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===[[Tara Chand (musician)]]===
{{Expand|article|date=April 2008}}
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}
{{Chinesetext}}
{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name = {{aut|漢朝}}
|conventional_long_name = The Han Dynasty
|common_name = Han
|national_motto =
|continent = Asia
|region = Pacific
|country = China
|era =
|status = Empire
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = 207 BC
|year_end = 220
|
|p1 = Qin Dynasty
|s1 = Cao Wei
|s2 = Shu Han
|s3 = Eastern Wu
|event_start = Establishment
|event_end = Abdication to [[Cao Wei]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 = [[Battle of Gaixia]]; Han rule of China begins
|date_event2 = 202 BCE
|event3 = [[Xin Dynasty|Interruption of Han rule]]
|date_event3 = 9–24
|event4 =
|date_event4 =
|event5 =
|date_event5 =
|stat_pop1 = 59594978
|stat_year1 = 2
|image_map = Han map.jpg
|image_map_caption = The Han Dynasty in 87 BCE (not shown is the protectorate in the [[Tarim Basin]], and areas of fluctuating control north of the border shown)
|capital = [[Chang'an]]<small><br />([[206 BC]]–[[9 AD]])</small><br />[[Luoyang]]<small><br />(25 AD–220 AD)</small>
|common_languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|religion = [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Chinese folk religion]]
|currency = [[Chinese coin]], [[Chinese cash]]
|leader1 = [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]]
|leader2 =
|leader3 =
|leader4 =
|year_leader1 = 202 BC&ndash;195 BC
|year_leader2 =
|year_leader3 =
|year_leader4 =
|title_leader = [[Emperor of China|Emperor]]
|deputy1 = [[Xiao He]]
|deputy2 = [[Cao Can]]
|deputy3 = [[Dong Zhuo]]
|deputy4 = [[Cao Cao]]
|deputy5 = [[Cao Pi]]
|deputy6 =
|deputy7 =
|year_deputy1 = 206 BC&ndash;193 BC
|year_deputy2 = &ndash;
|year_deputy3 = 189AD&ndash;192AD
|year_deputy4 = 208 AD&ndash;220 AD
|year_deputy5 = 220 AD
|year_deputy6 =
|year_deputy7 =
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]]
|legislature =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes =
}}


:{{la|Tara Chand (musician)}} (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Tara Chand (musician)|wpReason={{urlencode: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tara Chand (musician)]]}}&action=delete}} delete]</span>) – <includeonly>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tara Chand (musician)|View AfD]])</includeonly><noinclude>([[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2008 October 11#{{anchorencode:Tara Chand (musician)}}|View log]])</noinclude>
{{redirect|Later Han|the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]] period dynasty|Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties)}}
:({{find sources|Tara Chand (musician)}})
The '''Han Dynasty''' ({{Zh-tspw|t= 漢朝|s=汉朝|p=Hàn Cháo|w=Han Ch'ao}}; 206 BC–220 AD) followed the [[Qin Dynasty]] and preceded the [[Three Kingdoms]] in [[China]]. The Han Dynasty was ruled by the prominent family known as the [[Liu]] clan. The reign of the Han Dynasty, lasting over 401 years, is commonly considered within China to be one of the greatest periods in the [[history of China]]. To this day, the ethnic majority of China still refer to themselves as the "[[Han Chinese|Han people]]".
Non-notable musician, fails [[WP:BIO]] and [[WP:MUSIC]] [[User:Ecoleetage|Ecoleetage]] ([[User talk:Ecoleetage|talk]]) 00:16, 6 October 2008 (UTC)


*'''Delete''', per nom. Does not have significant coverage by independent reliable sources, no evidence of passing [[WP:MUSIC]] or [[WP:BIO]]. [[User:Nsk92|Nsk92]] ([[User talk:Nsk92|talk]]) 01:16, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
During 2girls 1cup(CMC)the Han Dynasty, China officially became a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] state and prospered domestically: [[agriculture]], handicrafts and [[commerce]] flourished, and the [[population]] reached over 55 million people. Meanwhile, the empire extended its political, [[Chinese culture|cultural influence]], and territory over much of [[Korea]], [[Mongolia]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Central Asia]] before it finally collapsed under a combination of domestic and external pressures.
<hr style="width:50%;"/>

:<span style="color:#FF4F00;">'''Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so that consensus may be reached.'''</span><br/><small>Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Ron Ritzman|Ron Ritzman]] ([[User talk:Ron Ritzman|talk]]) 00:10, 11 October 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- from Template:Relist -->
The first of the two periods of the dynasty was the '''Former Han Dynasty''' ({{zh-tsp|t=前漢|s=前汉|p=Qiánhàn}}) or '''Western Han Dynasty''' ({{zh-tsp|t=西漢|s=西汉|p=Xī Hàn}}) 206 BC–[[24|24AD]], seated at [[Chang'an]]. The '''Later Han Dynasty''' ({{zh-tsp|t=後漢|s=后汉|p=Hòu Hàn}}) or '''Eastern Han Dynasty''' ({{zh-tsp|t=東漢|s=东汉|p=Dōng Hàn}}) 25–220 AD was seated at [[Luoyang]]. The western-eastern Han convention is currently used to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the [[Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms]] although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including [[Sima Guang]]'s ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]''.
*<small>'''Note''': This debate has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Bands and musicians|list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions]]. </small> <small>-- [[User:the wub|the wub]] [[User_talk:The wub|<font color="green">"?!"</font>]] 11:11, 11 October 2008 (UTC)</small>

The Han Dynasty was notable also for its military prowess. The empire expanded westward to the [[Tarim Basin]] (in modern [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region]]), with military expeditions as far west as beyond the [[Caspian Sea]], making possible a relatively safe and secure caravan and mercantile traffic across Central Asia. The paths of caravan traffic came to be known as the "[[Silk Road]]" because the route was used to export Chinese [[silk]]. Chinese armies also invaded and annexed parts of northern Korea ([[Wiman Joseon]]) (as well as establishing colonies and trading posts that eventually integrated with the locals) and northern Vietnam toward the end of the 2nd century BC. The borders near the peripheral territories were often tense with possible conflict with other states. To ensure peace with non-Chinese powers, the Han court developed a mutually beneficial "tributary system". Non-Chinese states were allowed to remain autonomous in exchange for symbolic acceptance of Han overlordship. Tributary ties were confirmed and strengthened through intermarriages at the ruling level and periodic exchanges of gifts and goods.

==Emergence==
{{History of China|BC=1}}

[[Image:Western Han Chinese Silk.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Western Han painting on [[History of silk|silk]] was found draped over the coffin in the grave of Lady Dai (c. 168 BC) at [[Mawangdui]] near Changsha in [[Hunan]] province.]]

Within the first three months after [[Qin Dynasty]] [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s death at Shaqiu, widespread revolts by peasants, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the [[Warring States|six Warring States]] sprang up all over China. [[Chen Sheng]] and [[Wu Guang]], two in a group of about 900 soldiers assigned to defend against the [[Xiongnu]], were the leaders of the first rebellion. Continuous [[insurgent|insurgence]] finally toppled the Qin dynasty in [[206 BC]]. The leader of the insurgents was [[Xiang Yu]], an outstanding military commander without political expertise, who divided the country into 19 feudal states to his own satisfaction.

The ensuing war among those states signified the five years of [[Chu Han Contention]] with [[Liu Bang]], the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, as the eventual winner with the help of [[Zhang Liang (Western Han)|Zhang Liang]] and [[Han Xin]]. Initially, "Han" (the principality as created by Xiang Yu's division) consisted merely of modern [[Sichuan]], [[Chongqing]], and southern [[Shaanxi]] and was a minor humble principality, but eventually grew into an empire; the Han Dynasty was named after the principality, which was itself named after Hanzhong ({{zh-tsp|t=漢中|s=汉中|p=hànzhōng}})—modern southern Shaanxi, the region centering the modern city of [[Hanzhong]]. The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BC when the Qin dynasty crumbled and the Principality of Han was established or 202 BC when Xiang Yu committed suicide.

==Taoism and feudal system==
[[Image:Han Bronze Mirror.JPG|thumb|left|A Han Dynasty bronze mirror]]
The new empire retained much of the Qin administrative structure, but retreated somewhat from centralized rule by establishing vassal principalities in some areas for the sake of political convenience. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) divided the country into several "[[feudal states]]" to satisfy some of his wartime allies, though he planned to get rid of them once he had consolidated his power.

After his death, his successors from [[Emperor Han Huidi of China|Emperor Hui]] to [[Emperor Han Jingdi of China|Emperor Jing]] tried to rule China combining [[Legalism (philosophy)|Legalist]] methods with the [[Taoism|Taoist]] philosophic ideals. During this "pseudo-Taoism era", a stable centralized government over China was established through revival of the agriculture sectors and fragmentations of "feudal states" after the suppression of the [[Rebellion of the seven states]].

== Emperor Wu and Confucianism ==
[[Image:ChangXingongdeng.jpg|thumb|left|A Western Han lamp with an adjustable sliding shutter, dated 172 BC, found in the tomb of [[Dou Wan]].]]
During the "''[[Taoism]] era''", China was able to maintain peace with [[Xiongnu]] by paying tribute and marrying princesses to them. During this time, the dynasty's goal was to relieve the society of harsh laws, [[wars]], and conditions from both the [[Qin Dynasty]], external threats from nomads, and early internal conflicts within the Han court. The government reduced taxation and assumed a subservient status to neighboring nomadic tribes. During this era, the government reduced its role in civilian lives ({{zh-tsp|t=與民休息|s=与民休息|p=yǔ mín xiūxi}}) and initiating a period of stability known as the ''[[Rule of Wen and Jing]]'' ({{zh-cp|c=文景之治|p=Wén-Jǐngzhīzhì}}), named after the two Emperors of this particular era. However, under [[Emperor Han Wudi of China|Emperor Wu]], who reigned over one of the most prosperous periods of the Han Dynasty, the Empire was able to reassert its power. At its height, Han China incorporated present day [[Qinghai]], [[Gansu]], and northern [[Vietnam]] into its territories. The state mounted military expeditions into Siberian lands beyond [[Lake Baikal]] in the northern extremities and established military bases on the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]] at its western extremity.

Emperor Wu decided that [[Taoism]] was no longer suitable for China and officially declared it a [[Confucian]] state; however, like the [[Emperors of China]] before him, he combined [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalist]] methods with the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] ideal. This official adoption of Confucianism led not only to a [[civil service]] nomination system, but also compulsory knowledge of [[Confucian classics]] among candidates for the imperial bureaucracy, a requirement that lasted up to the abolition of the civil service examination system in 1905. Confucian scholars gained prominent status as the core of the civil service.

== Government ==
{{main|Government of the Han Dynasty}}
[[Image:Earthenware architecture models, Eastern Han Dynasty, 12.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Eastern Han Dynasty tomb models of towers with ''[[dougong]]'' brackets supporting balconies, 1st&ndash;2nd century. [[Zhang Heng]] (78&ndash;139) described the large imperial park in the suburbs of [[Chang'an]] as having tall towers where archers would shoot stringed arrows from the top in order to entertain the Western Han emperors.<ref>Bulling, 312.</ref>]]
[[Image:Han commanderies and kingdoms CE 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Han Dynasty commanderies and kingdoms, AD 2]]

The bureaucratic system of the Han Dynasty can be divided into two systems, the central and the local. As for the central bureaucrats in the capital, it was organized into a head cabinet of officials called the [[Three Lords and Nine Ministers]] (三公九卿). This cabinet was led by the [[Chancellor of China|Chancellor]] (丞相), who was included as one of the [[Three Lords|three lords]]. Officials were graded by rank and salary, were appointed to posts based on the merit of their skills rather than aristocratic clan affiliation, and were subject to dismissal, demotion, and transfer to different administrative regions.<ref name="ebrey 49">Ebrey, 49.</ref> The local official during the former Han Dynasty was different from that of the later Han Dynasty. As for the former Han, there were two administered levels, the county (郡) and the ''xian'' (縣). In the former Han Dynasty the ''xian'' was a subdivision or sub-[[prefecture]] of a county. During the Han period, there were about 1,180 of these xian, or sub-prefectures.<ref name="fairbank 106">Fairbank, 106.</ref> The entire Han Empire was heavily dependent upon its county governors (郡太守), as they could decide military policy, economic regulations, and legal matters in the county they presided over. According to historians Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais:

{{cquote|They collected taxes, judged lawsuits, commanded troops to suppress uprisings, undertook public works such as flood control, chose their own subordinates, and recommended local men to the central government for appointments.<ref name="ebrey 49"/>}}

The main tax exacted on the population during Han times was a [[poll tax]], fixed at a rate of 120 government-issued coins for adults.<ref name="ebrey 49"/> For adults there was also the addition of mandatory labor service for one month out of the year. Besides the poll tax, there was also the [[property tax|land tax]] administered by county and commandeer officials. This was set by the government at a relatively low rate of one-thirtieth of the collected harvest.<ref name="ebrey 49"/>

With a large amount of revenue in stable times, the Han government was able to fund various public works projects and state infrastructure. In the year 3 AD, a formalized nationwide government school system was established under [[Emperor Ping of Han]], with a central school located in the capital Chang'an and local schools in the prefectures and counties.<ref>Yuan, 193.</ref>

As a result of the recorded debate ''The Discourses on Salt and Iron'' (Chinese: ''Yan Tie Lun'') about state control over non-renewable resources in China, the state decided to impose government [[monopoly|monopolies]] on salt and iron in the 1st century BC.<ref>Menzies, 721.</ref> The government monopoly on salt remained a distinctive feature of the Chinese bureaucracy in subsequent dynasties,<ref name="menzies 721 722">Menzies, 721&ndash;722.</ref> although it fell out of use at certain times when merchants were allowed to mine it, refine it, and sell it in free trade.<ref name="ebrey et al 2006 164">Ebrey et al. (2006), 164.</ref>

==Culture, society, and technology==
[[Image:Earthenware figures playing liubo, Han Dynasty.JPG|left|thumb|150px|Eastern Han tomb figurines playing the ''[[liubo]]'' gambling [[board game]]]]
[[Image:Western Han Lacquer Wares and Chop Sticks.JPG|thumb|right|Western Han [[lacquerware]]s and [[chopsticks]]]]
The intellectual, literary, and artistic endeavors revived and flourished during the Han Dynasty. The Han period produced by birth China's most famous [[historian]], [[Sima Qian]] (145–90 BC), whose ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' provides a detailed chronicle from the time of legendary [[Xia Dynasty|Xia]] [[emperor]] to that of the [[Emperor Han Wudi of China|Emperor Wu]] (141–87 BC). Technological advances also marked this period. One of the great Chinese inventions, [[paper]], dates from the Han Dynasty, largely attributed to the court eunuch [[Cai Lun]] (50 - 121 AD). By the first (1st) century BC, the Chinese had discovered how to forge the highly durable metal of [[steel]], by melting together [[wrought iron]] with [[cast iron]]. There were great [[mathematicians]], [[astronomers]], [[statesmen]], and technological [[inventors]] such as [[Zhang Heng]] (78 - 139 AD), who invented the world's first [[hydraulic]]-powered [[armillary sphere]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 30">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 30.</ref><ref name="morton 70">Morton, 70.</ref> He was also largely responsible for the early development of the [[shi (poetry)|shi poetry]] style in China. Zhang Heng's work in mechanical gear systems influenced countless numbers of inventors and engineers to follow, such as [[Ma Jun]], [[Yi Xing]], [[Zhang Sixun]], [[Su Song]], etc. Zhang Heng's most famous invention was a [[seismometer]] with a swinging [[pendulum]] that signified the [[cardinal direction]] of [[earthquake]]s that struck locations hundreds of kilometres away from the positioned device.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 30"/><ref name="Wright 66">Wright, 66.</ref><ref name="huang 64">Huang, 64.</ref> There was also continuing development in Chinese philosophy, with figures such as [[Wang Chong]] (27 - 97 AD), whose written work represented in part the great intellectual atmosphere of the day. Among his various written achievements, Wang Chong accurately described the [[water cycle]] in [[meteorology]].<ref name="needham volume 3 468">Needham, Volume 3, 468.</ref> Zhang Heng argued that light emanating from the moon was merely the reflected light that came originally from the sun, and accurately described the reasons for [[solar eclipse]] and [[lunar eclipse]] as path obstructions of light by the celestial bodies of the earth, sun, and moon.<ref name="needham volume 3 414">Needham, Volume 3, 414.</ref>

[[Image:Bronze horse with lead saddle, Han Dynasty.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Han era bronze horse statue with saddle and plume, [[Freer Gallery of Art]].]]
Military technology in the Han period was advanced by the use of [[cast iron]] and [[steel]], which the 1st century [[engineer]] [[Du Shi]] had made easier by applying the [[hydraulic]] power of [[waterwheel]]s in working the [[bellows]] of the [[blast furnace]].<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 370">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 370</ref> The military of the Han Dynasty also engaged in [[chemical warfare]], as written in the ''[[Hou Han Shu]]'' for the governor of Ling-ling, [[Yang Xuan]], who fought against a peasant revolt near [[Guiyang]] in 178 AD:

{{Cquote|The bandits were numerous, and Yang's forces very weak, so his men were filled with alarm and despondency. But he organized several dozen horse-drawn vehicles carrying bellows to blow powdered '''[[Calcium oxide|lime]]''' strongly forth, he caused [[incendiary]] rags to be tied to the tails of a number of horses, and he prepared other vehicles full of bowmen and crossbowmen. The lime chariots went forward first, and as the bellows were plied the smoke was blown forwards according to the wind, then the rags were kindled and the frightened horses rushed forwards throwing the enemy lines into confusion, after which the bowmen and crossbowmen opened fire, the drums and gongs were sounded, and the terrified enemy was utterly destroyed and dispersed.<ref name="needham volume 5 part 7 167">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 167.</ref>}}

There were other notable technological advancements during the Han period. This includes the hydraulic-powered [[trip hammer]] for agriculture and iron industry,<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 184">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 184.</ref> the [[winnowing]] machine for agriculture,<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 118">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 118.</ref> and the [[rotary]] [[Fan (mechanical)|fan]] and [[Gerolamo Cardano|Cardan suspension]] of Ding Huan (fl. 180 AD).<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 233">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 233.</ref>

==Beginning of the Silk Road==
[[Image:Zhang Qian.jpg|thumb|200px|The 138–126 BC travels of [[Zhang Qian]] to the West, [[Mogao Caves]], 618–712 AD mural.]]
[[Image:Brozen Canister with lacquer drawing.jpg|thumb|left|140px|A Western Han cylindrical bronze container with lacquer-painted decoration.]]
{{main|Silk Road}}{{see|Protectorate of the Western Regions|Chief Official of the Western Regions}}

From 138 BC, Emperor Wu also dispatched [[Zhang Qian]] twice as his envoy to the [[Western Regions]], and in the process pioneered the route known as the [[Silk Road]] from Chang'an (today's [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi Province]]), through [[Xinjiang]] and [[Central Asia]], and on to the east coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

Following Zhang Qian's embassy and [[report]], commercial relations between China and Central as well as Western Asia flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC, initiating the development of the [[Silk Road]]:
:"The largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members... In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out." ([[Shiji]], trans. Burton Watson).

China also sent missions to [[Parthia]], which were followed up by reciprocal missions from Parthian envoys around 100 BC:
:"When the Han envoy first visited the kingdom of [[Anxi (Parthia)|Anxi]] (Parthia), the king of Anxi dispatched a party of 20,000 horsemen to meet them on the eastern border of the kingdom... When the Han envoys set out again to return to China, the king of Anxi dispatched envoys of his own to accompany them... The emperor was delighted at this." ([[Shiji]], 123, trans. Burton Watson).
[[Image:Han Civilisation.png|thumb|The Han Dynasty in 2 CE, with military garrisons and dependent states and tribute cities as far as the [[Tarim Basin]] in [[Western Regions|the West]]]]
By AD 97 the Chinese general [[Ban Chao]] had embarked on a military expedition as far west as the landmass encompassed by present-day Ukraine in pursuit of fleeing [[Xiongnu]] insurgents, and returned eastward to establish base on the shores of the [[Caspian Sea]] with 70,000 men and established direct military contacts with the Parthian Empire, also dispatching an envoy to [[Rome]] in the person of [[Gan Ying]].

Several [[Roman embassies to China]] are recounted in Chinese history, starting with a ''[[Hou Hanshu]]'' (History of the Later Han) account of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] convoy set out by emperor [[Antoninus Pius]] that reached the Chinese capital [[Luoyang]] in 166 and was greeted by [[Emperor Huan of Han China|Emperor Huan]]. Good exchanges such as Chinese silk, African ivory, and Roman incense increased the contacts between the East and West.

Contacts with the [[Kushan Empire]] led to the introduction of [[Buddhism]] to China from India in the first century.

==Rise of landholding class==
[[Image:HanHorse.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[terracotta]] horse head from the Late Han Dynasty ([[2nd century]]).]]
To secure funding for his triumphant campaigns against the [[Xiongnu]], Emperor Wu relinquished land control to merchants and the rich, and in effect legalized the privatization of lands. Land taxes were based on the sizes of fields instead of on income. The harvest could not always pay the taxes completely as incomes from selling harvest were often market-driven and a stable amount could not be guaranteed, especially not after harvest-reducing natural disasters. Merchants and prominent families then lured peasants to sell their lands since land accumulation guaranteed living standards of theirs and their descendants' in the agricultural society of China. Lands were hence accumulating into a new class of landholding families. The Han government in turn imposed more taxes on the remaining independent servants in order to make up the tax losses, therefore encouraging more peasants to come under the landholding elite or the landlords. This could be seen through such examples as the written evidence in the ''Yan Tie Lun'' (Discourses on Salt and Iron), written about 80 BC, where the Lord Grand Secretary is quoted in this passage in his support of nationalizing the [[salt]] and [[iron]] industries:

{{cquote|Formerly the overbearing and powerful great families, obtaining control of the profits of the mountains and lakes, mined [[iron ore]] and smelted it with great [[bellow]]s, and evaporated [[brine]] for salt. A single family would assemble a multitude, sometimes as many as a thousand men or more, for the most part wandering unattached [[plebeian]]s (fang liu ren min) who had traveled far from their own villages, abandoning the tombs (of their ancestors). Thus attaching themselves to the great families, they came together in the midst of mountain fastnesses or desolate marshes, bringing about thereby the fruition of business based on selfish intrigue (for profit) and intended to aggrandise the power of particular firms and factions.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 2 22">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 22.</ref>}}

[[Image:Hancoin1large.jpg|thumb|200px|A bronze coin of the Han Dynasty—circa 1st century BC.]]

Ideally the peasants pay the landlords certain periodic (usually annual) amount of income, who in turn provide protection against crimes and other hazards. In fact an increasing number of peasant population in the prosperous Han society and limited amount of lands provided the elite to elevate their standards for any new subordinate peasants. The inadequate education and often complete illiteracy of peasants forced them into a living of providing physical services, which were mostly farming in an agricultural society. The peasants, without other professions for their better living, compromised to the lowered standard and sold their harvest to pay their landlords. In fact they often had to delay the payment or borrow money from their landlords in the aftermath of natural disasters that reduced harvests. To make the situation worse, some Han rulers double-taxed the peasants. Eventually the living conditions of the peasants worsened as they solely depended on the harvest of the land they once owned.

The landholding elite and landlords, for their part, provided inaccurate information of subordinate peasants and lands to avoid paying taxes; to this very end corruption and incompetence of the Confucian [[scholar gentry]] on economics would play a vital part. Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place. In fact only a member of the landholding families, for instance Wang Mang, was able to put his reforming ideals into effect despite failures of his "turning the clock back" policies.
[[Image:Bronze Lamp in theShape of a Phoenix.jpg|thumb|200px|A Western Han bronze lamp in a depiction of a [[fenghuang]] (phoenix)]]
The Han government kept records on people's property to assess taxes. Yet government officials and secretaries weren't the only ones documenting property. In the Han period the prototype of contractual language and privately signed [[contract]]s appear for those wishing to keep their own private documents on their property for later use in court if necessary.<ref name="brook 59">Brook, 59.</ref> However, creating signed contracts with documented witnesses and scribes was not in common use until the [[Tang Dynasty|Tang period]] (618&ndash;907), while contractual language did not "permeate Chinese life" until the [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271&ndash;1368), according to historians Valerie Hansen and Timothy Brook.<ref name="brook 59"/>

==Interruption of Han rule==
After 200 years, Han rule was interrupted briefly during AD [[9]]–[[24]] by [[Wang Mang]], a reformer and a member of the landholding families. The economic situation deteriorated at the end of Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang, believing the Liu family had lost the [[Mandate of Heaven]], took power and turned the clock back with vigorous monetary and land reforms, which damaged the economy even further.

==Restoration and new golden age ==
[[Image:Han provinces.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Han dynasty provinces AD 189 (on the verge of collapsing)]]
[[Image:View of the tombs of the Han Dynasty.JPG|thumb|Tombs of the Han Dynasty]]
A distant relative of Liu royalty, [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Liu Xiu]], prevailed after a number of agrarian rebellions had overthrown Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty, and he reestablished the Han Dynasty (commonly referred to as the Eastern Han Dynasty, as his capital was at [[Luoyang]], east of the old Han Dynasty capital at [[Chang'an]]) in AD 25. He and his son [[Emperor Ming of Han]] and grandson [[Emperor Zhang of Han]] were generally considered able emperors whose reigns were the prime of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Military speaking, a new golden age also reappeared. In [[97]], [[Ban Chao]] and his troops went as far to reach the [[Caspian Sea]], while this familly also provide notorious generals and historians.

== Decrease of administrative fairness and fall of Eastern Han Dynasty ==
{{main|End of Han Dynasty}}
After Emperor Zhang, however, the dynasty fell into states of corruption and political power struggles among three groups of powerful individuals --
[[eunuch]]s, empresses' clans, and Confucian scholar-officials. None of these three parties was able to improve the harsh livelihood of peasants under the landholding families. Land privatizations and accumulations on the hands of the elite affected the societies of the [[Three Kingdoms]] and the [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] that the landholding elite held the actual driving and ruling power of the country. Successful ruling entities worked with these families, and consequently their policies favored the elite. Adverse effects of the [[Nine grade controller system]] or the [[Nine rank system]] were brilliant examples.

Taiping [[Taoist]] ideals of equal rights and equal land distribution quickly spread throughout the peasantry. As a result, the peasant insurgents of the [[Yellow Turban Rebellion]] swarmed the [[North China Plain]], the main agricultural sector of the country. Power of the Liu royalty then fell into the hands of local governors and [[warlord]]s, despite suppression of the main upraising of [[Zhang Jiao]] and his brothers. Three overlords eventually succeeded in control of the whole of [[China proper]], ushering in the period of the [[Three Kingdoms]]. The figurehead [[Emperor Xian of Han China|Emperor Xian]] reigned until 220 when [[Cao Pi]] forced his [[abdication]].

==Gallery of art==
<gallery>
Image:Pottery palace 1.JPG|A Han Dynasty pottery palace from the Henan Provincial Museum
Image:Gentlemen in conversation, Eastern Han Dynasty.jpg|Gentlemen in conversation, Eastern Han Dynasty
Image:Guardians of Day and Night, Han Dynasty.jpg|Spirit guardians of day and night disguised as animals, paintings on tile, Han Dynasty
Image:Gilded Bronze Handle of a Dragon, Eastern Han.JPG|A gilded bronze handle shaped as a dragon, Eastern Han Dynasty
Image:Western Han Dynasty Bronze Lamp.jpg|A Western Han Dynasty bronze tripod lamp
Image:Western Han Dynasty Bronze Lamp3.jpg|A Western Han Dynasty gilt-bronze lamp set
Image:Eastern Han Lacquer Basket.JPG|An Eastern Han [[lacquer]]ed wooden basket with three-inch figure painting, unearthed at Lolang, North Korea
Image:Han Dynasty Galloping Horse.JPG|A bronze Western Han horse in mid gallop, 2nd century BC, found in [[Gansu]]
Image:Servante Han Guimet 2910.jpg|Sculptures of maids and servants, 2nd century BC
Image:Dame Han Guimet 2910.jpg|A terracotta sitting lady, 2nd-1st century BC
Image:Jade Han Chine Guimet 2910.jpg|[[Jade]] art work in depiction of [[Fenghuang]], 2nd century BC
Image:Jade ornament.JPG|[[Chinese jade|Jade ornament]] from the Western Han period
Image:Eastern Han Dynasty tomb fresco of chariots, horses, and men, Luoyang.jpg|Fresco of chariots, horses, and men, Eastern Han Dynasty, from a Luoyang tomb
Image:Lacquerware bowl, Western Han Dynasty.JPG|A [[lacquerware]] bowl from the Western Han period
Image:Woven silk, Western Han Dynasty.jpg|Woven [[silk]] from the Western Han period
Image:EasternHan-ColouredPotteryFigurine-ShanghaiMuseum-May27-08.jpg|An Eastern Han pottery soldier
</gallery>

==Emperors of Han Dynasty==
{{han emperors}}

==See also==
* [[Battle of Gaixia]]
* [[Battle of Jushi]]
* [[Chu-Han Contention]]
* [[Chinese sovereign]]
* [[Kingdoms of Han Dynasty]]
* [[Emperor of China]]
* [[History of China]]
* [[List of largest empires]]
* [[Family tree of the Han Dynasty|''Family tree of the Han Dynasty'']]
* [[Mawangdui]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Brook, Timothy. (1998). ''The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0
*Bulling, A. "A Landscape Representation of the Western Han Period," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 25, Number 4, 1962): 293–317.
*Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
*Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). ''China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition'' (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1
*Huang, Ray (1997). ''China: A Macro History''. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. SHARPE Inc.
*Menzies, Nicholas K. "Strategic Space: Exclusion and Inclusion in Wildland Policies in Late Imperial China," ''Modern Asian Studies'' (Volume 26, Number 4, 1992): 719&ndash;733.
*Morton, W. Scott and Charlton M. Lewis (2005). ''China: It's History and Culture''. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 7''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Wright, David Curtis (2001) ''The History of China''. Westport: Greenwood Press.
*Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," ''History of Education Quarterly'' (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193&ndash;213.

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Han Dynasty}}
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University]
*[http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-han.cfm Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts]

{{Start box}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Dynasties in Chinese history]]|before=[[Qin Dynasty]]|after=[[Three Kingdoms]]|years=206 BC – AD 220}}
{{end box}}
{{Empires}}
[[Category:Han Dynasty| ]]
[[Category:206 BC establishments]]
[[Category:220 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]

{{Link FA|zh}}

[[br:Tierniezh Han]]
[[ca:Dinastia Han]]
[[da:Han-dynastiet]]
[[de:Han-Dynastie]]
[[et:Hani dünastia]]
[[es:Dinastía Han]]
[[eo:Dinastio Han]]
[[fa:دودمان هان]]
[[fr:Dynastie Han]]
[[zh-classical:漢]]
[[ko:한나라]]
[[hr:Dinastija Han]]
[[id:Dinasti Han]]
[[is:Hanveldið]]
[[it:Dinastia Han]]
[[sw:Utawala wa Han]]
[[lv:Haņu dinastija]]
[[lt:Han dinastija]]
[[hu:Han-dinasztia]]
[[mr:हान राजवंश]]
[[nl:Han-dynastie]]
[[ja:漢]]
[[no:Han-dynastiet]]
[[pl:Dynastia Han]]
[[pt:Dinastia Han]]
[[ro:Dinastia Han]]
[[ru:Хань (династия)]]
[[simple:Han Dynasty]]
[[sr:Династија Хан]]
[[sh:Dinastija Han]]
[[fi:Han-dynastia]]
[[sv:Handynastin]]
[[tl:Dinastiyang Han]]
[[ta:ஹான் அரசமரபு]]
[[th:ราชวงศ์ฮั่น]]
[[vi:Nhà Hán]]
[[tr:Han Hanedanı]]
[[uk:Династія Хань]]
[[zh:汉朝]]

Revision as of 11:11, 11 October 2008

Tara Chand (musician)

Tara Chand (musician) (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) (delete) – (View log)
(Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL)

Non-notable musician, fails WP:BIO and WP:MUSIC Ecoleetage (talk) 00:16, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

  • Delete, per nom. Does not have significant coverage by independent reliable sources, no evidence of passing WP:MUSIC or WP:BIO. Nsk92 (talk) 01:16, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so that consensus may be reached.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Ron Ritzman (talk) 00:10, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
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