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-The '''Doppler effect''' is the apparent change in [[frequency]] or [[wavelength]] of a [[wave]] that is perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves.  For waves, such as [[sound]] waves, that propagate in a wave medium, the velocity of the observer and the source are reckoned relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted.  The total Doppler effect may therefore result from both motion of the source and motion of the observer.  Each of these effects is analyzed separately.
-The effect was first proposed by [[Christian Andreas Doppler]] in [[1842]] in the monograph ''Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einige andere Gestirne des Himmels''. The hypothesis was tested for sound waves by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] scientist [[C.H.D. Buys Ballot|Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot]] in [[1845]]. He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher as the sound source approached him, and lower as the sound source receded from him. [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] discovered independently the same phenomenon on [[electromagnetic wave]]s in [[1848]] (in [[France]], the effect is sometimes called "effet Doppler-Fizeau").
-It is important to realize that the frequency of the sounds that the source ''emits'' does not actually change. To understand what happens, consider the following analogy. Someone throws one ball every second in your direction. Assume that balls travel with constant velocity. If the thrower is stationary, you will receive one ball every second. However, if he is moving towards you, you will receive balls more frequently than that because there will be less spacing between the balls. The converse is true if the person is moving away from you. So it is actually the ''wavelength'' which is affected; as a consequence, the perceived frequency is also affected.
-If the moving source is emitting waves with an actual frequency ''f''<sub>0</sub>, then an observer stationary relative to the medium detects waves with a frequency ''f'' given by:
-:<math>f = f_0 \frac {v}{v - v_{s, r}}</math> ,
-where ''v'' is the speed of the waves in the medium and ''v''<sub>s, r</sub> is the speed of the source with respect to the medium (positive if moving towards the observer, negative if moving away) radial to the observer.
-A similar analysis for a moving observer and a stationary source yields the observed frequency (the observer's velocity being represented as ''v''<sub>o</sub>):
-:<math>f = f_0 \left(1 + \frac {v_0}{v} \right)</math>
-The first attempt to extend Doppler's analysis to [[light]] waves was soon made by [[Armand-Hippolyte Fizeau|Fizeau]].  In fact, light waves do not require a medium to propagate and the correct understanding of the Doppler effect for light requires the use of the [[Special relativity|Special Theory of Relativity]].  See [[relativistic Doppler effect]].
-==Applications==
-===Everyday===
-The siren on a passing [[emergency vehicle]] will start out higher than its stationary pitch, slide down as it passes, and continue lower than its stationary pitch as it receedes from the observer.  [[John Dobson]] has described this effect:
-:"The reason the siren slides is because it doesn't hit you."
-In other words, if the siren approached you directly, the pitch would remain constant (as ''v''<sub>s, r</sub> is only the radial component) until the vehicle hit you, and then immediately jump to a new lower pitch.  The difference between the higher pitch and rest pitch would be the same as the lower pitch and rest pitch.  Because the vehicle passes by you, the radial velocity does not remain constant, but instead varies as a function of the angle between your line of sight and the siren's velocity:
-:<math>v_{s, r}=v_s\cdot \cos{\theta}</math>
-where ''v''<sub>s</sub> is the velocity of the object (source of waves) with respect to the medium, and <math>\theta</math> is the angle between the object's forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer.
-===Astronomy===
-The Doppler effect for light has been of great use in [[astronomy]]. It has been used to measure the speed at which [[star|stars]] and [[galaxy|galaxies]] are approaching to, or receding from us, i.e. the '''[[velocity#Polar coordinates|radial velocity]]'''. This is used to detect that an apparently single star is, in fact, a close [[Binary star|binary]] and even to measure the speed of rotation of stars and galaxies.
-The use of the Doppler effect for light in [[astronomy]] depends on the fact that the [[electromagnetic spectroscopy|spectra]] of stars are not continuous. They show [[spectral line|absorption lines]] at well defined frequencies that are correlated with the energies required to excite [[electron]]s in various [[Chemical element|elements]] from one level to another.
-The Doppler effect is recognizable in the fact that the absorption lines are not always at the frequencies that are obtained from the spectrum of a stationary light source. Since blue light has a higher frequency than red light, the spectral lines from an approaching astronomical light source show a blueshift and those of receding sources show a redshift.
-Amongst the [[List of nearest stars|nearby stars]], the largest radial velocities with respect to the [[Sun]] are +308 km/s ([[BD-15°4041]], also known as LHS 52, 81.7 light-years away) and -260 km/s ([[Woolley 9722]], also known as Wolf 1106 and LHS 64, 78.2 light-years away). Positive radial velocity means the star is receding from the Sun, negative that it is approaching.
-The [[redshift]] effect that shows remote galaxies seem to be moving away from us is ''not'' caused by the Doppler effect, although many laymen believe it is. This effect is caused by the expansion of the [[universe]], which is subtly different, and can be used to estimate the age of the universe (see [[redshift]] and [[Hubbles law|Hubble's Law]]).
-===Temperature measurement ===
-Another use of the Doppler effect which is found mostly in Astronomy, is the estimation of the temperature of a
-gas which is emitting a [[spectral line]]. Due to the thermal motion of the gas, each emitter can be slightly
-red or blue shifted, and the net effect is a broadening of the line. This line shape is called a [[Doppler profile]]
-and the width of the line is proportional to the square root of the temperature of the gas, allowing the
-Doppler-broadened line to be used to measure the temperature of the emitting gas.
-===Radar===
-''Main article: [[Doppler radar]]''
-The Doppler Effect is also used in some forms of [[radar]] to measure the velocity of detected objects. A radar beam is fired at a moving target - a car, for example, as radar is often used by [[police]] to detect speeding motorists - as it recedes from the radar source. Each successive wave has to travel further to reach the car, before being reflected and re-detected near the source. As each wave has to move further, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength.  In some situations, the radar beam is fired at the moving car as it approaches, in which case each successive wave travels a lesser distance, decreasing the wavelength.  In either situation, calculations from the Doppler effect accurately determine the car's velocity.
-===Medical imaging===
-An [[echocardiogram]] can within certain limits produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using [[doppler radar]]. One of the limitations is that the [[ultrasound]] beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allows assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and calculation of the [[cardiac output]].
-Velocity measurements of blood flow is also used in other fields of [[medical ultrasonography]], such as [[obstetric ultrasonography]] and [[neurology]].
-===Flow measurement===
-Instruments such as the [[Laser Doppler Velocimetry|Laser Doppler Velocimeter]] (LDV), and [[Acoustics|Acoustic]] Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) have been developed to measure [[velocity|velocities]] in a fluid flow.  The LDV and ADV emit a light or acoustic beam, and measure the doppler shift in wavelengths of reflections from particles moving with the flow.  This technique allows non-intrusive flow measurements, at high precision and high frequency.
-==External links==
-*http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html
-[[Category:Wave mechanics]]
-[[ca:Efecte Doppler]]
-[[da:Dopplereffekt]]
-[[de:Doppler-Effekt]]
-[[es:Efecto Doppler]]
-[[et:Doppleri efekt]]
-[[fr:Effet Doppler-Fizeau]]
-[[it:Effetto Doppler]]
-[[ja:&#12489;&#12483;&#12503;&#12521;&#12540;&#21177;&#26524;]]
-[[nl:Doppler-effect]]
-[[pl:Efekt Dopplera]]
-[[pt:Efeito Doppler]]