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{{Royal house|
|surname =House of Plantagenet
|estate =England, France, Ireland and Wales
|coat of arms =[[Image:England Arms 1405.svg|135px]]<br>[[Armorial of Plantagenet]]
|country =[[Kingdom of England]], [[Kingdom of France]], [[Lordship of Ireland]], [[Principality of Wales]]
|titles = <nowiki></nowiki>
*[[Kingdom of England|King of England]]
*[[Count of Anjou]]
*[[Lordship of Ireland|Lord of Ireland]]
*[[Duchy of Normandy|Duke of Normandy]]
**[[Count of Mortain]]
*[[Duchy of Aquitaine|Duke of Aquitaine]]
**[[Duke of Gascony]]
**[[Count of Poitiers]]
*[[Counts and Dukes of Maine|Count of Maine]]
*[[Duchy of Brittany|Duke of Brittany]]
**[[Count of Nantes]]
*[[Principality of Wales|Prince of Wales]]
*[[Cyprus|Lord of Cyprus]]
*[[English claims to the French throne|Plantagenet claim to France]]
*[[King of Jerusalem|Plantagenet claim to Jerusalem]]
|founder =[[Henry II of England]]
|final ruler =[[Richard III of England]] (Yorkist line)
|current head =Agnatically, the only surviving male line is the legitimised [[House of Beaufort|Beauforts]],<ref>Stanford, ''The Great Governing Families of England'', 191.</ref> currently represented by [[David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort|David Somerset, Duke of Beaufort]].<ref>Stanford, ''The Great Governing Families of England'', 190.</ref>
|founding year =1154
|dissolution =
|nationality =[[Angevin]], [[English people|English]] ([[User_talk:True as Blue/arch#Background|see details]])
|cadet branches =[[House of Lancaster]]<br>[[House of York]]
}}
The '''House of Plantagenet''' ({{IPA2|planˈtadʒɪnɪt}}), less commonly known as the ''First House of Anjou'' is an important European [[royal house]]. Founded by [[Henry II of England]] the son of [[Geoffrey V of Anjou]], the Plantagenet kings first ruled the [[Kingdom of England]] in the 12th century; their direct ancestors had ruled the [[Anjou|County of Anjou]] since the 9th century. The dynasty gained several other holdings building the [[Angevin Empire]], which at its peak stretched from the [[Pyrenees]] to [[Ireland]].


==Introduction==
In total fifteen Plantagenet monarchs, including those belonging to [[cadet branch]]es ruled England from 1154 until 1485. The initial branch ruled from Henry II of England, until the death of [[Richard II of England]] in 1339. After that two Plantagenet branches named the [[House of Lancaster]] and the [[House of York]] clashed in a [[civil war]] known as the [[Wars of the Roses]] over control of the house. After three ruling Lancastrian monarchs, the crown returned to senior [[primogeniture]] with three ruling Yorkist monarchs; the last being [[Richard III of England]] who was killed in battle during 1485.


Welcome to my homepage! My name is Knowledge Learner (or KNLR for short) and I'm a user of the [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia]], the free encyclopedia. I have joined on 07/26/08 and I' am new to to the Wiki. If anyone have any information from the News, please tell me in my [[User talk:KNLR|Discussion Page]]. I would like to know about it. Everything on my User page is true just to let you know.
A distinctive [[English culture]] and [[English art|art]] emmerged during the Plantagenet era, encouraged by some of the monarchs who were patrons of the "father of English [[poet]]ry"; [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. The [[Gothic architecture]] style was popular during the time, with buildings such as the [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[York Minster]] remodelled in that style. There was also lasting developments in the social sector, such as [[John I of England]]'s signing of the [[Magna Carta]]. This was influential in the development of [[common law]] and [[constitutional law]]. Political institutions such as the [[Parliament of England]] and the [[Model Parliament]] originate from the Plantagenet period, as do educational institutions including the [[Cambridge University|University of Cambridge]] and [[Oxford University|Oxford]].


==About myself==
The eventful politicial climate of the day saw the [[Hundred Years' War]], where the Plantagenets battled with the [[House of Valois]] for the control of the [[Kingdom of France]], related to both claiming [[House of Capet]] seniority. Some of the Plantagenet kings were renowned as warriors; [[Henry V of England]] left his mark with the victory against larger numbers at the [[Battle of Agincourt]]. While earlier [[Richard the Lionheart]] had distinguished himself in the [[Third Crusade]] and was later romanticised as an [[icon]]ic figure in [[English folklore]].
==Origins==
===Etymology===
The name Plantagenet itself has its origins as the nickname of [[Geoffrey V of Anjou]].<ref name="plantname">Dr. John S Plant (2007), ''"[http://cogprints.org/5986/ The Tardy Adoption of the Plantagenet Surname]"'', Nomina.</ref> The name is derived from the plant [[common broom]], which is known in the [[Latin language]] as ''planta genista''. It is most commonly claimed that the nickname arose because he wore a sprig of it in his hat. Its significance has been said to relate to its golden flower<ref name="plantname">Dr. John S Plant (2007), ''"[http://cogprints.org/5986/ The Tardy Adoption of the Plantagenet Surname]"'', Nomina.</ref> or contemporary belief in its vegetative soul.<ref name="plantname">Dr. John S Plant (2007), ''"[http://cogprints.org/5986/ The Tardy Adoption of the Plantagenet Surname]"'', Nomina.</ref> The surname ''Plantagenet'' has since the 15th century, been retroactively applied to the descendants of Geoffrey of Anjou, as the house itself used no surname until the [[legitimist]] claimant [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York]], father of both [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] and [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], assumed the name about 1448.<ref name="plantname">Dr. John S Plant (2007), ''"[http://cogprints.org/5986/ The Tardy dAoption of the Plantagenet Surname]"'', Nomina.</ref>
===Background===
The house is of [[North-West Europe|North-Western European]] stock ethnically; although designating specific ethnicities to royal houses is a difficult task due to vast intermarriage between different dynasties over the centuries.<ref name="desceworld">{{cite web |title=The Ancestors of Henry II King of England |url=http://worldroots.com/gitte/famous/h/henry2ancestors.htm|publisher=WorldRoots.com}} Retrieved on 8&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Taking into account the grandparents of House of Plantagenet founder Henry II of England, a summarised picture of their ancestry begins to emmerge; a mix of mostly Frankish with Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Gaelic Celtic.<ref name="henancest">{{cite web |title=Ancestors of Henry II (Plantagenet) King of England|url=http://www.judivad.com/gen/showsource.php?sourceID=S236&tree=jdvd|publisher=McMartin, Douglas}} Published on 15&nbsp;November 1995.</ref> Amongst his most notable direct ancestors are [[Charlemagne]], [[Alfred the Great]], [[William the Conqueror]] and [[Hugh Capet]].<ref name="henancest">{{cite web |title=Ancestors of Henry II (Plantagenet) King of England|url=http://www.judivad.com/gen/showsource.php?sourceID=S236&tree=jdvd|publisher=McMartin, Douglas}} Published on 15&nbsp;November 1995.</ref> Below are the four grandparents of Henry, their ultimate origins and a summary of their direct ancestral history;<ref name="desceworld">{{cite web |title=The Ancestors of Henry II King of England |url=http://worldroots.com/gitte/famous/h/henry2ancestors.htm|publisher=WorldRoots.com}} Retrieved on 8&nbsp;October 2008.</ref><ref name="henancest">{{cite web |title=Ancestors of Henry II (Plantagenet) King of England|url=http://www.judivad.com/gen/showsource.php?sourceID=S236&tree=jdvd|publisher=McMartin, Douglas}} Published on 15&nbsp;November 1995.</ref>


I'am a guy who is preparing for any [[Disaster|disaster]], I'am study random things as a hobby, I'am a member of the [[Boy Scouts of America|BSA]], I also have some Military Tactics, and I'am person who cares about the [[Natural environment|Environment]].
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Name
! width=20% | State of birth
! width=20% | Ultimate ethnicity
! width=40% | History
|-
|align="center"|[[Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulk V of Anjou, King of Jerusalem]]||align="center"|[[Anjou|County of Anjou]]||align="center"|[[Frankish]]||
|-
|align="center"|[[Ermengarde of Maine]]||align="center"|[[County of Maine]]||align="center"|[[Frankish]]||
|-
|align="center"|[[Henry I of England]]||align="center"|[[Kingdom of England]]||align="center"|[[Norsemen|Norse]], [[Frankish]] & [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]]||<small>Henry was the son of [[Normans|Norman]] king of England, [[William I the Conqueror|William the Conqueror]], they were in turn paternally [[Norseman|Norse]] through [[Rollo]]. His mother was a daughter of the count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], ultimately of Frankish origin. She also had [[Anglo-Saxon]] ancestry through Alfred the Great's daughter, [[Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders]]. Through [[Adela of France, Countess of Flanders|Adela Capet, Countess of Flanders]] there is also descent from [[Hugh Capet]].
</small>
|-
|align="center"|[[Matilda of Scotland]]||align="center"|[[Kingdom of Scotland]]||align="center"|[[Gaels|Gaelic]] [[Celts|Celtic]] & [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]]||<small>Matilda's father was [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] of the Gaelic dynasty [[House of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]] which ruled Scotland, tracing their ancestry back to the [[Dál Riata]] of [[Ireland]]. Her mother [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Saint Margaret]] was a Christian saint of [[Anglo-Saxon]] stock, the grandaughter of [[Edmund Ironside]] descended through the [[House of Wessex|Wessex]] rulers of England back to [[Alfred the Great]].</small>
|-
|}


=='''My Wikipedia Work'''==
[[Image:WhiteShipSinking.jpg|150px|thumb|The [[White Ship]] sinking]]
Known as Angevins due to the fact that the paternal progenitors of the House of Plantagenet were the [[Counts and Dukes of Anjou|Counts]] of [[Anjou]], their autonomous county was located in [[Western Europe]], in what is today known as [[France]].<ref name="vauchezsixtyfive">Vauchez, ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', 65.</ref> The Plantagenet genealogy traces back to the first Count of Anjou, named [[Ingelger]].<ref name="vauchezsixtyfive">Vauchez, ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', 65.</ref> Through his mother [[Petronilla]] and his grandfather [[Hugh, son of Charlemagne|Hugh]], Ingelger was a great-grandson of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>Larned, ''The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research'', 350.</ref> It is due to this lineage that the House of Plantagenet is sometimes called the First House of Anjou. One of the more notable Counts was [[Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulk]], a [[crusader]] who became the [[King of Jerusalem|King]] of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]].


==='''Created Articles'''===
The man who would go on to found the House of Plantagenet and become the dynasties first [[King of England]] was [[Henry II of England|Henry II]].<ref>Benjamin, ''Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia'', 288.</ref> His mother was [[Empress Matilda|Empress Matilda, Lady of the English]], while his father was [[Geoffrey V of Anjou]] nicknamed ''Plantagenet'', who held the title [[Count of Anjou]].<ref name="hooper">Hooper, ''The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', 50.</ref> Henry's mother had a legitimist claim to the English throne as the daughter of [[Henry I of England]] and [[Matilda of Scotland]].<ref name="hooper">Hooper, ''The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', 50.</ref> Empress Matilda's legitimate brother [[William Adelin]] had died in the [[White Ship]] wrecking in the [[English Channel]]. This meant that when her father Henry I later died in 1135, Matilda was his only surviving issue and his ''[[de jure]]'' successor to England.<ref name="hooper">Hooper, ''The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare'', 50.</ref>


* [[Greensburg (TV series)]]
However, Matilda was [[Usurper|usurped]] by her cousin [[Stephen of England|Stephen of Blois]] with the support of much of the [[Anglo-Norman]] nobility.<ref name="lanepoole">Lane Poole, '' From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216'', 132.</ref> A tightly fought [[civil war]] known as [[The Anarchy]] ensued, with Matilda gaining support from her illegitimate half-brother, [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]].<ref name="lanepooletwo">Lane Poole, '' From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216'', 134.</ref> The balance swayed both ways during the war, Matilda gained control at one point and carried the title "Lady of the English" before Stephen forced her out to [[Anjou]].<ref name="bartlett">Bartlett, ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225'', 124.</ref> Unrest and instability continued throughout Stephen's reign even after this. On the continent, Geoffrey V had managed to take control of the [[Duchy of Normandy]] for the Angevins in 1141.<ref name="Grant">Grant, ''Architecture and Society in Normandy, 1120-1270'', 7.</ref>
* [[User:KNLR/Sandbox]]
* [[User:KNLR/ Userboxes]]


==='''Wiki Groups'''===
==History==
===Rise of Henry II and his sons===
[[Image:Henry II Plantagenet.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Henry II of England.]]
Matilda's son the future [[Henry II of England]] had grown into a skilled military tactician and arrived in England to follow up his mother's claim.<ref>Bartlett, ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225'', 91.</ref> He had married [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] and so the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] was also part of the Plantagenet's vast land holdings in the emerging [[Angevin Empire]]. When Henry arrived in England, he and Stephen came to an agreement in November 1153, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Wallingford]] where Stephen recognised Henry as his heir to the throne.<ref>Ashley, ''A Brief History of British Kings and Queens'', 78.</ref> Most scholars regard Henry's reign as enegetic and effective in his governance.<ref name="brithen">{{cite web |title=Henry II (1154-1189)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon26.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Henry overhauled the English [[judicial system]], restoring [[royal]] [[authority]] in place of the easily manipulated feudal law of the barons which had undermined Stephen's ineffective reign.<ref name="brithen">{{cite web |title=Henry II (1154-1189)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon26.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> The system and reforms put in place by Henry restored [[law and order]], creating a self-standing system which utilised competent [[government]] [[clerk]]s and [[high sheriff|sheriffs]]. It could in effect operate smoothly with a [[common law]] prevailing, even when the king was absent — or through the reign of less skilled monarchs.<ref name="brithen">{{cite web |title=Henry II (1154-1189)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon26.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref>


'''Not listed in any groups'''
After [[King of Leinster]], [[Dermot MacMurrough]] was chased out of his lands by the [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair|High King of Ireland]], he asked Henry for help.<ref name="ireland">Downs, ''Ireland'', 28.</ref> Henry [[Norman invasion of Ireland|obliged]], restoring MacMurrough to Leinster and inserting his son [[John of England|John]] as [[Lord of Ireland]].<ref name="ireland">Downs, ''Ireland'', 28.</ref> Henry also recovered [[Northumberland]] and [[Cumbria]] from the control of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] who had earlier seized the areas from England, under [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] and [[David I of Scotland]] respectively.<ref name="recovered">Bartlett, ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225'', 79.</ref> Henry named his son [[Henry the Young King]] as his [[coregent]] in England, the coronation was carried out by the [[Archbishop of York]].<ref>Barber, ''Henry Plantagenet'', 140.</ref> This angered Henry's formerly close friend, [[Thomas Beckett]] the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]; in frustration Henry uttered a comment which would see Beckett killed by knights.<ref>Barber, ''Henry Plantagenet'', 144.</ref> Henry regretted his former friend's death and did public [[penance]]; walking barefoot into [[Canterbury Cathedral]], he allowed monks to [[scourge]] him, his excommunication was rescinded.<ref>Barber, ''Henry Plantagenet'', 147.</ref>
[[Image:Richard I of England - Palace of Westminster - 24042004.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Statue of [[Richard the Lionheart]] outside [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster Palace]].]]


==='''User Status'''===
Henry invisaged in his will a situation somewhat similar to a [[federal monarchy]] for the Plantagenet Empire after his death.<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> He planned that his four sons, would inherit various different parts: Henry the Younger (England, Normandy and Anjou), [[Richard I of England|Richard]] (Aquitaine), [[Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany|Geoffrey]] (Brittany) and John (Ireland), so each would have [[home rule]] with its own monarch.<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> His family under the leadership of his son Henry the Younger who wanted more power during Henry II's lifetime, rebelled against him in the [[Revolt of 1173–1174]].<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> The rebels included power hungry English barons, his second cousin the [[king of Scotland]] and the [[king of France]].<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Despite being attacked on various different fronts, Henry II and his loyalists fought a defensive campaign and humiliated militarily all their enemies.<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Henry's men led by [[Ranulf de Glanvill]], even captured his second cousin [[William I of Scotland]] at [[Battle of Alnwick (1174)|Alnwick]], but allowed him to swear [[Treaty of Falaise|fealty]] to Henry at [[York Castle]].<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Henry the Younger rebelled against his father again in 1183 but died of dysentery.<ref name="bbcone">{{cite web |title=The Character and Legacy of Henry II: Henry and his sons|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_character_05.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref>


'''Articles Created:''' 3
[[Image:John, Magna Carta.jpg|thumb|right|135px|[[Magna Carta]] signing.]]
[[Richard the Lionheart]] as he would later be known, become monarch in 1189. Richard did not focus as much on local governance as his father, rarely spending time in England.<ref name="rich">Carlton, ''Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy'', 42.</ref> However he built up a reputation as a great military leader and warrior for his efforts in the [[Third Crusade]] scoring considerable victories against his [[Muslim]] counterpart, [[Saladin]].<ref name="rich">Carlton, ''Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy'', 42.</ref> For a time Richard was [[Cyprus|Lord of Cyprus]] but sold the island to [[Guy of Lusignan]]. Since his death Richard has been romanticised in [[English folklore]], as his name remains synonymous with bravery and courage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saladin, Richard the Lionheart and the legacy of the Crusades|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/lionheart.html|publisher=Channel4.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> His brother [[John of England]], nicknamed ''Lackland'', came to power next in 1199. John clashed with [[Philip II of France]], who favoured John's nephew [[Arthur I, Duke of Brittany|Arthur]] to control the continental Plantagenet territories. After Arthur was killed, the Norman and Angevin lords rebelled against Plantagenet rule; John lost much of the continent to [[Kingdom of France|France]], solidified by defeat at [[Battle of Bouvines|Bouvines]].<ref>Marshall, "Our Island Story: A History of England for Boys and Girls". 213.</ref> It was around this time that the [[English language]] gained wider respect. In England, John also had to deal with rebellion as he was forced by barons to sign the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215, a document that limited his power and that is popularly regarded as an early first step in the evolution of modern [[democracy]].<ref>Marshall, "Our Island Story: A History of England for Boys and Girls". 216.</ref> As John signed the document under duress, the [[First Barons' War]] broke out, with the barons inviting an invasion by [[Louis VIII of France]]. John died in 1217 and his son [[Henry III of England]] succeeded him, with the barons switching their allegiance back to Plantagenet against [[House of Capet|Capet]].<ref>Marshall, "Our Island Story: A History of England for Boys and Girls". 219.</ref>


'''Articles Edited:''' 7
===Three Edwards and claim to Capet===
Henry III became king at just nine years old, so nobles such as [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]] and [[Hubert de Burgh]] dominated in the early years.<ref>Turner, ''Magna Carta: Through the Ages'', 81.</ref> Henry made unsuccessful attempts to regain Plantagenet land in northern France.<ref name="brithenthree">{{cite web |title=Henry III (1216-1272 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon29.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Henry handed out various honours to foreginers related to his wife [[Eleanor of Provence]], which annoyed the local nobility.<ref>Prestwich, ''Plantagenet England 1225-1360'', 93.</ref> The [[Provisions of Oxford]] was imposed on the king, led by [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], a council of fifteen nobles were set to help govern the country; Henry asserted himself and so the [[Second Barons' War]] began. At [[Battle of Lewes|Lewes]] de Montfort captured Henry's son [[Edward I of England|Prince Edward]] and became ''de facto'' ruler of the nation, until royalists won the war at [[Battle of Evesham|Evesham]].<ref>Prestwich, ''Plantagenet England 1225-1360'', 101.</ref> It is from this period that the [[Parliament of England]] originated, Henry was passionate about [[aesthetic]]s and had many of England's buildings such as [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[York Minster]] re-built in the [[Gothic architecture]] style.<ref name="brithenthree">{{cite web |title=Henry III (1216-1272 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon29.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> The reign of [[Edward I of England]], nicknamed ''Longshanks'' due to his tall height, saw much legitislative activity and improvements in the administration of the [[Judiciary|judicial]] institutions which would last almost unchanged for centuries.<ref name="caterhistory">Carter, "A History of English Legal Institutions". 71.</ref> Due to this he is sometimes called "''The English [[Justinian I|Justinian]]''", a reference to the [[Byzantine Emperor]].<ref name="caterhistory">Carter, "A History of English Legal Institutions". 71.</ref>


'''Photos Uploaded:''' 2
[[Image:Hommage_of_Edward_I_to_Philippe_le_Bel.jpg|thumb|150px|As [[Duke of Aquitaine]], Edward was a vassal to the Capetian [[Philip IV of France|French king]].]]
Edward clashed with [[Llywelyn the Last|Llywelyn ap Gruffydd]], who ruled directly [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] while other parts of the [[Principality of Wales]] were [[Marcher Lord|Marcher Lordship]]s existing since Norman times.<ref name="edwardone">{{cite web |title=Edward I (r. 1272-1307)|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp|publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Llywelyn refused to do [[Homage (medieval)|homage]] or attend Edward's coronation; thus in 1277 the two men went to war.<ref name="edwardone">{{cite web |title=Edward I (r. 1272-1307)|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp|publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Edward was quickly victorious and [[Treaty of Aberconwy|a peace treaty]] was issued. Llywelyn and his brother [[Dafydd ap Gruffudd]] broke the treaty and went on the attack; again Edward was victorious, but this time the Principality of Wales became Plantagenet territory, with his son [[Edward II of England|Edward]] crowned [[Prince of Wales]].<ref name="edwardone">{{cite web |title=Edward I (r. 1272-1307)|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page61.asp|publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> After Edward I's brother-in-law [[Alexander III of Scotland]] died and [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]] became his sole heir, a marriage alliance between Margaret and [[Edward II of England|Edward, Prince of Wales]] was proposed which would mean Scotland would be a Plantagenet holding within the next generation.<ref>Grant, ''Uniting the Kingdom?: The Making of British History'', 89.</ref> Margaret died on her voyage, throwing the succession to Scotland [[Competitors for the Crown of Scotland|wide open between several candidates]].<ref>Grant, ''Uniting the Kingdom?: The Making of British History'', 90.</ref> Edward was asked to arbitrate and chose the hereditarily superior [[John Balliol]].<ref>Morris, ''Great Britain and Ireland: A History for Lower Forms'', 127.</ref> However, Balliol later betrayed Edward by setting up the [[Auld Alliance]] with France and so the [[First War of Scottish Independence|Wars of Scotland]] began.<ref>Morris, ''Great Britain and Ireland: A History for Lower Forms'', 128.</ref> Edward's campaign was effective, he even captured the [[Stone of Scone|Coronation Stone]] relic and defeated [[William Wallace]] at [[Battle of Falkirk (1298)|Falkirk]].<ref name="historytoday">Gardiner, ''The History Today Who's who in British History'', 275.</ref> However Edward died at [[Burgh by Sands]] on the way to fight [[Robert I of Scotland]], having never solidified a claim to Scotland.<ref name="historytoday">Gardiner, ''The History Today Who's who in British History'', 275.</ref>


'''Talk sections Created:''' 4
[[Image:Edward III Black Prince 14thc.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Edward III and his son [[Edward, the Black Prince]].]]
His son and successor, [[Edward II of England]], was the polar opposite of his warrior statesman father.<ref name="edwardtwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (r.1307-1327)|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page65.asp|publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Edward II's reign was largely unpopular due to several reasons; he was regarded as a poor solider and lost out in Scotland to Robert I at [[battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]].<ref name="edwardtwotwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (1307-27 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon31.html|publisher=Britannica.com}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> He also angered the nobility by giving large sums of money and gifts to his favourites such as [[Piers Gaveston]].<ref name="edwardtwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (r.1307-1327)|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page65.asp|publisher=Royal.gov.uk}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> This annoyed the barons to the extent that they rallied around Edward's cousin [[Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas, Earl of Lancaster]] and had Gaveston murdered.<ref name="edwardtwotwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (1307-27 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon31.html|publisher=Britannica.com}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Another royal favourite [[Hugh Despenser the Younger|Hugh Despenser]] came on the scene and again there were conflicts, but this time Edward beat his cousin Thomas at [[Battle of Boroughbridge|Boroughbridge]] and had him executed in 1322.<ref name="edwardtwotwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (1307-27 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon31.html|publisher=Britannica.com}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> Edward's downfall came when his wife [[Isabella of France]] and her baronial lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]] set out to depose the king, with the help of the king's second cousin [[Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Leicester|Henry, Earl of Lancaster]].<ref name="edwardtwotwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (1307-27 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon31.html|publisher=Britannica.com}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> The king agreed to abdicate in favour of his and Isabella's son [[Edward III of England]]; Edward II was held prisoner in [[Berkeley Castle]] for five months before being murdered.<ref name="edwardtwotwo">{{cite web |title=Edward II (1307-27 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon31.html|publisher=Britannica.com}} Retrieved on 1&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> After four years of court control by his mother and her lover, Edward at age 18 staged a revolt and had Mortimer executed. Edward overturned the [[Treaty of Northampton]] and supported [[Edward Balliol]]'s claim to Scotland, against [[David II of Scotland|David II]] of the [[Clan Bruce|House of Bruce]].<ref name="ashleytwo">Ashley, ''A Brief History of British Kings and Queens'', 180.</ref> The [[Second War of Scottish Independence|campaign was effective]] as David was captured at [[Battle of Neville's Cross|Neville's Cross]], spending a period in the [[Tower of London]] before being [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)|released]] for a large ransom. David's invasion into [[Northern England]] had been under the terms of the [[Auld Alliance]] with the [[House of Valois]] of France.<ref name="ashleytwo">Ashley, ''A Brief History of British Kings and Queens'', 180.</ref>


===Wikipedia Rewards===
[[Image:Battle of crecy froissart.jpg|thumb|175px|Plantagenet victory at [[Battle of Crécy|Crécy]].]]
The succession to the rights of the [[House of Capet]] was disputed.<ref name="capet">Fowler, ''The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328-1498'', 208.</ref> [[Philip IV of France]] had three sons all of whom died without heir, aside from [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] who's son [[John I of France|John I]] lived for only five days.<ref name="capet">Fowler, ''The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328-1498'', 208.</ref> In following with [[feudal law]] which France had used up until that point, the daughter and sole remaning child of Philip IV, [[Isabella of France]], the mother of Edward III of England had a claim to the French throne and the seniority of the House of Capet.<ref name="capet">Fowler, ''The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328-1498'', 208.</ref> However [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] of the [[House of Valois]], a more distantly related Capetian cadet branch invoked [[Salic law]] and was crowned [[King of France]].<ref name="capet">Fowler, ''The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328-1498'', 208.</ref> When Philip confiscated the [[Duchy of Aquitaine]] from Edward for "disobedience", Edward decided to follow up his claim to all of the [[Kingdom of France]]; thus the [[Hundred Years' War]] between the Plantagenets and Valois began. Early on in the conflict, the [[Hundred Years' War (1337–1360)|Edwardian War]] was particularly successful for the Plantagenets, specifically the battles at [[Battle of Crécy|Crécy]] and [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Poitiers]] leading to the [[Treaty of Brétigny]].<ref>Rogers, ''The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations'', 384.</ref> Edward had to deal with the [[Black Death]] during his reign,<ref name="britedthree">{{cite web |title=Edward III (1327-1377 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon32.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> but was able to make vital developments in legislature and government. In England his reign saw the developed of a strong sense of [[national identity]] due partly to the ongoing wars; the chivalric [[Order of the Garter]] essentially saw the nationalisation of the aristocracy.<ref name="britedthree">{{cite web |title=Edward III (1327-1377 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon32.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> His latter years were less successful in comparison with both political problems at home and renewed problems with Valois; the death of Valois' [[John II of France|John II]] in English captivity during 1364 saw the rise of [[Charles V of France]] who had far more capable allies.<ref>Waugh, ''England in the Reign of Edward III'', 18.</ref> A second period of the Hundred Years' War broke out known as the [[Hundred Years' War (1369–1389)|Caroline War]], the Plantagenets were led by Edward's sons [[Edward, the Black Prince]] and [[John of Gaunt]].<ref name="britedthree">{{cite web |title=Edward III (1327-1377 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon32.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref> The Black Prince died in 1371 of illness, which may have been [[cancer]], while Edward III himself died the following year.<ref name="britedthree">{{cite web |title=Edward III (1327-1377 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon32.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 2&nbsp;October 2008.</ref>


'''None'''
[[Image:DeathWatTylerFull.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Richard and the [[Peasants' Revolt|Great Rising]].]]
Due to the death of his father Edward, the Black Prince who was the long time [[heir apparent]] to England, the ten year old [[Richard II of England]] succeeded to the throne instead.<ref>Waugh, ''England in the Reign of Edward III'', 19.</ref> The commons of parliament feared that Richard's uncle [[John of Gaunt]] would ambitiously influence politicial decisions if a regency led by him was instated; thus parliament created an envirovment where a series of councils would essentially control politics. The continuing Hundred Years' War with Valois was an expensive venture, a [[poll tax]] was levied to finance it.<ref>Howard Hilton, ''The English Rising of 1381'', 132.</ref> Levied three times and covering 60% of the population, the 1381 tax costing one shilling for each person over 15 was particularly unpopular and was one of the main reasons behind the [[Peasants' Revolt|Great Rising of 1381]].<ref>Howard Hilton, ''The English Rising of 1381'', 37.</ref> Only fourteen at the time, Richard rode out on horseback and met with the rebel leaders, showing considerable statesmanship qualities in his handling of the rebellion.<ref>Aberth, ''From the Brink of the Apocalypse'', 139.</ref> Due to the king's dependence on a small number of courtiers, in 1389 governance was instead taken over by a group known as the [[Lord Appellant]].<ref name="richtwo">Saul, ''Richard II'', 203.</ref> Richard regained control in 1389 and after eight years of relative harmondy, decided to take revenge on the appellants, executing and exiling some.<ref name="richtwo">Saul, ''Richard II'', 203.</ref> After John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers.<ref name="britrichtwo">{{cite web |title=Richard II (1377-1399)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon33.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned as [[Henry IV of England]]. Richard died in captivity early the next year; he was probably murdered.<ref name="britrichtwo">{{cite web |title=Richard II (1377-1399)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon33.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref>


===Wikipedia Licenses===
===Dynastic dispute, Lancaster and York===
{{main|House of Lancaster|House of York}}
Prior to Henry taking the throne and becoming the first [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] king, [[Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March|Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March]] was actually the heir presumptive to Richard II according to [[cognatic primogeniture]], through his deceased mother [[Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster|Philippa Plantagenet]] who was the only child of [[Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence|Lionel, Duke of Clarence]]. The system in which Henry could be deemed more senior is by using [[Agnatic seniority|agnatic succession]]; meaning that he was a Plantagenet through the male line. Edmund and his brother Roger were just children when Henry took to the throne, their father had also died recently; they were kept in custody by Henry, who, however treated them honourably. Henry had to deal with numerous rebellions in the Angevin Empire, both in Wales under [[Owain Glyndŵr]] and in England, such as the [[Southampton Plot]].<ref name="henfour">{{cite web |title=Henry IV (1399-1413 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon34.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> The latter of which was an attempt to put Mortimer on the throne, though he himself never rebelled against Henry. There was also the [[Battle of Bramham Moor|Percy Rebellion]] after the king and [[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland]] fell out.<ref name="henfour">{{cite web |title=Henry IV (1399-1413 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon34.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> Henry's wife [[Joanna of Navarre]] was accused of practicing [[necromancy]] and was convicted of witchcraft in 1419, this added to diminishing Henry's support.<ref name="henfour">{{cite web |title=Henry IV (1399-1413 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon34.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> As did the execution of [[Richard le Scrope|Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York]] after a rebellion; when Henry was later struck down with leprosy and epilepsy many at the time saw it is a punishment from God for the execution of the archbishop.<ref>Swanson, ''Religion and Devotion'', 298.</ref> For the last two years of his reign, Henry was so ill that his son and heir, [[Henry V of England|Henry of Monmouth]] took up the vast majority of kings responsibilities.<ref name="henfour">{{cite web |title=Henry IV (1399-1413 AD)|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon34.html|publisher=Britannia.com}} Retrieved on 27&nbsp;September 2008.</ref>
[[Image:Agincour.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Victory at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] fought on [[Saint Crispin|Saint Crispin's Day]].]]
{{clear}}
[[Image:Wars of the Roses.jpg|left|thumb|160px|Symbolic representation of the [[Wars of the Roses]] in art.]]
{{clear}}


{{MultiLicensePD}}
===Deposed house, rebellion and decline===


==Titles==
=='''Gallery'''==


''These are the photos I have uploaded on to the Wikipedia so please enjoy observing them.
{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Title
! width=20% | Held
! width=40% | Designation and details
|-
|align="center"|[[Count of Anjou]]||align="center"|870&ndash;1204||ancestral family title, originating with [[Ingelger]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Counts and Dukes of Maine|Count of Maine]]||align="center"|1110&ndash;1203||
|-
|align="center"|[[King of Jerusalem]]||align="center"|1131&ndash;1143|| title held by the grandfather of [[Henry II of England]] named [[Fulk of Jerusalem]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Duke of Aquitaine]]||align="center"|1152&ndash;1422||titles [[Duke of Gascony]] and [[Count of Poitiers]] also used.
|-
|align="center"|[[King of England]]||align="center"|1154&ndash;1485||
|-
|align="center"|[[Duke of Normandy]]||align="center"|1144&ndash;1259|| also used [[Count of Mortain]] title.
|-
|align="center"|[[List of Irish monarchs|Lord of Ireland]]||align="center"|1177&ndash;1485||
|-
|align="center"|[[Duke of Brittany]]||align="center"|1181&ndash;1203||title [[Count of Nantes]] also used
|-
|align="center"|[[Cyprus|Lord of Cyprus]]||align="center"|1191&ndash;1192|| title was briefly held by [[Richard the Lionheart]] after his conquest of the island, he then sold the island to [[Guy of Lusignan]] who raised it to a [[Kingdom of Cyprus]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Prince of Wales]]||align="center"|1301&ndash;1484|| given to the first born son of the [[King of England]].
|-
|align="center"|[[King of France]]||align="center"|1340&ndash;1485|| mostly titular, rather than ''[[de facto]]''.
|-
|}


<gallery>
===List of England monarchs===
Image:Shiloh Middle School.jpg|This is the entrance of Shiloh Middle School at [[Shiloh, Illinois|Shiloh, IL]]

Image:Greensburg TV Series.jpg|This is the screenshot for the TV Series [[Greensburg (TV series)|Greensburg]]
====Angevins====
</gallery>

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Portrait
! width=20% | Name
! width=7% | From
! width=7% | Until
! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry II of England.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Henry II of England]] <br>(''Curtmantle'') ||align="center"|[[19 December]] [[1154]]||align="center"|[[6 July]] [[1189]]||son of [[Empress Matilda]], heir to the English throne but was [[usurp]]ed by her cousin, [[Stephen I of England]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry the Young King.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[Henry the Young King]] ||align="center"|[[14 June]] [[1170]]||align="center"|[[11 June]] [[1183]]||[[coregent]] at age 15 onwards with his father, Henry II of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Richard I of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Richard I of England]]<br>(''Richard the Lionheart'') ||align="center"|[[3 September]] [[1189]]||align="center"|[[6 April]] [[1199]]||son of Henry II of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:John of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[John of England]]<br>(''John Lackland'') ||align="center"|[[27 May]] [[1199]]||align="center"|[[19 October]] [[1216]]||son of Henry II of England. Brother of issueless Richard I of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry III of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Henry III of England]]||align="center"|[[28 October]] [[1216]]||align="center"|[[16 November]] [[1272]]||son of John of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Edward I of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Edward I of England]]<br>(''Edward Longshanks'')||align="center"|[[20 November]] [[1272]]||align="center"|[[7 July]] [[1307]]||son of Henry III of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Edward_II_Plantagenet_of_England.jpg|85px]]||align="center"|[[Edward II of England]]||align="center"|[[7 July]] [[1307]]||align="center"|[[25 January]] [[1327]]||son of Edward I of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Edward III of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Edward III of England]]||align="center"|[[25 January]] [[1327]]||align="center"|[[21 June]] [[1377]]||son of Edward II of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Richard II of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Richard II of England]]||align="center"|[[21 June]] [[1377]]||align="center"|[[29 September]] [[1399]]||son of [[Edward, the Black Prince]]. Grandson of Edward III of England.
|-
|}

====House of Lancaster====

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Portrait
! width=20% | Name
! width=7% | From
! width=7% | Until
! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry IV of England.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Henry IV of England]] <br>(''Henry Bolingbroke'') ||align="center"|[[30 September]] [[1399]]||align="center"|[[20 March]] [[1413]]||cousin of [[Richard II of England]], who he had murdered. Son of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry5.JPG|80px]]||align="center"|[[Henry V of England]] ||align="center"|[[20 March]] [[1413]]||align="center"|[[31 August]] [[1422]]||son of Henry IV of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Henry VI of England.png|85px]]||align="center"|[[Henry VI of England]]||align="center"|[[31 August]] [[1422]]||align="center"|[[11 April]] [[1471]]||son of Henry V of England.
|-
|}

====House of York====

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=8% | Portrait
! width=20% | Name
! width=7% | From
! width=7% | Until
! width=20% | Relationship with predecessor
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:EdwardIVofEngland-Yorkist.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[Edward IV of England]] ||align="center"|[[4 March]] [[1461]]||align="center"|[[9 April]] [[1483]]||cousin of [[Henry VI of England]]. Son of [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York]].
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Edward V of England.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Edward V of England]] ||align="center"|[[9 April]] [[1483]]||align="center"|[[25 June]] [[1483]]||son of Edward IV of England.
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:Richard III of England.jpg|85px]]||align="center"|[[Richard III of England]]||align="center"|[[26 June]] [[1483]]||align="center"|[[22 August]] [[1485]]||uncle of Edward V of England. Son of [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York]].
|-
|}

==Sources==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|2}}

===References===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=IGZMAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22founded+the+House+of+Plantagenet%22 Appleton's New Practical Cyclopedia] |last=Benjamin, Marcus |first=|year=1910|publisher=University of Michigan}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=3fY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA127&dq=arbitrate+John+Balliol&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3lR2N0Be4-m6mufSqgIJKsvOft7A Great Britain and Ireland: A History for Lower Forms] |last=Morris, John E. |first=|year=1910 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=fTcFAAAAIAAJ&q=Petronilla,+Hugh,+Ingelger,+Charlemagne&dq=Petronilla,+Hugh,+Ingelger,+Charlemagne&pgis=1 The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research] |last=Larned, Josephus Nelson |first=|year=1922 |publisher=C.A. Nichols Publishing Company}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=zY5mAAAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet&lr= The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328-1498] |last= Fowler, Kenneth Alan |first=|year=1967 |publisher=Putnam|isbn=0236308327}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=NayR7wEqooYC&pg=PA37&vq=poll+tax&dq=poll+tax+great+rising&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U0CU4NckM6EsEl4v49Wbzpb-MuEnA#PPA39,M1 The English Rising of 1381] |last= Howard Hilton, Rodney|first=|year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521359309}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Xucpo6PXu_AC&pg=PA71&dq=%22edward+i%22+Justinian&lr=&sig=ACfU3U0kZ2xLHrJARiBIFOlFoXPynnPlGw#PPA71,M1 A History of English Legal Institutions] |last= Carter, A.T. |first=|year=1986 |publisher=Fred B Rothman & Co|isbn=0837720079}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=mPM8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19&dq=%22ten+year+old+%22+richard+plantagenet+%22black+prince%22&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=OezqSPKfHoLoyATeqoiUCA&sig=ACfU3U2uMYg9M8AAZwMcyrcMbbQiPFrtRA England in the Reign of Edward III] |last= Waugh, Scott L.|first=|year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521310393}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PN6MO0_mwaAC&pg=PA131&dq=the+anarchy+stephen&sig=ACfU3U2FUfjcsHtpMk0BaofUKodWY3mNgA From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216] |last=Lane Poole, Austin |first=|year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0192852876}}

* {{cite book |author=Swanson, R. N. |title=[http://www.amazon.com/Religion-Devotion-Cambridge-Medieval-Textbooks/dp/0521379504 Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c. 1515] |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995 |isbn=0-521-37950-4 }}

*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=raaCI-J4COoC&pg=PA89&dq=Margaret,+Maid+of+Norway&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U25pGuRwBDvM9PVDs8fpksdp5EQ8Q Uniting the Kingdom?: The Making of British History] |last= Grant, Alexander |first=|year=1995 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415130417}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Sf8UIynR0koC&pg=PA50&dq=Empress+Matilda+Geoffrey+V+of+Anjou&sig=ACfU3U29UPgJmZtQWai7ukeVwpbPJcyRCQ#PPA50,M1 The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare] |last=Hooper, Nicholas |first=|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521440491}}
*{{cite book|title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Sg-Ho5umLT0C&dq=nigel+saul+richard+ii Richard II]|first=Nigel|last=Saul|authorlink=Nigel Saul|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1997|id=ISBN 0-300-07003-9}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0RNq8ZqdxIUC&pg=PA124&dq=%22lady+of+the+english%22&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1kAL_4rr98LHIT7tNEByDCrmiAyA England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225] |last=Bartlett, Robert |first=|year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0199251010}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=0uq3738Jy9gC&dq=%22Treaty+of+Northampton%22+%22northern+england%22&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations] |last= Rogers, Clifford J.|first=|year=1999 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=0851156460}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=r1a7zLXfU0YC&pg=RA1-PA275&dq=Edward+died+at+Burgh+by+Sands+Stone+of+Scone&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3WhAyLiqZXPh5XgaFCUPAcR5ZYmQ The History Today Who's who in British History] |last= Gardiner, Juliet |first=|year=2000 |publisher=Collins & Brown|isbn=1855858827}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=4xyp-SscNBkC&dq=%22richard+ii%22+fourteen&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages] |last= Aberth, John|first=|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415927153}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=qtgotOF0MKQC&pg=PA65&dq=ingelger+plantagenet&sig=ACfU3U2fJMmVf_5Kjsm4K5saTbRwXNqInw Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages] |last=Vauchez, Andre |first=|year=2000 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=1579582826}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wdngqyl9coAC&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=%22duke+of+beaufort%22+plantagenet+%22male%22&source=web&ots=V5zHrt-qsg&sig=dHjGZoKaOYCT7cRXVN8-klGSM2Q&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result The Great Governing Families of England] |last= Stanford, John L |first=|year=2002 |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|isbn=1402159013}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=2BbzbnyvnqIC&dq=Plantagenet&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Henry Plantagenet] |last= Barber, Richard|first=|year=2003 |publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=0851159931}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=-wosA4v-N5oC&dq=November+1153+Treaty+of+Wallingford A Brief History of British Kings and Queens] |last=Ashley, Mike|first=|year=2003 |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|isbn=0786711043}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=uk70RICdv68C&pg=PA39&dq=richard+lionheart+warrior&lr=&ei=tsbfSO6zI6HOjgH4vbDnDg&sig=ACfU3U1pKhku_D6bdfZrJ2J-iGvEtMRPVw#PPA43,M1 Royal Warriors: A Military History of the British Monarchy] |last=Carlton, Charles |first=|year=2003 |publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=0582472652}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=S4ueLEEi7zIC&pg=PA81&dq=William+Marshal+and+Hubert+de+Burgh&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U04pryuRdMPx2gSA022GIXKwfbN2A Magna Carta: Through the Ages] |last=Turner, Ralph V |first=|year=2003 |publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=0582438268}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=v7QtTLO_ElcC&pg=PA28&dq=King+of+Leinster,+Dermot+MacMurrough&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1RWEfTYfvFcBQiv57PVqBtFDCt1g Ireland] |last=Downs|first=Tom|year=2004 |publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=1741040787}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=W0-LS-aVaAAC&dq=Geoffrey+V+Duchy+of+Normandy+for+the+Angevins+in+1141 Architecture and Society in Normandy, 1120-1270] |last=Grant, Lindy |first=|year=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300106866}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=0omuV8b_-QsC&pg=PA212&dq=john+lackland+arthur&ei=YMrfSPvhBIyYyASmi_D7Bw&sig=ACfU3U0AlogVHfYup6sQ0OOLY_GzbhchKA#PPA212,M1 Our Island Story: A History of England for Boys and Girls] |last=Marshall, H.E. |first=|year=2006 |publisher=Yesterday's Classics|isbn=1599150093}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=T2aDni8xTbAC&pg=PA42&dq=Art+in+Plantagenet+England&sig=ACfU3U0heNeGexO2Bn03PCkrul2LHwILxQ Plantagenet England 1225-1360] |last= Prestwich, Michael |first=|year=2007 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0199226873}}
</div>

===Bibliography===
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=IlZjAAAAMAAJ&dq=Plantagenet&lr=&as_brr=1&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Memoirs of the Rival Houses of York and Lancaster, Historical and Biographical: Embracing a Period of English History from the Accession of Richard II to the Death of Henry VII] |last= Roberts, Emma |first=|year=1827 |publisher=Harding and Lepard}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=yfurGQAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet&lr= Men and women of Plantagenet England] |last= Stuart, Dorothy Margaret |first=|year=1932|publisher=Harcourt}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=bEmWAAAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet+England Kings and Queens: The Plantagenets of England] |last= Young Brooks, Janice |first=|year=1975 |publisher=T. Nelson|isbn=0840764383}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=AHJnAAAAMAAJ&q=Plantagenet&dq=Plantagenet&lr=&pgis=1 The Crowned Lions: The Early Plantagenet Kings] |last= Bingham, Caroline |first=|year=1978 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|isbn=0715375156}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=qDVqHAAACAAJ&dq=Art+in+Plantagenet+England Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England] |last= Alexander, Jonathan James Graham and Binski, Paul |first=|year=1987 |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Arts]]|isbn=0297791826}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w9UYYThhRIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Edward+Stafford+Fitzherbert+plantagenet&source=gbs_summary_r The Plantagenet Roll of the Blood Royal] |last=Marquis of Ruvigny and Raineval Staff|first=|year=1994 |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company|isbn=080631432X}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=G-IJAAAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet The Plantagenet Chronicles] |last= Hallam, Elizabeth|first=|year=1995 |publisher=Random House Value Publishing|isbn=0517140764}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=YbsIAAAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet&lr= The Plantagenet Encyclopedia: An Alphabetical Guide to 400 Years of English History] |last= Hallam, Elizabeth |first=|year=1996|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|isbn=0517140810}}
*{{cite book |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=gB9YAAAACAAJ&dq=Plantagenet&lr= The Plantagenet Empire] |last= Aurell, Martin and Crouch, David |first=|year=2007 |publisher=Longman|isbn=0582784395}}
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Page58.asp Royal.gov.uk - The Plantagenets]
*[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_18.htm EnglishMonarchs.co.uk - The House of Plantagenet]
{{House of Plantagenet}}

Revision as of 18:26, 10 October 2008

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