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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = R-31
|name = R.31
|image = Renard R.31 photo Le Pontential Aérien Mondial 1936.jpg
|image = <!--in the ''image:filename'' format, no image tags-->
|caption =
|caption = <!--image caption; if it isn't descriptive it should be left blank-->
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = Reconnaissance
|type = Reconnaissance
|manufacturer = Renard
|manufacturer = Renard
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}}
}}
|}
|}

The '''Renard R-31''' was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] reconnaissance aircraft of the 1930s. A single engined parasol [[monoplane]], 32 R-31s were built for the [[Belgian Air Force]], the survivors of which, although obsolete, remained in service when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Belgium in 1940. The Renard R-31 was the only [[World War II]] operational military aircraft entirely designed and built in Belgium.
The '''Renard R.31''' was a [[Belgium|Belgian]] reconnaissance aircraft of the 1930s. A single-engined parasol [[monoplane]], 32 R.31s were built for the [[Belgian Air Force]], the survivors of which, although obsolete, remained in service when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded Belgium in 1940. The Renard R.31 was the only [[World War II]] operational military aircraft entirely designed and built in Belgium.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
The Renard R-31 was designed by [[Alfred Renard]] of ''[[Constructions Aéronautiques G. Renard]]'' to meet a requirement of the [[Belgian Air Force]] for a short ranged reconnaissance and army co-operation aircraft. It first flew at [[Evere]], near [[Brussels]], on 16 October 1932 <ref name="green v7">{{cite book |last= Green |first=William |title=War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft|year= 1967|publisher= Macdonald|location=London|pages= 34–37}}</ref>.
The Renard R.31 was designed by [[Alfred Renard]] of ''[[Constructions Aéronautiques G. Renard]]'' to meet a requirement of the [[Belgian Air Force]] for a short ranged reconnaissance and army co-operation aircraft. It first flew from [[Haren Airport|Evere Airfield]], near [[Brussels]], on 16 October 1932.<ref name="green v7">{{cite book |last= Green |first=William |title=War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft|year= 1967|publisher= Macdonald|location=London|pages= 34–37}}</ref>


It was a parasol monoplane of mixed construction, powered by a [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]] engine, with a welded steel tubing structure with metal sheet covering the forward fuselage and fabric covering of the remainder of the airframe. The wing was held in position by a single Vee strut on each side, conjoined with its fixed under carriage.
It was a parasol monoplane of mixed construction, powered by a [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]] engine, with a welded steel tubing structure with metal sheet covering the forward fuselage and fabric covering of the remainder of the airframe. The wing was held in position by a single Vee strut on each side, conjoined with its fixed under carriage.


An order for 28 R-31s was placed in March 1934, with six to be built by Renard and the remainder by [[SABCA]]. One aircraft was fitted with a [[Lorraine Petrel]] engine for evaluation, but this was later replaced by the normal Kestrel engine. A second aircraft was fitted with an enclosed canopy and a [[Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major]] [[radial engine]], becoming the '''R-32''', with this then being replaced by a [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y]] engine, but the R-32 did not show sufficiently improved performance to gain a production order. A further six R-31s were ordered in August 1935<ref name="green v7"/>.
An order for 28 R.31s was placed in March 1934, with six to be built by Renard and the remainder by [[SABCA]]. One aircraft was fitted with a [[Lorraine Petrel]] engine for evaluation, but this was later replaced by the normal Kestrel engine. A second aircraft was fitted with an enclosed canopy and a [[Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major]] [[radial engine]], becoming the '''R-32''', with this then being replaced by a [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y]] engine, but the R-32 did not show sufficiently improved performance to gain a production order. A further six R.31s were ordered in August 1935.<ref name="green v7"/>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
The R-31 entered service with the Belgian Air Force in 1935<ref name="Donald world">{{cite book|author=Donald, David (Editor)|title = The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft|year = 1997|publisher = Aerospace Publishing|isbn = 1-85605-375-X}}</ref>, replacing the [[Breguet 19]] in the 9<sup>e</sup> and 11<sup>e</sup> ''Escadrilles d'Observation'' based at [[Liège Airport|Liège]]. In service, it was not popular, as it had poor handling, being vulnerable to entering flat spins if mishandled, with all aerobatics therefore being banned<ref name="green v7"/>.
The R.31 entered service with the Belgian Air Force in 1935,<ref name="Donald world">{{cite book|editor=Donald, David|title = The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft|year = 1997|publisher = Aerospace Publishing|isbn = 1-85605-375-X}}</ref> replacing the [[Breguet 19]] in the 9<sup>e</sup> and 11<sup>e</sup> ''Escadrilles d'Observation'' based at [[Liège Airport|Liège]]. In service, it was not popular, as it had poor handling, being vulnerable to entering flat spins if mishandled, with all aerobatics therefore being banned.<ref name="green v7"/>


The R-31 was hopelessly obsolete, and those that were not destroyed on the ground in the early hours of the German Blitzkrieg invasion of Belgium in May 1940 were ravaged by German fighters as they bravely attempted to gather information on the German invasion. None apparently functioned as ground support aircraft during the brief Belgian Army resistance, flying 54 reconnaissance sorties in support of the Allied forces defending Belgium<ref name="Donald world"/>, with the last mission (which was also the final mission flown by the Belgian Air Force in its attempt to repel the Germans, being flown on the afternoon of 27 May 1940<ref name="green v7"/>. Following the German occupation of Belgium, the [[Luftwaffe]] had no interest in the machines and those that had survived the initial onslaught were unused or were destroyed. Overall, these machines had no significant impact on the war although they were briefly involved.
The R.31 was hopelessly obsolete. Those that were not destroyed on the ground during the German Blitzkrieg invasion of Belgium in May 1940 were ravaged by German fighters as they attempted to gather information on the German invasion. None of the planes apparently functioned as ground support aircraft during the brief Belgian Army resistance, instead flying fifty-four reconnaissance sorties in support of the Allied forces defending Belgium.<ref name="Donald world"/> The last sortie, flown on the afternoon of May 27, 1940, was also the final mission flown by the Belgian Air Force in its attempt to repel the Germans.<ref name="green v7"/> Following the German occupation of Belgium, the [[Luftwaffe]] had no interest in the machines, and those that had survived the initial onslaught were either unused or destroyed. Overall, these planes had no significant impact on the war, although they were briefly involved.

==Operators==
;{{BEL}}
*[[Belgian Air Force]]


==Specifications (Renard R.31)==
==Specifications (Renard R.31)==
[[File:Renard R.32.jpg|thumb|Renard R.32]]
{{Aircraft specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|plane or copter?=plane
|ref=''War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft'' <ref name="green v7"/>
|jet or prop?=prop
|prime units?=met
|ref=War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft <ref name="green v7"/>
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|crew=2
|length m=9.2
|capacity=
|length main=9.20 m
|length note=
|span m=14.4
|length alt=30 ft 2 in
|span main=14.40 m
|span note=
|height m=2.92
|span alt=47 feet 2¾ inches
|height main=2.92 m <ref name="Donald world"/>
|height note=<ref name="Donald world"/>
|wing area sqm=32
|height alt=9 ft 7 in
|area main= 32 m²
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|area alt= 344 ft²
|airfoil=Biconvex<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight main=1,330 kg
|empty weight alt=2,926 lb
|empty weight kg=1330
|loaded weight main=2,130 kg
|empty weight note=
|loaded weight alt=4,686 lb
|gross weight kg=2130
|max takeoff weight main=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight alt=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight note=
|engine (prop)=[[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]] IIS
|fuel capacity=
|type of prop= V-12, liquid-cooled engine
|more general=
|number of props=1
<!--
|power main= 358 kW
Powerplant
|power alt=480 hp
-->
|max speed main=294 km/h
|eng1 number=1
|max speed alt=159 knots, 183 mph
|eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIS]]
|max speed more= at 4,000 m(13,120 ft)
|eng1 type=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine
|cruise speed main=238 km/h
|eng1 kw=358
|cruise speed alt=129 knots, 148 mph
|eng1 note=
|range main=650 km <ref name="Donald world"/>

|range alt=351 nm, 404 mi
|prop blade number=2
|ceiling main=8,750 m
|prop name=wooden fixed-pitch propeller
|ceiling alt=28,700 ft
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|prop dia note=
<!--
|loading main=66.6 kg/m²
Performance
|loading alt=13.6 lb/ft²
-->
|power/mass main=0.17 kW/kg
|max speed kmh=294
|power/mass alt=0.10 hp/lb
|max speed note=at {{cvt|4000|m}}
|more performance=*'''Climb to 2,000 m (6,560 ft):''' 5.5 min
|cruise speed kmh=238
*'''Climb to 5,000 m (16,400 ft):''' 11.7 min
|cruise speed note=
|armament=
|stall speed kmh=
* One or two forward-firing 7.62 mm [[Vickers machine gun]]s and one 7.62 mm [[Lewis machine gun]] in flexible mount in rear cockpit
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=650
|range note=<ref name="Donald world"/>
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=8750
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude={{cvt|2000|m}} in 5 minutes 30 seconds
::::{{cvt|5000|m}} in 11 minutes 42 seconds
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass={{cvt|0.17|kW/kg}}
|more performance=
<!--
Armament
-->
|guns= One or two forward-firing 7.62 mm [[Vickers machine gun]]s and one 7.62 mm [[Lewis machine gun]] in flexible mount in rear cockpit
}}
}}


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* [[Henschel Hs 126]]
* [[Henschel Hs 126]]
* [[Westland Lysander]]
* [[Westland Lysander]]
|sequence=
|lists=
|lists=
* [[List of Interwar military aircraft]]
|see also=
|see also=
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
====Notes====
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

====Bibliography====
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hauet|first1=André|title=Le Renard R.31|journal=Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation |date=October 1972 |issue=37 |pages=22–26 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=}}
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Seven: Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft''. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1967. ISBN 0356-01477-0.
* Pacco, John. "Renard R.31" ''Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930-1940''. Aartselaar, Belgium, 2003, pp.&nbsp;49–51. ISBN 90-801136-6-2.
* Pacco, John. "Renard R.31" ''Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930-1940''. Aartselaar, Belgium, 2003, pp.&nbsp;49–51. {{ISBN|90-801136-6-2}}.
* Delannay, Alain de la Lindi, André Henry. "La Saga du R-31" . Brussels, Belgium:Fonds National Alfred Renard www.fnar.be, 2003, pp.&nbsp;378.
* Delannay, Alain de la Lindi, André Henry. "La Saga du R-31" . Brussels, Belgium:Fonds National Alfred Renard www.fnar.be, 2003, pp.&nbsp;378.

{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.belgian-wings.be/webpages/navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/interbellum/Renard%20R31/Renard%20R-31%20Frontpage.html A Belgian Historical Aviation Archive]


{{Renard aircraft}}
{{Renard aircraft}}
{{Aviation lists}}


[[Category:Belgian military reconnaissance aircraft 1930-1939]]
[[Category:Renard aircraft|R.31]]
[[Category:Renard aircraft|R.31]]
[[Category:1930s Belgian military reconnaissance aircraft]]

[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[fr:Renard R.31]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1932]]
[[ja:レナール R-31]]

Latest revision as of 17:57, 8 January 2024

R.31
Role Reconnaissance
Manufacturer Renard
First flight 1932
Introduction 1935
Retired 1940
Primary user Belgian Air Force
Number built 34

The Renard R.31 was a Belgian reconnaissance aircraft of the 1930s. A single-engined parasol monoplane, 32 R.31s were built for the Belgian Air Force, the survivors of which, although obsolete, remained in service when Nazi Germany invaded Belgium in 1940. The Renard R.31 was the only World War II operational military aircraft entirely designed and built in Belgium.

Design and development[edit]

The Renard R.31 was designed by Alfred Renard of Constructions Aéronautiques G. Renard to meet a requirement of the Belgian Air Force for a short ranged reconnaissance and army co-operation aircraft. It first flew from Evere Airfield, near Brussels, on 16 October 1932.[1]

It was a parasol monoplane of mixed construction, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel engine, with a welded steel tubing structure with metal sheet covering the forward fuselage and fabric covering of the remainder of the airframe. The wing was held in position by a single Vee strut on each side, conjoined with its fixed under carriage.

An order for 28 R.31s was placed in March 1934, with six to be built by Renard and the remainder by SABCA. One aircraft was fitted with a Lorraine Petrel engine for evaluation, but this was later replaced by the normal Kestrel engine. A second aircraft was fitted with an enclosed canopy and a Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major radial engine, becoming the R-32, with this then being replaced by a Hispano-Suiza 12Y engine, but the R-32 did not show sufficiently improved performance to gain a production order. A further six R.31s were ordered in August 1935.[1]

Operational history[edit]

The R.31 entered service with the Belgian Air Force in 1935,[2] replacing the Breguet 19 in the 9e and 11e Escadrilles d'Observation based at Liège. In service, it was not popular, as it had poor handling, being vulnerable to entering flat spins if mishandled, with all aerobatics therefore being banned.[1]

The R.31 was hopelessly obsolete. Those that were not destroyed on the ground during the German Blitzkrieg invasion of Belgium in May 1940 were ravaged by German fighters as they attempted to gather information on the German invasion. None of the planes apparently functioned as ground support aircraft during the brief Belgian Army resistance, instead flying fifty-four reconnaissance sorties in support of the Allied forces defending Belgium.[2] The last sortie, flown on the afternoon of May 27, 1940, was also the final mission flown by the Belgian Air Force in its attempt to repel the Germans.[1] Following the German occupation of Belgium, the Luftwaffe had no interest in the machines, and those that had survived the initial onslaught were either unused or destroyed. Overall, these planes had no significant impact on the war, although they were briefly involved.

Operators[edit]

 Belgium

Specifications (Renard R.31)[edit]

Renard R.32

Data from War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft [1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 9.2 m (30 ft 2 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.4 m (47 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 2.92 m (9 ft 7 in) [2]
  • Wing area: 32 m2 (340 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: Biconvex[3]
  • Empty weight: 1,330 kg (2,932 lb)
  • Gross weight: 2,130 kg (4,696 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIS V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 358 kW (480 hp)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 294 km/h (183 mph, 159 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 238 km/h (148 mph, 129 kn)
  • Range: 650 km (400 mi, 350 nmi) [2]
  • Service ceiling: 8,750 m (28,710 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 5 minutes 30 seconds
5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 11 minutes 42 seconds

Armament

See also[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Green, William (1967). War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Seven, Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft. London: Macdonald. pp. 34–37.
  2. ^ a b c d Donald, David, ed. (1997). The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  3. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Further reading[edit]

  • Hauet, André (October 1972). "Le Renard R.31". Le Album de Fanatique de l'Aviation (in French) (37): 22–26. ISSN 0757-4169.
  • Pacco, John. "Renard R.31" Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique militaire 1930-1940. Aartselaar, Belgium, 2003, pp. 49–51. ISBN 90-801136-6-2.
  • Delannay, Alain de la Lindi, André Henry. "La Saga du R-31" . Brussels, Belgium:Fonds National Alfred Renard www.fnar.be, 2003, pp. 378.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renard R.31.
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