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{{Short description|Indigenous tribe of Nepal}}
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[[File:Jhamke Bulaki.JPG|thumb|right|A Thami woman in [[Ilam District]] wearing Jhamke Bulaki, a typical Nepali ornament on her nose.]]
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{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}

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[[File:Jhamke Bulaki.JPG|thumb|right|A Thami woman in [[Ilam District]] wearing Jhamke Bulaki, a typical Nepali ornament on her nose]]
The '''Thangmi''', called '''Thani''' by their shamans,<ref>Mark Turin, pp 65-67</ref> or '''Thami''' in [[Nepali language|Khas kura]] ({{Lang|ne|[[:ne:थामी|थामी]]}}), are an indigenous tribe of hills east of [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]'s capital. They mainly live "in Suspa, Kshamawati, Khopachagu, Alampu, Bigu, Kalinchok, Lapilang and Lakuri Danda villages of [[Dolkha District]]"<ref>{{Cite web
The '''Thangmi''' (in Nepali [[:ne:थामी|थामी]]) are an indigenous tribe of the hills east of the Nepalese capital [[Kathmandu]]. They mainly live in Suspa, Kshamawati, Khopachagu, Alampu, Bigu, Kalinchok, Lapilang and Lakuri Danda villages of [[Dolakha District|Dolakha district]] in East-Central [[Nepal]]. They are locally known as Thangmi.<ref>{{Cite web
| last = [[Friedrich Ebert Stiftung]]
| last = Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
| author-link = Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
| title = Nationalities of Nepal
| title = Nationalities of Nepal
| work = Nepal Democracy, Gateway to Nepali Politics and Civil Society
| work = Nepal Democracy, Gateway to Nepali Politics and Civil Society
| accessdate = 2014-06-09
| access-date = 2014-06-09
| url = http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/ethnicity/nationalities_of_nepal.htm
| url = http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/ethnicity/nationalities_of_nepal.htm
}}</ref> in East-Central [[Nepal]].
}}</ref>


The social structure of the Thami comprise a bilineal clan system. Apart from the male clans, there are distinct female lineages that are passed down from mother to daughter.<ref name=":0" />
They speak the [[Thangmi language]], also called, Thangmi Kham, Thangmi Wakhe, and Thani.<ref name = "ethnologue">{{ethnolink|thf|Thami language}} at ''Ethnologue''</ref>


They speak the [[Thangmi language|Thami language]], which is related to [[Newar language|Nepal Bhasha]].<ref name = "ethnologue">{{e17|thf}}</ref> They do not have a written script; however, inscriptions on monuments built over graves lay claim to one.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Splendour of Sikkim- Cultures and Traditions of the Ethnic Communities of Sikkim|publisher=Cultural Affairs and Heritage Department, Government of Sikkim|year=2017|pages=232|language=English}}</ref>
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According to the 2011 Nepal Census there are a total of 30,000 Thami of which 55.74% were Hindus, 12.41% were Buddhists, 14.60% were Bon and 16.77% were Shamanists.<ref>{{Cite book
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| last = Dahal
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| first = Dilli Ram
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| chapter = Chapter 3. Social composition of the population: caste/ethnicity and religion in Nepal
| accessdate = 2014-06-09
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| chapterurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111121113352/http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter%2003%20%20Social%20Composition%20of%20the%20Population.pdf
}}</ref>
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Legend says that the first Thami couple had seven sons and seven daughters. When the parents could not find suitable marriage partners for their children, they allowed them to intermarry. The Thami people are their descendants.


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According to the 2011 Nepal Census, there are a total of 29,000 Thami of which some belong to the Kirant religion and some belong to Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book
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The Thami earn a meagre living through stone quarrying businesses and by joining the military forces. To escape this extreme hardship, many have fled to [[India]] to find better jobs. Many upper class members of Thami clan are living in Bhutan. They go to Nepal in search of employment, and to do business.
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|last = Dahal
⚫
|first = Dilli Ram
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|title = Chapter 3. Social composition of the population: caste/ethnicity and religion in Nepal
|access-date = 2023-05-05
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111121113352/http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter%2003%20%20Social%20Composition%20of%20the%20Population.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-11-21
|url = http://www.cbs.gov.np/Population/Monograph/Chapter%2003%20%20Social%20Composition%20of%20the%20Population.pdf
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}}</ref><ref>[https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables]</ref> Legend says that the first Thami couple had seven sons and seven daughters. When the parents could not find suitable marriage partners for their children, they allowed them to intermarry. The Thami people are their descendants.

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The Thami men originally engaged in shifting agriculture besides hunting and foraging.<ref name=":0" /> They now earn a meagre living through the stone quarrying business and by joining the military forces. To escape this extreme hardship, many have fled to [[India]] to find better jobs. Many upper class members of Thami clan are living in Bhutan. They go to Nepal in search of employment, and to do business.
The Thami are shamanists, though they have come under strong [[Buddhist]] influence from the [[Tamang]]. [[Hindu]] influence can be also seen in their marriage rituals, which is a festival to them. Although they are poor they must make a chautara in the name of their deceased relatives. Recently many people of Thami clan are seem to be joining Christianity.
The Thami are Hindus(92.23%) though they have come under strong [[Buddhist]] influence from the [[Tamang people|Tamang]]. [[Shamanism]] influence can be also seen in their marriage rituals, which is a festival to them. Although they are poor they must make a chautara in the name of their deceased relatives. Recently many people of the Thami clan are joining Christianity.

==Geographical distribution==
The [[2011 Nepal census]] classifies the Thami within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.<ref> Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf]</ref> At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 28,671 people (0.1% of the population of Nepal) were Thami. The frequency of Thami by province was as follows:
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.5%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Thami was higher than national average (0.1%) in the following districts:<ref>[https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report]</ref>
* [[Dolakha District|Dolakha]] (9.0%)
* [[Sindhupalchowk District|Sindhupalchowk]] (1.7%)
* [[Ramechhap District|Ramechhap]] (1.0%)
* [[Ilam District|Ilam]] (0.3%)
* [[Sindhuli District|Sindhuli]] (0.3%)


==References==
==References==

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{{Refimprove|date=June 2014}}
* [http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/ss364/downloads/remember.pdf Remembering the Thami: A case study]
* [http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/ss364/downloads/remember.pdf Remembering the Thami: A case study]
*[http://www.nefin.org.np/ Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities]
*[http://www.nefin.org.np/ Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities]
*[http://bhalakusari.com/2017/3/111 थामी जातिबारे जानौं: सपना थामी]
<references/>
{{Reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}


[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Nepal]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Nepal]]

Latest revision as of 10:56, 25 February 2024

A Thami woman in Ilam District wearing Jhamke Bulaki, a typical Nepali ornament on her nose

The Thangmi (in Nepali थामी) are an indigenous tribe of the hills east of the Nepalese capital Kathmandu. They mainly live in Suspa, Kshamawati, Khopachagu, Alampu, Bigu, Kalinchok, Lapilang and Lakuri Danda villages of Dolakha district in East-Central Nepal. They are locally known as Thangmi.[1]

The social structure of the Thami comprise a bilineal clan system. Apart from the male clans, there are distinct female lineages that are passed down from mother to daughter.[2]

They speak the Thami language, which is related to Nepal Bhasha.[3] They do not have a written script; however, inscriptions on monuments built over graves lay claim to one.[2]

According to the 2011 Nepal Census, there are a total of 29,000 Thami of which some belong to the Kirant religion and some belong to Buddhism.[4][5] Legend says that the first Thami couple had seven sons and seven daughters. When the parents could not find suitable marriage partners for their children, they allowed them to intermarry. The Thami people are their descendants.

The Thami men originally engaged in shifting agriculture besides hunting and foraging.[2] They now earn a meagre living through the stone quarrying business and by joining the military forces. To escape this extreme hardship, many have fled to India to find better jobs. Many upper class members of Thami clan are living in Bhutan. They go to Nepal in search of employment, and to do business.

The Thami are Hindus(92.23%) though they have come under strong Buddhist influence from the Tamang. Shamanism influence can be also seen in their marriage rituals, which is a festival to them. Although they are poor they must make a chautara in the name of their deceased relatives. Recently many people of the Thami clan are joining Christianity.

Geographical distribution[edit]

The 2011 Nepal census classifies the Thami within the broader social group of Mountain/Hill Janajati.[6] At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 28,671 people (0.1% of the population of Nepal) were Thami. The frequency of Thami by province was as follows:

The frequency of Thami was higher than national average (0.1%) in the following districts:[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. "Nationalities of Nepal". Nepal Democracy, Gateway to Nepali Politics and Civil Society. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  2. ^ a b c The Splendour of Sikkim- Cultures and Traditions of the Ethnic Communities of Sikkim. Cultural Affairs and Heritage Department, Government of Sikkim. 2017. p. 232.
  3. ^ Thami at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  4. ^ Dahal, Dilli Ram. Chapter 3. Social composition of the population: caste/ethnicity and religion in Nepal (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  5. ^ 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables
  6. ^ Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [1]
  7. ^ 2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report
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