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R is for rekt lmao
{{Short description|18th letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet|the reversed version|Я|other uses}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Technical reasons|R#J|the film|R and J}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name = R
|letter = R r
|script=[[Latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic
|language=[[Latin language]]
|phonemes={{ubl|{{hlist|{{IPA blink|r}}|{{IPA blink|ɾ}}|{{IPA blink|ɹ}}|{{IPA blink|ɻ}}|{{IPA blink|ɺ}}|{{IPA blink|ʀ}}|{{IPA blink|ʁ}}|{{IPA blink|ɽ}}}}|''([[#Other languages|table]])''|''([[Pronunciation of English /r/|English variations]])''|{{IPAc-en|ɑr}}}}
|unicode=U+0052, U+0072
|alphanumber=18
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>D1</hiero>
|fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|20px|Resh]]
|fam3=[[Image:phoenician res.svg|20px|Res]]
|fam4=[[Rho|Ρ ρ]]
|fam5=[[𐌓]] [[File:Greek Rho 06.svg|20px|Early Greek Rho]]
|fam6=[[File:Greek Rho 01.svg|20px]]
|fam7=[[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]]
|fam8= [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px]] [[File:Half r.svg|20px|Cursive R-rotunda]]
|usageperiod=from {{circa|50 AD}}
|children={{hlist|[[℟]]|{{not a typo|[[℞]]}}|[[®]]|[[Ɍ]]|[[ᚱ]]|[[𐍂]]|[[Ꭱ]]}}
|sisters= {{hlist|[[Р]]|[[Resh|ר]]|[[Resh|ر]]|[[Resh|ܪ]]|[[ࠓ]]|[[𐎗]]|[[𐡓]]|[[ረ]]|[[wikt:Ռ|Ռ]]|[[wikt:ռ|ռ]]|[[wikt:Ր|Ր]]|[[wikt:ր|ր]]|[[ર]]|[[र]]}}
|equivalents=
|associates={{hlist|[[List of Latin-script digraphs#R|r(x)]]|[[Rh (digraph)|rh]]}}
|direction=Left-to-Right
}}
{{Latin letter info|r}}
'''R''', or '''r''', is the eighteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet|modern English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''ar'']] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɑr}}), plural ''ars'',<ref>"R", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 2nd edition (1989); "ar", ''op. cit''</ref> or in Ireland ''or'' {{IPAc-en|'|oʊr}}.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Analysis of contemporary Irish dialects |first=Alena |last=Krömerová |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The letter {{angbr|r}} is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant, after {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|website=Math.cornell.edu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102005534/https://math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name of the letter in Latin was {{lang|la|er}} ({{IPA|/ɛr/}}), following the pattern of other letters representing [[continuant]]s, such as {{angbr|F}}, {{angbr|L}}, {{angbr|M}}, {{angbr|N}}, and {{angbr|S}}. This name is preserved in [[French language|French]] and many other languages. In [[Middle English]], the name of the letter changed from {{IPA|/ɛr/}} to {{IPA|/ar/}}, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as ''farm'' (compare French {{lang|fr|ferme}}) and ''star'' (compare German {{lang|de|Stern}}).

In [[Hiberno-English]], the letter is called {{IPA|/ɒr/|}} or {{IPA|/ɔːr/|}}, somewhat similar to ''oar'', ''ore'', ''orr''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|title=Analysis of selected contemporary Irish dialects|website=Digilib.k.utb.cz|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204156/http://digilib.k.utb.cz/bitstream/handle/10563/9938/kr%C3%B6merov%C3%A1_2009_bp.pdf?sequence=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|title=Losing My Voice - This Happened to Me|first=Steve|last=Hogarty|date=November 11, 2013|website=Medium|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114609/https://medium.com/this-happened-to-me/losing-my-voice-ef97a0c5e977|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|title=Mind your 'P's and 'Q's – ore you'll get into trouble!|newspaper=Irish with Ian |date=December 19, 2018|access-date=July 15, 2019|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715114607/https://irishwithian.wordpress.com/2018/12/19/mind-your-ps-and-qs-ore-youll-get-into-trouble/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|Dog's letter}}
The letter R is sometimes referred to as the {{lang|la|littera canīna}} 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the '''dog's letter'''. This Latin term referred to the Latin {{angbr|R}} that was [[Trill consonant|trilled]] to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as {{lang|la|vōx canīna}} 'dog voice' (e.g. in Spanish {{lang|es|perro}} 'dog').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |title=A Word A Day: Dog's letter |website=Wordsmith.org |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314054240/http://www.wordsmith.org/words/dogs_letter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". The reference is also found in [[Ben Jonson]]'s ''English Grammar''.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Shakespeare
| first = William
|author2=Horace Howard Furness |author3=Frederick Williams
| title = Romeo and Juliet
| publisher = Lippincott
| year = 1913
| page = [https://archive.org/details/romeoandjuliet02furngoog/page/n218 189]
| isbn = 9780140620931
| url = https://archive.org/details/romeoandjuliet02furngoog
}}</ref>

==History==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Egyptian
! Proto-Sinaitic
! Phoenician<br />[[Resh]]
! Western Greek<br />[[Rho (letter)|Rho]]
! Etruscan<br />R
! Latin<br />R
|--- align=center
|<hiero>D1</hiero>
|[[File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg|x40px]]
| [[File:PhoenicianR-01.png|x30px]]
| [[File:Greek Rho pointed.svg|x40px]]
| [[File:EtruscanR-03.svg|x30px]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis R.SVG|x30px]]
|}

===Antiquity===
[[File:Prognatus.png|thumb|The word {{lang|la|prognatus}} as written on the [[Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus]] (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin {{angbr|R}} by that time; the letter {{angbr|P}} at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic ''rho''.]]
The letter {{angbr|R}} is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in [[Semitic alphabets]] for the sound {{IPA|/r/}} because the word for 'head' was ''[[rêš]]'' or similar in most [[Semitic languages]]. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of [[acrophony]].

It developed into Greek {{angbr|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]}} {{lang|grc|ῥῶ}} ({{transliteration|grc|rhô}}) and Latin {{angbr|R}}. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some [[Western Greek alphabets]] (writing ''rho'' as [[File:Greek Rho 03.svg|20px| ]]), but it was not adopted in most [[Old Italic alphabet]]s; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their ''rho'' between a {{angbr|P}} and a {{angbr|D}} shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke.
Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the [[Duenos Inscription|Duenos]] and the [[Forum inscription]], still write {{angbr|r}} using the {{angbr|P}}<!--𐌓Ρ--> shape of the letter.
The [[Lapis Satricanus]] inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the {{angbr|p}} <!--𐌐--> and the {{angbr|Ρ}} shape of the {{angbr|r}} have become difficult to distinguish.
The descending stroke of the Latin letter {{angbr|R}} has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the [[Tomb of the Scipios]] sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From {{circa|50 AD}}, the letter {{angbr|P}} would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by {{angbr|R}}.

===Cursive===
[[File:Caslon-specimen-1763-double-pica-black.jpg|thumb|18th-century example of use of ''r rotunda'' in English blackletter typography]]
[[File:Luca Pacioli, De divina proportione, Letter R.jpg|thumb|Letter {{angbr|R}} from the alphabet by [[Luca Pacioli]], in ''[[De divina proportione]]'' (1509)]]

The minuscule form {{angbr|r}} developed through several variations on the capital form.
Along with Latin minuscule writing in general, it developed ultimately from [[Roman cursive]] via the [[uncial]] script of Late Antiquity into the [[Carolingian minuscule]] of the 9th century.

In handwriting, it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today.

A calligraphic minuscule {{angbr|r}}, known as ''[[r rotunda]]'' {{angbr|ꝛ}}, was used in the sequence {{angbr|or}}, bending the shape of the {{angbr|r}} to accommodate the bulge of the {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|oꝛ}}, as opposed to {{angbr|or}}. Later, the same variant was also used where {{angbr|r}} followed other lower case letters with a rounded loop towards the right, such as with {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|p}}, as well as to write the geminate {{angbr|rr}} as {{angbr|ꝛꝛ}}. Use of ''r rotunda'' was mostly tied to [[blackletter]] typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century.

[[Insular script]] used a minuscule which retained two downward strokes, but which did not close the loop, known as the ''Insular r'' {{angbr|ꞃ}}; this variant survives in the [[Gaelic type]] popular in Ireland until the mid-20th century, but has become largely limited to a decorative function.

==Use in writing systems==
{{See also|Rhotic consonant|R-colored vowel|Guttural R}}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Pronunciation summary
! colspan="5" | ''Languages in italics are not usually written using the [[Latin alphabet]]''
|-
!Language
!Dialect
!Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!Environment
!Notes
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Arabic]]''
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
![[North Mesopotamian Arabic|North Mesopotamian]], [[Judeo-Iraqi Arabic|Judeo-Iraqi]]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
![[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except word-initially
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Asturian language|Asturian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except word-initially
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Basque language|Basque]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except word-initially
|{{angbr|rr}} represents a trilled {{IPAslink|r}}
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except word-initially
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
!''[[Mandarin Chinese]]''
!''[[Standard Chinese|Standard]]''
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Danish language|Danish]]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|Archaic
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
![[Brabantian dialect|Brabantish]], [[Limburgish]]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[English language|English]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhoticity in English|Non-rhotic]]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ̠}}
|Before vowels
|
|-
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]
|After vowels
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Rhoticity in English|Rhotic]]
|{{IPA|/ɻ/}}
|Before vowels
|
|-
|ʵ
|After vowels
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Esperanto]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Faroese language|Faroese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[French language|French]]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Galician language|Galician]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[German language|German]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Standard German|Standard]]
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|Before vowels
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɐ̯}}
|After vowels
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Gutnish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɻ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Haitian Creole|Haitian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]''
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|Archaic
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Hopi language|Hopi]]
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
!Standard
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sumatran dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Before vowels/consonants
|
|-
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]
|After vowels
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Irish language|Irish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɻʲ}}
|After i or before e, i
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Italian language|Italian]]
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
!''[[Japanese language|Japanese]]''
!Standard
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Leonese dialect|Leonese]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
! rowspan="2" |Standard
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Before vowels/consonants
|
|-
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]
|After vowels
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Manx language|Manx]]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
|[[Zero (linguistics)|∅]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Māori language|Māori]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|-
!Western and Southern dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|
|
|-
!Tromsø
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|In certain environments
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|In certain environments
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Except after i or before e, i
|
|-
|{{IPAslink|ɾʲ}}
|After i or before e, i
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]
|{{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
!All dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|Usually
|
|-
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|r}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
![[Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican]]
|{{IPAslink|ʁ}}
|Word-initially
|
|-
!Some dialects
|{{IPAslink|l}}
|After a vowel
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
!Southern dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Venetian language|Venetian]]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ɾ}}
|
|
|-
!Venice
|{{IPAslink|ʀ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
!Most dialects
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}}, {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, {{IPAslink|r}}, {{IPAslink|ɹ}}
|
|
|-
!Northern dialect
|{{IPAslink|z}}
|
|
|}

===English===
{{See also|Rhoticity in English}}
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in English, such as the [[alveolar approximant]] (most varieties), [[alveolar trill]] (some British varieties), or the [[retroflex approximant]] (some varieties in the [[American English|United States]], [[West Country dialects|South West England]], and [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]).

In [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]] accents, it is not pronounced in certain positions, but can affect the pronunciation of the vowel that precedes it.

===Other languages===
{{angbr|R}} represents a [[rhotic consonant]] in many languages, as shown in the table below.
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT ADD LANGUAGES THAT DO NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET
-->
{| class="wikitable" style="width:85%;margin:auto"
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|[r]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar trill.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | Standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[German language|German]] in some dialects, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] mostly in the northwest, [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (traditional form), [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]]; also [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{angbr|rr}}
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar approximant.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in some Netherlandic dialects (in specific positions of words), [[Faroese language|Faroese]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Alveolar flap]] / [[Alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Alveolar tap.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{angbr|r}}, [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Māori language|Māori]]<!-- DO NOT ADD JAPANESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Voiced retroflex fricative]] {{IPA|[ʐ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Voiced retroflex sibilant.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] around [[Tromsø]]; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] used as an allophone of /r/ in some South American accents; [[Hopi language|Hopi]] used before vowels, as in ''raana'', "toad", from Spanish rana; [[Hanyu Pinyin]] transliteration of [[Standard Chinese]].
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|[ɻ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex approximant.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Gutnish]]<!-- DO NOT ADD CHINESE: IT DOES NOT USE THE ROMAN ALPHABET-->
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Retroflex flap]] {{IPA|[ɽ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Retroflex flap.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] when followed by <d>, sometimes in [[Scottish English]]
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Uvular trill]] {{IPA|[ʀ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Uvular trill.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[German language|German]] stage standard; some [[Dutch language|Dutch]] dialects (in Brabant and Limburg, and some city dialects in The Netherlands), [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in Southern Sweden, [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] in western and southern parts, [[Venetian language|Venetian]] only in [[Venice]] area.
|-
| style="width:35%" | [[Voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[ʁ]}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[Media:Voiced uvular fricative.ogg|Listen]]
| style="width:55%" | [[North Mesopotamian Arabic]], [[Judeo-Iraqi Arabic]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[French language|French]], standard European [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{angbr|rr}}, standard Brazilian [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] {{angbr|rr}}, Puerto Rican Spanish {{angbr|rr}} and 'r-' in western parts, [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] in western and southern parts.
|}

Other languages may use the letter {{angbr|r}} in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In [[Haitian Creole]], it represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with {{angbr|w}}, e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

Brazilian [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has a great number of allophones of {{IPAslink|ʁ}} such as {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ɹ}} and {{IPAblink|r}}, the latter three ones can be used only in certain contexts ({{IPAblink|ɣ}} and {{IPAblink|r}} as {{angbr|rr}}; {{IPAblink|ɹ}} in the syllable coda, as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} according to the European Portuguese norm and {{IPAslink|ʁ}} according to the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Usually at least two of them are present in a single dialect, such as [[Rio de Janeiro]]'s {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}} and, for a few speakers, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.

===Other systems===
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses several variations of the letter to represent the different rhotic consonants; {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]].

==Other uses==
{{main article|R (disambiguation)}}
* An [[R rating]] denotes media such as movies that are intended for a restricted audience.

==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list symbols that are actually related to the letter that is the topic of this article. -->

===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
* R with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ŕ|Ŕ ŕ]] [[R with stroke|Ɍ ɍ]] [[Ř|Ř ř]] [[Cedilla|Ŗ ŗ]] [[Dot (diacritic)|Ṙ ṙ]] [[Double grave accent|Ȑ ȑ]] [[Ȓ|Ȓ ȓ]] [[Ṛ|Ṛ ṛ]] [[Ṝ|Ṝ ṝ]] [[Ṟ|Ṟ ṟ]] [[Ꞧ|Ꞧ ꞧ]] [[R with tail|Ɽ ɽ]] [[R̃|R̃ r̃]] [[ᵲ]]<ref name="L203174">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013938/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ꭨ]]<ref name="l219075">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf|title=L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS|date=2019-05-05|first=Michael|last=Everson|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190054/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19075r-n5036-scots-phonetics.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ᵳ]]<ref name="L203174"/> [[ᶉ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to R: {{nounderlines|[[voiced retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref name="L220125">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf|date=2020-07-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}</ref><ref name="L221021">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf|date=2020-12-07|first=Deborah|last=Anderson}}</ref> {{IPA link|ɹ}} {{IPA link|ɺ}} {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{IPA link|ɽ}} {{IPA link|ʀ}} {{IPA link|ʁ}} [[ʶ]] [[R-colored vowel|˞ ʴ]]
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript IPA|IPA superscript letters]]:<ref name="L220252">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref> 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪
* [[Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet]]: ɼ ɿ
* [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]-specific symbols related to R:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2018-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219081033/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{Unichar|1D19|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL REVERSED R}}
** {{Unichar|1D1A|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL TURNED R}}
** {{Unichar|1D3F|MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL R}}
** {{Unichar|1D63|LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER R}}
* [[Teuthonista]] phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to R:<ref name="Teuthonista">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|title=L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS|date=2011-06-02|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Alois|last2=Dicklberger|first3=Karl|last3=Pentzlin|first4=Eveline|last4=Wandl-Vogt|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
** {{Unichar|AB45|LATIN SMALL LETTER STIRRUP R}}
** {{Unichar|AB46|LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R WITH RIGHT LEG}}
* ''Anthropos'' phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/>
** {{Unichar|AB48|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R}}
** {{Unichar|AB49|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
** {{Unichar|AB4A|LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE R WITH CROSSED-TAIL}}
* Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription:<ref name="Teuthonista"/>
** {{Unichar|AB47|LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITHOUT HANDLE}}
** {{Unichar|AB4B|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R}}
** {{Unichar|AB4C|LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT R WITH RING}}
* 𝼨 – {{angbr|R}} with mid-height left hook was used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref>
* ⱹ – A turned {{angbr|r}} with a tail is used in the [[Swedish Dialect Alphabet]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|title=L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS|date=2006-01-26|first1=Therese|last1=Lemonen|first2=Klaas|last2=Ruppel|first3=Erkki I.|last3=Kolehmainen|first4=Caroline|last4=Sandström|website=Unicode.org|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090306/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Other variations of R used for phonetic transcription: 𝼕<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> 𝼖<ref name="L220125" /><ref name="L221021" /> {{not a typo|[[ʳ]] [[ʵ]]}}

===Calligraphic variants in the Latin alphabet===
* Ꝛ ꝛ – ''[[R rotunda]]''
* Ꞃ ꞃ – ''Insular r'' ([[Gaelic type]])
* ᫍ – Combining ''Insular r'', as used in the ''[[Ormulum]]''<ref name="L220268">{{Cite web|title=L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf|date=2020-10-05|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Andrew|last2=West}}</ref>

===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
* 𐤓 – [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Resh]], from which the following letters derive
** Ρ ρ – [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Rho (letter)|Rho]], from which the following letters derive
*** 𐌓 – [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] letter R, the ancestor of modern Latin {{angbr|R}}
**** ᚱ – [[Runes|Runic]] letter [[Raido]]
*** Р р – [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Er (Cyrillic)|Er]]
*** 𐍂 – [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter [[Reda (letter)|Reda]]

=== Abbreviations, signs and symbols ===
* ℟ – symbol for [[Response (liturgy)|response]] in liturgy
* {{not a typo|℞}} – [[Medical prescription]]
* ® – [[Registered trademark symbol]]
* ₹ – [[Indian rupee sign]]

==Other representations==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
{{charmap
| 0052 | 0072 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter R | name2 = Latin Small Letter R
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D9 | map1char2 = 99
| map2 = [[ASCII]] | map2char1 = 52 | map2char2 = 72
}}

===Other===
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Romeo
|Morse=·–·
|Character=R
|Braille=⠗
|fingerspelling=R
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Guttural R]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|R}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|R}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|r}}

{{LetterR}}
{{Latin alphabet|R|}}

[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]]

Revision as of 09:00, 27 March 2024

R is for rekt lmao

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