Agnosia and Fractal-generating software: Difference between pages

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Fractal generating software are computer programs that generate [[fractals]].
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'''Agnosia''' (''a-gnosis'', "non-knowledge", or loss of knowledge) is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.<ref>http://brainmind.com/Agnosia.html</ref><ref>[http://www.dana.org/brainhealth/detail.aspx?id=4710 The Dana Foundation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is usually associated with [[brain injury]] or [[neurological illness]], particularly after damage to the [[Brodmann area 37|occipitotemporal border]], which is part of the [[ventral stream]].<ref>Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 2003</ref>


Most people generate fractals as a hobby or interest, for esthetic rather than mathematical reasons, as many of the images produced are both complex and beautiful. Although it is possible to produce fractals by hand, in practise a computer is required. As well as a computer one needs fractal generating software. There are hundreds of fractal generating programs available, some free, some commercial. Among the best-known programs are [[Fractint]], [[Ultrafractal]], XenoDream, Tierazon, FractalExplorer, [[Apophysis]], Sterling, and QuaSZ. <ref>[http://home.att.net/~Paul.N.Lee/Tried-Use_Counts.html Cite census]</ref> No mathematical knowledge is required to use these programs; rather it is a matter of using graphics software to make fractal art.
==Types==
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Name''' || '''Description'''
|-
| [[Alexia (disorder)|Alexia]] || Inability to recognize text.<ref>[http://www.medlink.com/medlinkcontent.asp Welcome to MedLink Neurology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Amusia]] or Receptive amusia || Is agnosia for music. It involves loss of the ability to recognize musical notes, rhythms, and intervals and the inability to experience music as musical.
|-
| [[Anosognosia]] || This is the inability to gain feedback about one's own condition and can be confused with lack of insight but is caused by problems in the feedback mechanisms in the brain. It's caused by neurological damage and can occur in connection with a range of neurological impairments but is most commonly referred to in cases of paralysis following stroke. Those with Anosognosia with multiple impairments may even be aware of some of their impairments but completely unable to perceive others.
|-
| [[Apperceptive agnosia]] || Patients are unable to distinguish visual shapes and so have trouble recognizing, copying, or discriminating between different visual stimuli. Unlike patients suffering from associative agnosia, those with apperceptive agnosia are unable to copy images.<ref>[http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/types%20of%20agnosias.html Types of Agnosias<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Apraxia]] || Is a form of motor (body) agnosia involving the neurological loss of ability to map out physical actions in order to repeat them in functional activities. It is a form of body-disconnectedness and takes several different forms; Speech-Apraxia in which ability to speak is impaired, Limb-Kinetic Apraxia in which there is a loss of hand or finger dexterity and can extend to the voluntary use of limbs, Ideomotor Apraxia in which the gestures of others can't be easily replicated and can't execute goal-directed movements, Ideational Apraxia in which one can't work out which actions to initiate and struggles to plan and discriminate between potential gestures, Apraxia of Gait in which co-ordination of leg actions is problematic such as kicking a ball, Constructional Apraxia in which a person can't co-ordinate the construction of objects or draw pictures or follow a design, Oculomotor Apraxia in which the ability to control visual tracking is impaired and Buccofacial Apraxia in which skilled use of the lips, mouth and tongue is impaired.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
|-
| [[Associative agnosia]] || Patients can describe visual scenes and classes of objects but still fail to recognize them. They may, for example, know that a fork is something you eat with but may mistake it for a spoon. Patients suffering from associative agnosia are still able to reproduce an image through copying.
|-
| [[Auditory agnosia]] || With Auditory Agnosia there is difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues including difficulty distinguishing speech from non-speech sounds even though hearing is usually normal.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/visionwebsite04/glossary.html Glossary of Terms<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Autotopagnosia]] || Is associated with the inability to orient parts of the body, and is often caused by a [[lesion]] in the [[parietal lobe|parietal part]] of the posterior thalmic radiations.<ref>[http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_75zPzhtm Dorlands Medical Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Color agnosia]] || There is a distinction between color perception versus color recognition.
|-
| [[Cortical deafness]] || Refers to people who do not perceive any auditory information but whose hearing is intact.
|-
| [[Finger agnosia]] || Is the inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand. It is present in lesions of the dominant [[parietal lobe]], and is a component of [[Gerstmann syndrome]].<ref>[http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?finger+agnosia Definition: finger agnosia from Online Medical Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Form agnosia]] || Patients perceive only parts of details, not the whole object.<ref>[http://vectors.usc.edu/issues/04_issue/malperception/agnosia.html visual form agnosia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Integrative agnosia]] || This is where one has the ability to recognize elements of something but yet be unable to integrate these elements together into comprehensible perceptual wholes.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-integrativeagnosia.html integrative agnosia - Encyclopedia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/integrative.htm Integrative Agnosia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Mirror agnosia]] || One of the symptoms of [[Hemispatial neglect]]. Patients with [[Hemispatial neglect]] were placed so that an object was in their neglected visual field but a mirror reflecting that object was visible in their non-neglected field. Patients could not acknowledge the existence of objects in the neglected field and so attempted to reach into the mirror to grasp the object. <ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=9178535&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google Mirror agnosia. [Proc Biol Sci. 1997&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Pain agnosia]] || Also referred to as '''[[Analgesia]]''', this is the difficulty perceiving and processing pain; thought to underpin some forms of self injury.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007338/analgesia analgesia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Phonagnosia]] || Is the inability to recognize familiar voices, even though the hearer can understand the words used.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=3416603&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google Phonagnosia: a dissociation between familiar and u...[Cortex. 1988&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Prosopagnosia]] || Also known as '''faceblindness''' and '''facial agnosia''': Patients cannot consciously recognize familiar faces, sometimes even including their own. This is often misperceived as an inability to remember names.
|-
| [[Semantic agnosia]] || Those with this form of agnosia are effectively 'object blind' until they use non-visual sensory systems to recognise the object. For example, feeling, tapping, smelling, rocking or flicking the object, may trigger realisation of its semantics (meaning).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9920472&dopt=AbstractPlus Category specificity in object agnosia: preservati...[Neuropsychologia. 1999&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Simultanagnosia]] || Patients can recognize objects or details in their [[visual field]], but only one at a time. They cannot make out the scene they belong to or make out a whole image out of the details. They literally cannot see the forest for the trees.<ref>[http://vectors.usc.edu/issues/04_issue/malperception/simultanagnosia.html dorsal simultanagnosia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Simultanagnosia is a common symptom of [[Balint's syndrome]].
|-
| [[Social emotional agnosia]] || Sometimes referred to as Expressive Agnosia, this is a form of agnosia in which the person is unable to perceive facial expression, body language and intonation, rendering them unable to non-verbally perceive people's emotions and limiting that aspect of social interaction.
|-
| [[Somatosensory agnosia]] || Or '''Astereognosia''' {{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}} is connected to tactile sense - that is, touch. Patient finds it difficult to recognize objects by touch based on its texture, size and weight. However, they may be able to describe it verbally or recognize same kind of objects from pictures or draw pictures of them. Thought to be connected to lesions or damage in [[somatosensory cortex]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />
|-
| [[Tactile agnosia]] || Impaired ability to recognize or identify objects by touch alone.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O87-tactileagnosia.html tactile agnosia - Encyclopedia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Time agnosia]] || Is the loss of comprehension of the succession and duration of events<ref>[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/agnosia agnosia - definition of agnosia in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
|-
| [[Topographical agnosia]] || This is a form of visual agnosia in which a person cannot rely on visual cues to guide them directionally due to the inability to recognise objects. Nevertheless, they may still have an excellent capacity to describe the visual layout of the same place<ref>[http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/Visual%20Agnosias/topagnosia.htm Topographical Agnosia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Verbal auditory agnosia]] || This presents as a form of meaning 'deafness' in which hearing is intact but there is significant difficulty recognising spoken words as semantically meaningful.<ref>[http://www.online-medical-dictionary.org/Verbal+Agnosia,+Visual.asp?q=Verbal+Agnosia%2C+Visual Verbal Agnosia, Visual : on Medical Dictionary Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
| [[Visual agnosia]] || Is associated with [[lesion]]s of the left [[occipital lobe]] and temporal lobes. Many types of visual agnosia involve the inability to recognize objects.
|-
| [[Visual verbal agnosia]] || This is where the difficulty comprehending the meaning of words effects comprehension of the written word. The capacity to read is usually intact but the comprehension of what is read will be impaired.<ref>http://www.medical-conditions.org/?q=Visual%20Verbal%20Agnosia Accessed on 11/18/2007.</ref>


The programs available range from simple ones that allow zooming into the [[Mandelbrot Set]] to highly complex programs such as [[UltraFractal]]. The basic procedure of fractal creation is to select an algorithm (in some cases only one is available) and then draw the fractal it produces. Afterwards, the main operation is zooming in. Typically, one chooses the most interesting or complex part of the image to enlarge. There are many other modifications that can be made to a fractal image, such as changing the way in which it renders or altering its colors. The possibilities vary greatly from program to program. All programs allow the user to save the images created as jpg or other graphical files. Fractal generating programs typically also save fractal images as parameter files, making it possible to modify a previously created image. In addition to still images, some programs, such as Tierazon, allow the user to create fractal movies, which show how the image is zoomed into.
|}


What distinguishes a good program from a mediocre one are the richness and complexity of the images one can produce with it. The program should create complex patterns with rich detail and interesting structure, as opposed to random-looking blotches. It should use 24-bit color (also called 'true color') rather than 256 colors. The program should create images whose color varies continuously rather than discretely and produce a variety of colors and textures, as opposed to solid blocks of color, dotty images, or silhouettes.
==Causes==
Agnosia can result from [[stroke]]s, [[dementia]], or other [[neurological disorder]]s. It may also be trauma-induced by a head injury, brain infection, or hereditary. Some forms of agnosia have been found to be genetic.<ref>http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:8l6tU6ZOKuUJ:visionlab.harvard.edu/Members/Ken/Ken%2520papers%2520for%2520web%2520page/148CognitiveNDuchaine2007.pdf+genetic+agnosia&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=au</ref>


A good program offers a variety of algorithms giving different types of fractals, preferably allowing one to specify one's own formulas. It should offer color alteration, the use of filters to produce different effects (perhaps completely changing how the fractal looks) and other ways of manipulating the image. Unless the program is much better than the free fractal generators available, there seems little point in paying for it, though one may be willing to put up with being nagged to register. There are many high-quality freeware programs.
==Treatment==
For all practical purposes, there is no direct cure. Patients may improve if information is presented in other modalities than the damaged one. In some cases, [[occupational therapy]] or [[speech therapy]] can improve agnosia, depending on its etiology.

==See also==
*[[Aphasia]]
*[[Apraxia]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
==External links==
A large list of fractal generators [http://home.att.net/~Paul.N.Lee/Fractal_Software.html]
* [http://nanonline.org/nandistance/mtbi/ClinNeuro/agnosia.html Types and brain areas]
* Total Recall: Memory Requires More than the Sum of Its Parts |accessdate=2007-06-05|publisher= [[Scientific American]]}}

{{Speech and voice symptoms and signs}}

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Medical terms]]
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]

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[[uk:Агнозія]]

Revision as of 06:14, 11 October 2008

Fractal generating software are computer programs that generate fractals.

Most people generate fractals as a hobby or interest, for esthetic rather than mathematical reasons, as many of the images produced are both complex and beautiful. Although it is possible to produce fractals by hand, in practise a computer is required. As well as a computer one needs fractal generating software. There are hundreds of fractal generating programs available, some free, some commercial. Among the best-known programs are Fractint, Ultrafractal, XenoDream, Tierazon, FractalExplorer, Apophysis, Sterling, and QuaSZ. [1] No mathematical knowledge is required to use these programs; rather it is a matter of using graphics software to make fractal art.

The programs available range from simple ones that allow zooming into the Mandelbrot Set to highly complex programs such as UltraFractal. The basic procedure of fractal creation is to select an algorithm (in some cases only one is available) and then draw the fractal it produces. Afterwards, the main operation is zooming in. Typically, one chooses the most interesting or complex part of the image to enlarge. There are many other modifications that can be made to a fractal image, such as changing the way in which it renders or altering its colors. The possibilities vary greatly from program to program. All programs allow the user to save the images created as jpg or other graphical files. Fractal generating programs typically also save fractal images as parameter files, making it possible to modify a previously created image. In addition to still images, some programs, such as Tierazon, allow the user to create fractal movies, which show how the image is zoomed into.

What distinguishes a good program from a mediocre one are the richness and complexity of the images one can produce with it. The program should create complex patterns with rich detail and interesting structure, as opposed to random-looking blotches. It should use 24-bit color (also called 'true color') rather than 256 colors. The program should create images whose color varies continuously rather than discretely and produce a variety of colors and textures, as opposed to solid blocks of color, dotty images, or silhouettes.

A good program offers a variety of algorithms giving different types of fractals, preferably allowing one to specify one's own formulas. It should offer color alteration, the use of filters to produce different effects (perhaps completely changing how the fractal looks) and other ways of manipulating the image. Unless the program is much better than the free fractal generators available, there seems little point in paying for it, though one may be willing to put up with being nagged to register. There are many high-quality freeware programs.

External links

A large list of fractal generators [1]

  1. ^ Cite census
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