Ivan Pavlov and Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version articles by quality log: Difference between pages
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''For other uses, see [[Pavlov|Pavlov (disambiguation)]].'' |
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{{Infobox_Scientist |
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===September 29, 2008=== |
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|name = Ivan Petrovich Pavlov<br />Иван Петрович Павлов |
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|image = Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png |
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===September 26, 2008=== |
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|caption = [[Nobel Prize]] portrait |
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===September 24, 2008=== |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1849|9|14|mf=y}} |
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|birth_place = [[Ryazan]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] |
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===September 21, 2008=== |
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1936|2|27|1849|9|14}} |
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|death_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Soviet Union]] |
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===September 17, 2008=== |
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|residence = [[Russian Empire]], [[Soviet Union]] |
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|nationality = [[Russians|Russian]], [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] |
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===September 14, 2008=== |
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|field = [[Physiology|Physiologist]], [[psychologist]], [[physician]] |
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|work_institution = Military Medical Academy |
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===September 9, 2008=== |
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|alma_mater = [[Saint Petersburg State University|Saint Petersburg University]] |
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|doctoral_advisor = |
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|doctoral_students = |
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|known_for = [[Classical conditioning]]<br />[[Transmarginal inhibition]]<br />[[Behavior modification]] |
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===September 1, 2008=== |
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|prizes = [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] |
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|footnotes = |
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===August 24, 2008=== |
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}} |
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'''Ivan Petrovich Pavlov''' ({{lang-ru|Иван Петрович Павлов}}, [[September 14]], [[1849]] – [[February 27]], [[1936]]) was a [[Russia]]n [[physiologist]], [[psychologist]], and [[physician]]. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of [[classical conditioning]]. |
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== Life and research == |
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Ivan Pavlov was born in [[Ryazan]], [[Russia]]<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html Ivan Pavlov The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904]</ref>. He began his higher education as a student at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary, but then dropped out and enrolled in the [[Saint Petersburg State University|University of Saint Petersburg]] to study the natural sciences. He received his doctorate in 1879. |
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In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the [[stomach|gastric]] function of [[dog]]s by externalizing a [[salivary gland]] so he could collect, measure and analyze the [[saliva]] and what response it had to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food coated with chili powder was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. |
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He decided that this was more interesting than the chemistry of saliva, and changed the focus of his research, carrying out a long series of experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food. He thereby established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called "conditional reflexes" — i.e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditionally upon specific previous experiences of the animal. These experiments were carried out in the 1890s and 1900s, and were known to western scientists through translations of individual accounts, but first became fully available in English in a book published in 1927. |
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Unlike many pre-revolutionary scientists, Pavlov was highly regarded by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government, and he was able to continue his researches until he reached a considerable age. Moreover, he was praised by Lenin and as a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel laureate]].<ref name="Ivan Pavlov">{{citeweb|title=Ivan Pavlov|url=http://www.crystalinks.com/pavlov1.html|accessdate=2007-01-01}}</ref><ref>[http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-5560 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov :: Opposition to Communism - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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[[Image:Pavlov nesterov.jpeg|thumb|Portrait by [[Mikhail Nesterov]] (1935).]] |
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===July 30, 2008=== |
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After the murder of [[Sergei Kirov]] in 1934, Pavlov wrote several letters to [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] criticizing the mass persecutions which followed and asking for the reconsideration of cases pertaining to several people he knew personally. |
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In later life he was particularly interested in trying to use conditioning to establish an experimental model of the induction of [[neuroses]]. He died in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. His [[laboratory]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] has been carefully preserved as a museum. |
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Conscious until his very last moment, Pavlov asked one of his students to sit beside his bed and to record the circumstances of his dying. He wanted to create unique evidence of subjective experiences of this terminal phase of life. The great scientific courage of Pavlov is exhibited by this story: he tried to learn, and to increase knowledge of [[physiology]], even on his deathbed.<ref>Chance, Paul. ''Learning and Behaviour''. Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1988. ISBN 0534085083. Page 48.</ref> |
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==Reflex system research== |
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===July 16, 2008=== |
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Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurology. Most of his work involved research in [[temperament]], [[classical conditioning|conditioning]] and [[Reflex action|involuntary reflex actions]]. |
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<!--[[Image:One of Pavlov's rats.jpg|thumb|One of Pavlov’s rats with a surgically implanted [[cannula]] to measure [[saliva]]tion, Pavlov Museum, 2005]]--> |
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===July 13, 2008=== |
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Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion which earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/press.html 1904 Nobel prize laureates]</ref> Experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting [[fistula]]s between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system. |
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Further work on reflex actions involved involuntary reactions to stress and pain. Pavlov extended the definitions of the four temperament types under study at the time: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic. Pavlov and his researchers observed and began the study of [[transmarginal inhibition]] (TMI), the body's natural response of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain. This research showed how all temperament types responded to the stimuli the same way, but different temperaments move through the responses at different times. He commented "that the most basic inherited difference. .. was how soon they reached this shutdown point and that the quick-to-shut-down have a fundamentally different type of nervous system."<ref>Rokhin, L, Pavlov, I & Popov, Y. (1963) Psychopathology and Psychiatry, Foreign Languages Publication House: Moscow.</ref> |
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===June 22, 2008=== |
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[[Carl Jung]] continued Pavlov's work on TMI and correlated the observed shutdown types in animals with his own introverted and extroverted temperament types in humans. Introverted persons, he believed, were more sensitive to stimuli and reached a TMI state earlier than their extroverted counterparts. This continuing research branch is gaining the name [[highly sensitive persons]]. |
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===June 18, 2008=== |
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[[William Sargant]] and others continued the behavioral research in mental conditioning to achieve memory implantation and brainwashing (any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person). |
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== |
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The concept for which Pavlov is famous, the "conditioned reflex" or, in his own words the ''conditional reflex'', (условный рефлекс–the translation into English is moot), is the alternative name he gave to the concept "reflex at at distance" he developed jointly with his assistant [[Ivan Filippovitch Tolochinov]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite book |
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===June 11, 2008=== |
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| last = Todes |
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| first = Daniel Philip |
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===June 4, 2008=== |
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| title = Pavlov's Physiology Factory |
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| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |
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===June 1, 2008=== |
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| date = 2002 |
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| location = Baltimore MD |
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===May 28, 2008=== |
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| pages = p232 et sec |
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| isbn = 0801866901}}</ref> |
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Tolochinov communicated the results at the Congress of Natural Sciences in [[Helsinki]] in 1903.<ref>Anrep (1927) p142</ref> As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of [[John B. Watson]], the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of [[comparative psychology]], and the general approach to psychology that underlay it, [[behaviorism]]. The British [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Bertrand Russell]] was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for [[philosophy of mind]]. |
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Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than use critical thinking. Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in [[Aldous Huxley]]'s [[dystopian]] novel, ''[[Brave New World]]'', and also to a large degree in [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]''. |
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It is popularly believed that Pavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including [[whistle]]s, [[metronome]]s, [[tuning fork]]s, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell. Catania<ref>Catania, A. Charles (1994); ''Query: Did Pavlov's Research Ring a Bell?'', PSYCOLOQUY Newsletter, Tuesday, [[June 7]], [[1994]]</ref> cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Littman<ref>Littman, Richard A. (1994); ''Bekhterev and Watson Rang Pavlov's Bell'', Psycoloquy, Vol. 5, No. 49</ref> tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries [[Vladimir Bekhterev|Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev]] and [[John B. Watson]], until Thomas<ref>Thomas, Roger K. (1994); ''Pavlov's Rats "dripped Saliva at the Sound of a Bell"'', Psycoloquy, Vol. 5, No. 80 http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?5.80 (accessed 2006-aug-22)</ref> found several references that unambiguously stated Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Classical conditioning]] |
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* [[Orienting response]] |
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* [[Behavior Modification]] |
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* [[Ryazan]] |
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* [[G. P. Zeliony]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |last= Boakes |first= Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= From Darwin to behaviourism |year= 1984 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-23512-9 }} |
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* {{cite book |last= Firkin |first= Barry G. |authorlink= |coauthors= J.A. Whitworth |title= Dictionary of Medical Eponyms |year= 1987 |publisher= Parthenon Publishing |location= |isbn= 978-1-85070-333-4 }} |
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* {{cite book |last= Pavlov |first= I. P. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep |year= 1927 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |location= London |isbn= }}[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/ Available online] |
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* Todes, D. P. (1997). "Pavlov's Physiological Factory," ''Isis''. Vol. 88. The History of Science Society, p. 205-246. |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhpavl.html PBS article] |
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* [http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html Nobel Prize website biography of I. P. Pavlov] |
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* [http://iemrams.spb.ru:8100/english/pavlov.htm Institute of Experimental Medicine article on Pavlov] |
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* [http://www.wulffmorgenthaler.com/strip.aspx?id=cd8cb971-635e-404c-9840-defc4d2ab895 A comic strip about Pavlov's work, by Wulffmorghenthaler.] |
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* [http://www.ivanpavlov.com/ Link to full text of Pavlov's lectures] |
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* [http://www.cshl.edu/PRats/ Link to a list of Pavlov's rats with some pictures] |
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{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}} |
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{{Psychology}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME= Pavlov, Ivan |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physiology|Physiologist]], [[psychologist]], [[physician]] |
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|DATE OF BIRTH= [[September 14]] [[1849]] |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Ryazan]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH= [[February 27]] [[1936]] |
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|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Soviet Union]] |
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}} |
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{{Lifetime|1849|1936|Pavlov, Ivan}} |
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[[Category:Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] |
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[[Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni]] |
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[[Category:Animal trainers]] |
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[[Category:Ethologists]] |
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[[Category:History of neuroscience]] |
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] |
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[[Category:Russian Nobel laureates|Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich]] |
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[[Category:People from Saint Petersburg]] |
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[[Category:Psychologists]] |
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[[Category:Russian educationists]] |
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[[Category:Russian scientists]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] |
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[[Category:Soviet scientists]] |
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[[ar:إيفان بافلوف]] |
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[[zh-min-nan:Ivan Petrović Pavlov]] |
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[[br:Ivan Pavlov]] |
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[[bg:Иван Павлов]] |
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[[ca:Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]] |
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[[he:איוואן פבלוב]] |
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[[ru:Павлов, Иван Петрович]] |
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[[uk:Павлов Іван Петрович]] |
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[[yi:איוואן פאוולאוו]] |
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[[zh:伊万·巴甫洛夫]] |
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Revision as of 07:58, 29 September 2008
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