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{{birthyr|39|6}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Commons cat|396 births}}
|native_name = {{aut|商朝}}<br>Shang Dynasty
|conventional_long_name =
|common_name = Shang Dynasty
|national_motto =
|continent = Asia
|region = Pacific
|country = China
|era =
|status = Kingdom
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = 1766 (1556)
|year_end = 1122 (1046) BC
|p1 = Xia Dynasty
|s1 = Zhou Dynasty
|event_start =
|event_end = [[Battle of Muye]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event3 =
|date_event3 =
|event4 =
|event5 =
|date_event5 =
|image_map = China 1.jpg
|image_map_caption = Remnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang period have been found in the Yellow River Valley.
|capital = [[Yinxu]] et al
|common_languages = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|Philosophy =
|religion = [[Chinese folk religion]]
|currency = [[Cowries]], [[Chinese coin]]
|leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader1 =
|year_leader2 =
|title_leader = [[Emperor of China|King]]
|legislature =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 =
}}


[[bn:Category:৩৯৬-এ জন্ম]]
The '''Shang Dynasty''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: [[wiktionary:商|商]][[wiktionary:朝|朝]]) or '''Yin Dynasty''' ([[wiktionary:殷|殷]][[wiktionary:代|代]]) was according to traditional sources the second [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese dynasty]]. They ruled in the northeastern region of the area known as "[[China proper]]", in the [[Yellow River]] valley. According to traditional '' longer chronology'', based upon calculations by [[Liu Xin]] the Shang ruled between [[1766 BCE]] and [[1122 BCE]], however according to the ''shorter chronology'' based upon the [[Bamboo Annals]] between [[1556 BCE]] and [[1046 BCE]]. The results of the [[Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project]] places them between [[1600 BCE]] and 1046 BCE. According to historical tradition the Shang Dynasty followed the (possibly mythical) [[Xia Dynasty]] and preceded the [[Zhou Dynasty]]. Direct information about the Shang Dynasty comes from Shang inscriptions on [[bronze]] artifacts, but mainly from [[oracle bone]]s—turtle shells, cattle scapulae or other bones on which were written the first significant corpus of recorded [[Chinese character]]s. Other sources on the Shang come from historical records of the later Zhou Dynasty and the [[Han Dynasty]] ''[[Shiji]]'' by [[Sima Qian]].
[[be-x-old:Катэгорыя:Нарадзіліся ў 396 годзе]]

[[bs:Kategorija:396 rođenja]]
The inscriptions on the oracle bones are [[divination]]s, which can be gleaned for information on the politics, economy, culture, religion, geography, astronomy, calendar, art and medicine of the period,<ref>See, for instance, Keightley (2000)</ref> and as such provide critical insight into the early stages of the Chinese civilization. One site of the Shang capitals, later historically called the [[Yinxu|Ruins of Yin]] (殷墟), is near modern day [[Anyang]]. Archaeological work there uncovered 11 major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains of human as well as of animal sacrifices. Tens of thousands of bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts have been obtained; the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a high level of civilization. In terms of inscribed oracle bones alone, more than 20,000 were discovered in the initial scientific excavations in the 1920s to 1930s, and over four times more have since been found.
[[cy:Categori:Genedigaethau 396]]
[[de:Kategorie:Geboren 396]]
==Archaeological discovery==
[[es:Categoría:Nacidos en 396]]
{{History of China|BC=1}}
[[eu:Kategoria:396ko jaiotzak]]
[[Image:Shang-ZhouFace14-10thcenturyBCE.jpg|thumb|left|Shang/Zhou sculpture, 14-10th century BC.]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Naissance en 396]]
[[Image:Ritual wine container in shape of owl, Shang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|left|A Chinese ritual bronze wine container (zun) in the unusual shape of an owl with a domed lid on its head, from the late Shang Dynasty]]
[[ko:분류:396년 태어남]]

[[hi:श्रेणी:396 में जन्म]]
During the [[Song Dynasty]] (960&ndash;1279 AD), [[scholar-bureaucrats]] and the [[Gentry (China)|Chinese gentry]] became avid [[antiquarian]]s and collectors of ancient artwork, some claiming to have found Shang Dynasty era [[bronze]] [[vessel]]s with written inscriptions.<ref name="fairbank 33">Fairbank 33.</ref> Despite this, archeologists of the 19th century knew of written records and historical documentations spanning only as far back as the [[Zhou Dynasty]] (1046 BC&ndash;256 BC).<ref name="fairbank 33"/> In 1899, it was found that Chinese pharmacists were selling "[[Oracle bone|dragon bones]]" marked with curious and archaic characters.<ref name="fairbank 33"/> These were finally traced back in 1928 to a site near [[Anyang]] in the Yellow River valley, modern [[Henan]] province, where the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences|National Government's Academia Sinica]] began an archeological excavation.<ref name="fairbank 33"/> Work at the site was halted during the Japanese invasion in 1937, but by 1950 a Shang capital had been discovered near [[Zhengzhou]].<ref name="fairbank 33"/>
[[bpy:থাক:মারি ৩৯৬-এ উজ্জিসিতা]]

[[ka:კატეგორია:დაბადებული 396]]
At the excavated royal palace of [[Yinxu]], there were large stone pillar bases found along with [[rammed earth]] foundations and platforms "as hard as cement" as Fairbank asserts, which originally supported 53 buildings of wooden [[timber framing|post-and-beam]] construction.<ref name="fairbank 33"/> In close proximity to the main palatial complex, there were [[wiktionary:subterranean|subterranean]] pits used for storage, service quarters, and housing quarters.<ref name="fairbank 33"/> The remnants of the rammed earth walls at Zhengzhou are determined to have risen {{convert|27|ft|m}} in height, and formed a roughly rectangular wall {{convert|4|mi|km}} around the ancient city.<ref name="fairbank 34">Fairbank, 34.</ref> Construction of these rammed earth walls was actually an inherited tradition by the Shang civilization, since much older rammed earth fortifications were found at Chinese [[Neolithic]] sites of the [[Longshan culture]] (c. 3000 BC&ndash;2000 BC).<ref name="fairbank 34"/> In 1959, the site of the [[Erlitou culture]] was found in [[Yanshi]], south of the Yellow River near [[Luoyang]]; their culture is often associated with the legendary Xia Dynasty that preceded the Shang.<ref name="fairbank 34 35">Fairbank, 34&ndash;35.</ref> They also had large palaces that also suggested the existence of a dynastic kingdom preceding the Shang.<ref name="fairbank 34 35"/> [[Radiocarbon dating]] suggests that the Erlitou culture flourished ca. 2100 BC to 1800 BC.<ref name="fairbank 35"/>
[[new:पुचः:३९६य् बुगु]]

[[ja:Category:396年生]]
[[Cowry|Cowry shell]] as obtained from the seacoast were also excavated from Anyang, suggesting the Shang were somewhat of a maritime people.<ref name="fairbank 35">Fairbank, 35.</ref> Neolithic sites one hundred miles off of mainland China's southern coasts of [[Fujian]] — on the island of [[Taiwan]] — are dated as far back as 4000 BC.<ref name="fairbank 35"/> However, there was very limited sea trade in ancient China, since China was isolated from other large civilizations during the Shang period.<ref name="fairbank 35"/> Trade relations and diplomatic ties via the [[Silk Road]] and Chinese [[maritime history|maritime]] ventures to the [[Indian Ocean]] to reach other formidable empires did not exist until the reign of [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] during the [[Han Dynasty]] (202 BC&ndash;220 AD).<ref name="sun 161 167">Sun 1989, 161-167.</ref><ref name="chen 67 71">Chen 2002, 67-71.</ref>
[[pl:Kategoria:Urodzeni w 396]]

[[ro:Categorie:Naşteri în 396]]
Many of the Shang tombs had been tunneled into and ravaged by [[Grave robbing|grave robbers]] of ancient times.<ref name="thorp 239">Thorp, 239.</ref> In the spring of 1976, [[Tomb of Fu Hao|the discovery of Tomb 5]] at Yinxu revealed a tomb that was undisturbed and one of the most lavished Shang tombs that archaeologists had yet come across.<ref name="thorp 240">Thorp, 240.</ref> With over 200 bronze ritual vessels and 109 inscriptions of Lady [[Fu Hao]]'s name, archaeologists realized they had stumbled across the tomb of the militant consort to King [[Wu Ding]], as described in 170 to 180 written Shang oracle bones.<ref name="thorp 240 245">Thorp, 240 & 245.</ref> Along with bronze vessels, there was also found [[stoneware]] and pottery vessels, bronze weapons, [[Chinese jade|jade carvings]] of figures and hair combs, and bone hairpins.<ref name="thorp 242">Thorp, 242 & 245.</ref><ref name="li 1980">Li (1980), 393&ndash;394.</ref><ref>Valenstein & Hearn, 77.</ref> Historian Robert L. Thorp states that the large assortment of weapons and ritual vessels in her tomb correlate with the [[Oracle bone script|oracle bone accounts]] of her military career and involvement in Wu Ding's [[ancestor worship|ritual ancestral sacrifices]].<ref name="thorp 245">Thorp, 245.</ref>
[[sk:Kategória:Narodenia v 396]]

[[sl:Kategorija:Rojeni leta 396]]
==History==
[[sv:Kategori:Födda 396]]

[[tr:Kategori:396 doğumlular]]
The Shang dynasty is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler. Its civilization was based on agriculture, augmented by hunting and animal husbandry. The ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' state that the Shang moved its capital six times. The final and most important move to [[Yin (city)|Yin]] in 1350 BC led to the golden age of the dynasty. The term Yin dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang in history, and indeed was the more popular term, although it is now often used specifically in reference to the latter half of the Shang. The Japanese and Koreans still refer to the Shang dynasty exclusively as the Yin (''In'') dynasty.

A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian [[steppe]]s. The capitals, particularly that in Yin, were centers of glittering court life. Court rituals to propitiate spirits developed. In addition to his secular position, the king was the head of the [[ancestor worship|ancestor-]] and spirit-worship cult. The king often performed oracle bone divinations himself, especially near the end of the dynasty. Evidence from the royal tombs indicates that royal personages were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife. Perhaps for the same reason, hundreds of commoners, who may have been [[Slavery|slave]]s, were buried alive with the royal corpse.

[[Image:Liu Ding.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A late Shang dynasty bronze ding vessel with [[taotie]] motif.]]
The Shang had a fully developed system of writing as attested on [[bronzeware script|bronze inscriptions]], [[oracle bones]], and a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones, horn, etc.;<ref>Qiu 2000, p.60</ref> its complexity and state of development indicates an earlier period of development, which is still unattested. Bronze casting and pottery also advanced in Shang culture. The bronze was commonly used for art rather than weapons. In astronomy, the Shang astronomers saw Mars and various comets. Many musical instruments were also invented at that time.

Shang influence, though not political control, extended as far northeast as modern [[Beijing]], where early pre-[[Yan (state)|Yan]] culture shows evidence of Shang material culture.<ref name=Sun>{{cite journal|last=Sun|first=Yan|title=Colonizing China's Northern Frontier: Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period|year=2006|month=June|journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=159–177(19)|doi=10.1007/s10761-006-0005-3}}</ref> At least one burial in this region during the Early Shang period contained both Shang-style bronzes and local-style gold jewelry.<ref name=Sun /> This Shang influence likely made possible the integration of Yan into the later Zhou Dynasty.<ref name=Sun />

The Shang king, in his oracular divinations, repeatedly shows concern about the ''fang'' groups, which represented barbarians outside of the civilized ''tu'' regions that made up the Shang center. In particular, the ''tufang'' group of the Yan Shan region is regularly mentioned as hostile to the Shang.<ref name=Sun /> The discovery of a [[Chenggu]]-style ''ge'' dagger-axe at [[Xiaohenan]] demonstrates that even at this early stage of Chinese history, there was some level of connection between the distant areas of north China.<ref name=Sun />
[[Image:Gu wine vessel from the Shang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|right|150px|This bronze ritual wine vessel, dating from the Shang Dynasty in the 13th century BC, is housed at the [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]].]]

[[Shang Zhou]], the last Shang king, committed [[suicide]] after his army was defeated by the [[Zhou Dynasty|Zhou]] people. Legends say that his army betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in a decisive battle.

A classical novel ''[[Fengshen Yanyi]]'' is about the war between the Yin and Zhou, in which each was favored and supported by one group of gods.

After the Yin's collapse, the surviving Yin ruling family collectively changed their surname from their royal Zi (子) ([[pinyin]]: zi; [[Wade-Giles]]: tzu) to the name of their fallen dynasty, Yin (殷). The family remained aristocratic and often provided needed administrative services to the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. The [[King Cheng of Zhou]] (周成王) through the Regent, his uncle the [[Duke of Zhou|Duke Dan of Zhou]] (周公旦), enfeoffed{{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}} the former Shang King Zhou's brother the ruler of Wei, WeiZi (微子) in the former Shang capital at [[Shangqiu|Shang]] (商) with the territory becoming the state of Song (宋). The State of Song and the royal Shang descendants maintained rites to the dead Shang kings which lasted until 286 BC. (Source: ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''.)

Both Korean and Chinese legends state that a disgruntled Yin prince named [[Jizi]] (箕子), who had refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with his garrison and founded [[Gija Joseon]] near modern day [[Liaoning]] to what would become one of the early Korean states (Go-, Gija-, and Wiman-Joseon).

Many Shang clans migrated northeast and were integrated into [[Yan (state)|Yan]] culture during the Western Zhou period. These clans maintained an elite status, continuing their sacrificial and burial traditions.<ref name=Sun />

==Late and Early Shang==
Written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty. However, Western scholars are hesitant to associate some settlements contemporaneous with the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty.<ref name=Loewe>{{cite book|coauthors=Michael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughnessy|title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=124-125|isbn=ISBN 0521470307}}</ref> For example, archaeological findings at [[Sanxingdui]] suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang but lacking writing. The extent of Shang control is difficult to determine, given the lack of archaeological exploration. It is accepted among historians that Yin, ruled by the same Shang of official history, coexisted and traded with other culturally diverse settlements in North China.
[[Image:Yinxu.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The site of [[Yin (city)|Yin]], the capital (1350 - 1046 BC) of the Shang Dynasty, also called Yin Dynasty.]]
Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, but the actual political situation in early China may have been more complicated. The Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou ([[successor state]] of the Shang), is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.<ref name=Sun /> This approach to the Sandai (Or Three Dynasties) system was promoted by noted archaeologist [[Kwang-chih Chang]].

Furthermore, though the ruins of Yinxu confirms the existence of the Late Shang dynasty, no evidence has been unearthed proving the existence of the Shang dynasty before its move to its last capital. This is seen in research by the reference to Yin-era Shang as Late Shang and pre-[[jiaguwen]] Shang as Early Shang. The difficulty is less one of conspirators trying to legitimize the Shang Dynasty and more the problem of historians and archaeologists sorting out historical societies and pre-historic (That is, pre-writing) archeological cultures.

At the Shang Dynasty site of Ao, large walls were erected in the 15th century BC that had dimensions of 20 meters / 65 feet in width at the base and enclosed an area of some 2100 yards².<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 43">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 43.</ref> In similar dimensions, the ancient Chinese capital for the [[Zhao (state)|State of Zhao]], [[Handan]] (founded in 386 BC), had walls that were again 20 meters / 65 feet wide at the base, a height of 15 meters / 50 feet tall, with two separate sides of its rectangular enclosure measured at a length of 1530 yards.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 43"/>

==Economy==
[[Image:Shang-Bronze1.jpg|thumb|right|210px|A Shang Dynasty bronze-ware pot with lid and handle.]]
As far back as c. 1500 BC, the early Shang Dynasty engaged in large-scale production of [[bronze]]-ware vessels and weapons.<ref name="ebrey 17">Ebrey, 17.</ref> This production necessitated large labor force that would handle the mining, refining, and transportation of [[copper]], [[tin]], and [[lead]] ores.<ref name="ebrey 17"/> The Shang Dynasty royal court and aristocrats required a vast amount of different bronze vessels for various ceremonial purposes and events of religious [[divination]], hence the need for official managers that could provide oversight and employment of hard-laborers and skilled artisans and craftsmen.<ref name="ebrey 17"/> With the increased amount of bronze available, the army could become better equipped with an assortment of bronze weaponry, and bronze was also able to furnish the fittings of [[spoke]]-wheeled chariots that came into widespread use by 1200 BC.<ref name="ebrey 14">Ebrey, 14.</ref>

Apart from their role as the head military commanders, Shang kings also asserted their social supremacy by acting as the high priest of society and leader of divination ceremonies.<ref name="ebrey 14"/> As the oracle bone texts reveal, the Shang kings were viewed as the best qualified members of society to offer sacrifices to their royal ancestors, to the high god Di, who in their beliefs was responsible for the rain, wind, and thunder.<ref name="ebrey 14"/>

==Shang Military==
[[Image:CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit - bronze battle axe.jpg|thumb|left|230px|This bronze [[axe]] was used in hand-to-hand combat, and was also a ritual object symbolizing power and military authority.]]
Shang infantry were armed with a variety of stone or bronze weaponry, including ''máo'' spears, ''yuè'' pole-axes, ''ge'' pole-based dagger-axes, the compound bow, and bronze or leather helmets (Wang Hongyuan 1993).<ref name="sawyer 35"/> Their western military frontier was at the [[Taihang Mountains]], where they fought the ''ma'' or "horse" barbarians, who might have used [[chariot]]s. The Shang themselves likely only used chariots as mobile command vehicles or elite symbols.<ref>Shaughnessy, Edward L. Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 189-237</ref> Although the Shang depended upon the military skills of their nobility, the masses of town dwelling and rural commoners provided the Shang rulers with conscript labor as well as military obligation when mobilized for ventures of defense or conquest.<ref name="sawyer 33">Sawyer, 33.</ref> The subservient lords of noble lineage and other state rulers were obligated to furnish their locally-kept forces with all the necessary equipment, armor, and armaments, while the Shang king maintained a force of about a thousand troops at his capital, and personally led this force into battle.<ref name="sawyer 34">Sawyer, 34.</ref> A rudimentary military bureaucracy was needed in order to muster troops of three to five thousand troops in border campaigns, while it was recorded that up to thirteen thousand troops were mustered in order to suppress uprisings of insolent states to Shang authority.<ref name="sawyer 34"/>

The army was divided into three sections - left, right, and middle.<ref name="sawyer 35">Sawyer, 35.</ref> There were largely two types of army units in these sections, those being the loosely organized infantry that were conscripted from the privileged populace and played a supporting role, while the core of the army was the warrior nobility who rode in chariots.<ref name="sawyer 35"/> Chariot-based warfare continued as a prime means of conducting battle well into the [[Warring States]] (481 BC-221 BC) period, although this was slowly phased out by massive infantry, and then large [[cavalry]]-based forces by the 3rd century BC.<ref name="sawyer 36">Sawyer, 36.</ref> However, even after the Shang integrated the chariot into their military forces, the nobility were still largely amassed in infantry form, as the chariot was mostly associated with transportation, ceremonies, and large-scale royal hunting expeditions.<ref name="sawyer 36"/> Chariots in the Shang period generally carried three men, the driver placed at the center, an archer on the left, and a warrior armed with a dagger-axe on the right.<ref name="sawyer 36"/> It had a rectangular frame, with two large [[spoke]]d wheels, and was driven by two horses,<ref name="sawyer 36"/> although some of the chariots had teams of four horses.<ref name="ebrey 14"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

Image:Jade deer.jpg|A [[jade]]-carved [[deer]] ornament
Image:Gong Fu Yi Gong.jpg|A [[bronze]] gong ritual vessel
Image:Gefuding Gui.jpg|A [[bronze]] gefuding gui vessel
Image:Yuefu You.jpg|A [[bronze]] yuefu you vessel
Image:Zun with animal mask.jpg|A [[bronze]] zun ritual vessel
Image:Ring with coiled dragon design.jpg|A [[jade]] ring in the shape of a [[Chinese dragon|dragon]]
Image:Jade fish.jpg|A [[jade]] carved [[fish]]
Image:Pou with four ram head.jpg|A Shang Dynasty [[bronze]] pou vessel with four [[ram]] heads
Image:Hache Yue Musée Guimet 1107.jpg|A bronze yue, late Shang era.
Image:Tomb Fu Hao YinXu.jpg|Bronzewares from the excavated [[tomb of Fu Hao]], c. 1250 BC.
Image:Jade tiger.jpg|A jade carved tiger
Image:Shang bronze masks, 16-14th.JPG|A pair of Shang Dynasty bronze face masks
</gallery>

==Sovereigns of the Shang Dynasty==
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th colspan="5" style="background:#efefef;">[[Posthumous name]]s</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" align="center">''Convention: posthumous name or King + posthumous name''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Order </th>
<th>Reign</th>
<th>Chinese</th>
<th>Hanyu Pinyin</th>
<th width = "33%" >Notes</th></tr>
<tr><td>01 </td><td>29 </td><td>湯 (成唐) </td><td class = "lft" >[[King Tang of Shang of China|Tāng]] </td><td>a Sage king; overthrew tyrant Jié (桀) of [[Xia Dynasty|Xià]] (夏) </td></tr>
<tr><td>02 </td><td>02 </td><td>太丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Da Ding of Shang|Tài Dīng]]
<tr><td>03 </td><td>32 </td><td>外丙 </td><td class = "lft" >[[King Bu Bing of Shang of China|Wài Bǐng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>04 </td><td>04 </td><td>仲壬 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zhong Ren|Zhòng Rén]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>05 </td><td>12 </td><td>太甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Tai Jia|Tài Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>06 </td><td>29 </td><td>沃丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wo Ding|Wò Dǐng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>07 </td><td>25 </td><td>太庚 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Tai Geng|Tài Gēng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>08 </td><td>17 </td><td>小甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Xiao Jia|Xiǎo Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>09 </td><td>12 </td><td>雍己 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Yong Ji|Yōng Jǐ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>10 </td><td>75 </td><td>太戊 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Tai Wu|Tài Wù]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>11 </td><td>11 </td><td>仲丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zhong Ding|Zhòng Dīng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>12 </td><td>15 </td><td>外壬 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wai Ren]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>13 </td><td>09 </td><td>河亶甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[He Dan Jia|Hé Dǎn Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>14 </td><td>19 </td><td>祖乙 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zu Yi|Zǔ Yǐ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>15 </td><td>16 </td><td>祖辛 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zu Xin|Zǔ Xīn]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>16 </td><td>20 </td><td>沃甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wo Jia|Wò Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>17 </td><td>32 </td><td>祖丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zu Ding|Zǔ Dīng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>18 </td><td>29 </td><td>南庚 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Nan Geng|Nán Gēng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>19 </td><td>07 </td><td>陽甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Yang Jia|Yáng Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>20 </td><td>28 </td><td>盤庚 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Pan Geng|Pán Gēng]] </td><td>Shang finally settled down at Yīn (殷). The period starting from Pán Gēng is also called the Yīn Dynasty, beginning the golden age of the Shāng dynasty. [[Oracle bone]] inscriptions are thought to date at least to Pán Gēng's era.</td></tr>
<tr><td>21 </td><td>29 </td><td>小辛 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Xiao Xin of Shang|Xiǎo Xīn]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>22 </td><td>21 </td><td>小乙 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Xiao Yi of Shang|Xiǎo Yǐ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>23 </td><td>59 </td><td>武丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wu Ding|Wǔ Dīng]] </td><td> married to consort [[Fu Hao]], who was a renowned warrior. Most of the oracle bones studied are believed to have came from his reign.</td></tr>
<tr><td>24 </td><td>12 </td><td>祖庚 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zu Geng of Shang|Zǔ Gēng]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>25 </td><td>20 </td><td>祖甲 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Zu Jia|Zǔ Jiǎ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>26 </td><td>06 </td><td>廩辛 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Lin Xin|Lǐn Xīn]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>27 </td><td>06 </td><td>庚丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Geng Ding|Gēng Dīng]] </td><td>or Kang Ding (康丁 Kāng Dīng)</td></tr>
<tr><td>28 </td><td>35 </td><td>武乙 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wu Yi (ruler)|Wǔ Yǐ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>29 </td><td>11 </td><td>文丁 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Wen Ding|Wén Dīng]] </td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>30 </td><td>26 </td><td>帝乙 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Di Yi|Dì Yǐ]] </td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td>31 </td><td>30 </td><td>帝辛 </td><td class = "lft" >[[Di Xin|Dì Xīn]] </td><td>aka Zhòu (紂), Zhòu Xīn (紂辛) or Zhòu Wáng (紂王). Also referred to by adding "Shāng" (商) in front of any of these names. </td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" align="left">Note:
# All dates are approximate up to 841 BC. Refer to [[Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC)|Zhou dynasty]] for more info.
# Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to worse appearances of the [[Heavenly Stems]].</td>
</tr>
</table>

==See also==
{{Ancient history}}
*[[Chinese historiography]]
*[[Chinese sovereign]]
*[[Chinese mythology]]
*[[Erligang culture]]
*[[Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|3}}

== References ==
*Chen, Yan (2002). ''Maritime Silk Route and Chinese-Foreign Cultural Exchanges''. Beijing: Peking University Press. ISBN 7-301-03029-0.
*Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). ''East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.
*Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992). ''China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition'' (2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01828-1
*Keightley, David N. (1978). ''Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China.'' University of California Press, Berkeley. Large format hardcover, ISBN 0-520-02969-0 (out of print); A 1985 paperback 2nd edition is still in print, ISBN 0-520-05455-5.
*Keightley, David N. (2000). ''The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200 – 1045 B.C.)''. China Research Monograph 53, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California – Berkeley. ISBN 1-55729-070-9, ppbk.
*Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Shen, Sin-yan. (1999). ''Chinese Musical Instruments (Chinese Music Monograph Series)''. Chinese Music Society of North America Press. ISBN 1-880464039
*Li, Chu-tsing. "The Great Bronze Age of China," ''Art Journal'' (Volume 40, Number 1/2, 1980): 390&ndash;395.
*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Sawyer, Ralph D. and Mei-chün Lee Sawyer (1994). ''Sun Tzu's The Art of War''. New York: Barnes and Noble Inc. ISBN 1566192978
*Shen, Sinyan (1987), Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells, ''Scientific American'', 256, 94.
*Sun, Guangqi (1989). ''History of Navigation in Ancient China''. Beijing: Ocean Press. ISBN 7-5027-0532-5.
*Sun, Yan. "Colonizing China's Northern Frontier:Yan and Her Neighbors During the Early Western Zhou Period." ''International Journal of Historical Archaeology'' (10, no. 2, 2006): 159-177.
*Thorp, Robert L. "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 43, Number 3, 1981): 239&ndash;246.
*Valenstein, Suzanne G. and Maxwell Hearn. "Asian Art, by Martin Lerner; Alfreda Murck; Barbara B. Ford," ''Recent Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art)'' (Number 1985/1986, 1985): 72&ndash;88.
*Wang, Hongyuan 王宏源 (1993). ''The Origins of Chinese Characters'' 漢字字源入門. Sinolingua, Beijing, ISBN 7-80052-243-1, ppbk.

==Further reading==
* Timperley, Harold J. ''The Awakening of China in Archaeology; Further Discoveries in Ho-Nan Province, Royal Tombs of the Shang Dynasty, Dated Traditionally from 1766 to 1122 B.C.. 1936''.

==External links==
{{commons|Shang Dynasty}}
{{Contains Chinese text}}
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html Shang Dynasty at Minnesota State University]
*[http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCCHINA/SHANG.HTM Shang Dynasty at Washington State University]

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[[Category:Shang Dynasty|*]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]

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Revision as of 16:16, 10 October 2008

This category is for people born in the year 396.

See also: 396 deaths.

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