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: ''for the film industry in India see [[Cinema of Karnataka]]''
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'''Sandalwood''' is the name for several [[Fragrance|fragrant]] [[wood]]s and their [[essential oil]]. Most are medium-sized hemiparasitic [[tree]]s in the genus ''[[Santalum]]'' of the [[Santalaceae]] family. The most notable members of this group are ''[[Santalum album]]'', Indian Sandalwood and ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'', Australian sandalwood. Several other members of the genus species also have fragrant wood and are found across [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]], and the [[Oceania|Pacific Islands]]. Sandalwood has been valued for centuries for its [[perfume|fragrance]], woodworking, and various purported medicinal qualities. The local name in [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]] is "'''''Cendana'''''" (Pronounced ''Churn.dar.nar''). They are also some of the heaviest forms of wood in the world.{{Fact|date=October 2008}}
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==Sandalwoods==
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Mvjs|Mvjs]]||3||0||0
* ''[[Santalum album]]''<nowiki>,</nowiki> or Indian sandalwood, is currently endangered and consequently very expensive. Chandan(Chondon-pronounced in Bengali or other Indian languages) is the Indian name for sandalwood (specifically santalum album), which grows on the western ghats of the Indian subcontinent. In Hindu rituals chandan paste, prepared from the wood of the chandan tree, has occupied an important position of puja materials since antiquity. On the forehead, a tilaka (mark) of Chandan paste is applied during pujas. Deities representing violent attributes are often smeared with chandan paste to cool them down.Although all sandalwood trees in India and Nepal are government-owned and their harvest is strictly controlled, many trees are illegally cut down and smuggled out of the country. Sandalwood [[essential oil]] prices have risen up to $1000-1500 per kg in the last 5 years. Some countries regard the sandal oil trade as ecologically harmful because it encourages the overharvesting of sandalwood trees. Sandalwood from [[Mysore]] region of [[Karnataka]], [[Southern India]] is widely considered to be of the highest quality available. New [[plantation]]s have been set up with [[Foreign aid|international aid]] in [[Tamilnadu]] in order to facilitate the economic benefits of sandalwood. Today, in [[Kununurra]] in Western Australia, Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) is being grown on a very large scale. Huge plantations surround this picturesque little town.
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* ''[[Santalum ellipticum]]'', known as Hawaiian sandalwood ('' ‘iliahi alo‘e ''), is also used and deemed of high quality.
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* ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'' (Australian sandalwood) is used by some [[Aromatherapy|aromatherapists]] and perfumers. The concentration of constituent chemicals in its essential oil - and hence, its aroma - differ considerably from those of other ''Santalum'' species. In the 1840’s, sandalwood was Western Australia’s biggest export earner. Oil was distilled for the first time in 1875, and by the turn of the century, there was intermittent production of Australian sandalwood oil.
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''[[Amyris|Amyris balsamifera]]'', also known as West Indian sandalwood, is a member of the [[rutaceae]] family and not a true sandalwood. The tree is native to [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Most commercially available amyris oil is distilled in [[Haiti]]. <ref>[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1028831.html amyris wood oil]</ref>
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The fragrant wood of ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' is referred to as red sandalwood.
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==Production==
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[[Image:Sandal leaf.jpg|thumb|left| Sandal wood leaf]]To produce commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils, harvested ''santalum'' trees have to be at least 40 years of age, but 80 or above is preferred. However, inferior sandalwood produced from trees at 30 years old can still fetch a decent price due to the demand for real sandalwood.
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Unlike most trees, sandalwood is harvested by toppling the entire ''santalum'' tree instead of sawing them down at the trunk. This way, valuable wood from the stump and root can also be sold or processed for oil.
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== Use ==
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===Fragrance===
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Sandalwood [[essential oil]] provides perfumes with a striking wood base [[note (perfumery)|note]]. Sandalwood smells not unlike other wood scents, except it has a bright and fresh edge with few natural analogues. When used in smaller proportions in a [[perfume]], it is an excellent [[fixative]] to enhance the head space of other fragrances.
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Xymmax 2|Xymmax]]||50||7||0
The oil from sandalwood is widely used in the cosmetic industry and is expensive. The true sandalwood is a protected species, and its demand cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded under the name of "sandalwood". Within the genus santalum alone, there are more than 19 varieties that can be called sandalwood. Traders will often accept oil from closely related species such as various species of santalum genus and the oil of West Indian sandalwood (Amyris balsamifera) from the family of Rutaceae.
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===Religious use===
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In [[Hinduism]], sandalwood is often used for rituals or ceremonies. It is used as an [[embalming]] paste in temples on idols. The [[bindi (decoration)|bindi]] dot is sometimes created from sandalwood paste.
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|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Lazulilasher|Lazulilasher]]||58||0||0
Sandalwood is considered in [[alternative medicine]] to bring one closer with the divine. Sandalwood [[essential oil]], which is very expensive in its pure form, is used primarily for [[Ayurvedic]] purposes and treating [[anxiety]].
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It is said to have been used for embalming the corpses of princes in [[Ceylon]] since the [[9th century]].
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Ameliorate!|Ameliorate!]]||80||1||5

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In [[Buddhism]], sandalwoods are considered to be of the ''Padma'' ([[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]]) group and attributed to the [[Bodhisattva]] [[Amitabha]]. Sandalwood scent is believed to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in [[meditation]]. Sandalwood is also one of the more popular scents used for [[incense]] used when offering incense to the Buddha.
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|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Thingg 2|Thingg]]||108||0||0
Sandalwood, along with [[agarwood]], is the most popular and commonly used incense material by the [[Religion in China|Chinese]] and [[Religion in Japan|Japanese]] in worship and various ceremonies. It is also used extensively in [[Incense of India|Indian incense]], religiously or otherwise.
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Firekeeping priests, who have maintained sacred fires for centuries, accept sandalwood twigs from [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] worshippers as their contribution for sustaining the fire.
''Last updated 10:30, 11 October 2008 (UTC) by [[User:Tangobot|Tangobot]] (maintained by [[User:Tangotango|Tangotango]])''

=== Medicine ===
Sandalwood [[essential oil]] was popular in medicine up to 1920-1930, mostly as urogenital (internal) and skin (external) antiseptic. Its main component [[β-Santalol|beta-santalol]] (~90%) has [[antimicrobial]] properties.
It is used in [[aromatherapy]] and to prepare [[soap]]s.
Due to this antimicrobial activity, it can be used to clear skin from blackheads and spots, but it must always be properly diluted with a carrier oil. Because of its strength, sandalwood oil should never be applied to the skin without a carrier oil.

=== Technology ===
Due to its low [[fluorescence]] and optimal [[refractive index]], sandalwood oil is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and [[fluorescence microscopy]].

== Food ==
[[Australian Aborigines]] ate the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of sandalwood.

==References==
<references />
*Mandy Aftel, ''Essence and Alchemy: A Natural History of Perfume'', Gibbs Smith, 2001, ISBN 1-58685-702-9
*The Good Scents Company, West Indian (Amyris balsamifera) content http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/es1028831.html
*Essential Oils Company, East Indian (Santalum album) Glc Test Report http://www.essentialoilscompany.com/swglc.htm

==External links==
*[http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/sandalwd.htm Sandalwood Case Studies]
*[http://www.family-health-information.com/herbal-medicines/sandalwood.html Sandalwood Uses]
*[http://www.plantcultures.org/plants/sandalwood_landing.html Plant Cultures: botany, history and use of sandalwood]
*[http://www.oller.net/sandalwood.htm Sandalwood article by David Oller]
*[http://www.cargille.com/immersionoilmicroscope.shtml Immersion Oil and the Microscope]
*[http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=31852 IUCN Threatened Species: ''Santalum album'']

[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Incense]]
[[Category:Perfume ingredients]]
[[Category:Materials involved in Hinduism]]

[[ar:صندل (شجر)]]
[[bg:Сандалово дърво]]
[[de:Sandelholz]]
[[es:Santalum album]]
[[fr:Santal]]
[[id:Cendana]]
[[nl:Sandelhout]]
[[ja:白檀]]
[[no:Sandeltre]]
[[pl:Sandałowiec]]
[[pt:Sândalo]]
[[zh:檀香木]]
[[fa:چوب صندل]]
[[kn:ಶ್ರೀಗಂಧ]]

Revision as of 10:30, 11 October 2008

This report, automatically generated by a bot at half past the hour, shows the current candidates for Requests for adminship, along with any duplicate votes located by the RfA Analysis tool. Overdue RfAs are highlighted in pink. This report is powered by the RfA Analysis Library.

See also: Bureaucrats' noticeboard version and Dragons flight's RFA summary (both updated on the hour)

To include just the table on another page, use {{User:Tangotango/RfA Analysis/Report}}.


Username S O N S% Ending Possible duplicate voters
Mvjs 3 0 0 100% 18 October 2008 06:57 None Details
Vishnava 9 1 0 90% 18 October 2008 02:58 None Details
Jac16888 45 0 0 100% 15 October 2008 15:31 None Details
Ale jrb 47 0 3 100% 14 October 2008 21:51 None Details
Ironholds 16 11 6 59% 15 October 2008 18:52 None Details
Xymmax 50 7 0 88% 14 October 2008 10:44 None Details
Krm500 37 17 3 69% 14 October 2008 02:28 None Details
Lazulilasher 58 0 0 100% 12 October 2008 20:32 None Details
Ameliorate! 80 1 5 99% 12 October 2008 17:41 None Details
Thingg 108 0 0 100% 11 October 2008 20:59 None Details

Last updated 10:30, 11 October 2008 (UTC) by Tangobot (maintained by Tangotango)