mapoyo (Caribe). Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela.
- Granadillo, Tania. 2019. El mapoyo y la rama venezolana de lenguas caribes. Cadernos de Etnolingüística, volume 7, número 1, julho/2019, p. 43-55.
External links[edit]