Integral (Ken Wilber) and Audio mixing: Difference between pages

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{{split|Audio mixing (recorded music)|Audio mixing (film and television)|Audio mixing (live)|date=August 2008}}
{{Integral thought}}
:''This article is about the integral movement in philosophy and psychology. See [[Integral (disambiguation)]] for other uses.''


[[Image:Sony DMXR100.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Digital Mixing Console Sony DMX R-100 used in project studios]]
The '''integral movement''' (also called the '''integral paradigm''', '''integral philosophy''', the '''integral worldview''', or the '''integral approach''') is a movement that seeks a comprehensive understanding of humans and the universe by combining, among other things, [[science|scientific]] and [[spirituality|spiritual]] insights.


'''Audio mixing''' is the process by which a multitude of sound sources are combined into one or more channels. The source signals might be live or recorded and could be different [[musical instrument]]s, vocals, [[orchestra]] sections, announcers or crowd noise. In the process, the source signals' level, frequency content, dynamics and panoramic position are commonly being manipulated and effects such as reverb might be added. This practical, aesthetic or otherwise creative treatment is done in order to produce a final product that appeals to listeners and incorporates effects and abilities that can't be accomplished with live recording.
Integral might be said to have both a broad and a narrow meaning. In the larger, generic sense, Integral means whole, complete and holistic, such as body-mind-spirit and East-West. In the narrow or more specific sense it refers to the [[Integral Yoga]] and [[Integral psychology (Sri Aurobindo)|Philosophy]] of [[Sri Aurobindo]], as well as the Integral Psychology (the term coined by [[Indra Sen]]) and Psychotherapy that emerges from it.<ref>Brant Cortright, Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717, pp.5-6</ref>. Although the basic ideas were first articulated in the early twentieth century, the movement originates with the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] founded in 1968 by [[Haridas Chaudhuri]], a disciple of Sri Aurobindo, who was the first to fully define the idea.


A device used for mixing audio is known as an ''audio mixer'', ''sound board'', or ''[[mixing console]]''.
The word Integral is also associated with the work of [[Ken Wilber]], himself influenced by Sri Aurobindo, and the movement centered around him (for example the [[Integral Institute|Integral Institute, Integral University]], and so on). In the Wilber movement "Integral" when capitalized is given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's [[AQAL]] theory <ref>Matt Rentschler, ''[http://aqaljournal.integralinstitute.org/public/Pdf/AQAL_Glossary_01-27-07.pdf AQAL Glossary]'', p.15</ref>.


==Theory==
Integral thought is claimed to provide "a new understanding of how evolution affects the development of consciousness and culture".<ref>Steve McIntosh, ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', Paragon House, St Paul Minnesota, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55778-867-2 page 2</ref> It includes areas such as business, education, medicine, spirituality, sports<ref>John Bothwell and David Geier, ''Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence'', Morgan James Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1933596627 p.144</ref>, psychology and psychotherapy<ref>Arthur Freeman, ''Cognition and Psychotherapy'', Springer, 2004, ISBN 0826122256 p.22</ref>. The theme of the [[Spiritual evolution|evolution of consciousness]] has also become a central theme in much of integral theory <ref>Jennifer Gidley, [http://integral-review.org/current_issue/documents/Gidley,%20Evolution%20of%20Consciousness%20as%20Planetary%20Imperative%205,%202007.pdf The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views] ''Integral Review'' no. 5, 2007 p.15 </ref>. According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, ''integral'' means "dealing with the [[body]], [[mind]], [[heart]], and [[soul]]."<ref>[http://www.itp-life.com/ ITP International Welcome!<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


A simple [[passivity (engineering)|passive]] mixer simply regulates the [[amplitude]] of two or more incoming signals, usually with a [[potentiometer]] for each signal, then sends them out through the output channel otherwise unmodified as a sum of the two input signals.
Integral thought is seen by proponents as going beyond [[rationalism]] and [[materialism]]. It attempts to introduce a more universal and [[holism|holistic]] perspective or approach, which incorporates other points of view in a larger synthesis. Proponents view rationalism as subordinating, ignoring, and/or denying spirituality. Wilber begins by acknowledging and validating [[mysticism|mystical]] experience, rather than denying its reality. As these experiences have occurred to humans in all cultures in all eras, integral theorists accept them as valuable and not [[pathological]]. According to Sri Aurobindo, while both [[materialism|materialistic]] Science and Yogic [[asceticism]] have much to offer, each is still lacking on its own, and a "larger and completer affirmation" is required that can include both.<ref>Sri Aurobindo, ''The Life Divine'', 10th Edition, 1977, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, p.24</ref>.


==History==
== Industries ==
The adjective "integral" was first used in a spiritual context by Sri Aurobindo from 1914 onward to describe his own yoga, which he referred to as ''Purna'' (Skt: "Full") Yoga. It appeared in ''[[The Synthesis of Yoga]]'', a book that first published in serial form in the journal ''[[Arya (journal)|Arya]]'' and was revised several times since <ref>: see Biographical Notes to the 3rd Pondicherry edition</ref>.


=== Music production ===
However, it has recently been noted that Rudolf Steiner used the term integral in a similar way to Sri Aurobindo and Gebser very early on, by 1906 comparing "integral evolution" with "Darwinian evolution." <ref>Molz, M., & Gidley, J. (2008). A transversal dialogue on integral education and planetary consciousness: Markus Molz speaks with Jennifer Gidley. Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis, 6, p. 51. </ref>. Jennifer Gidley points to Steiner’s earliest use of the term ''integral,'' in reference to ''integral evolution'' in a lecture in Paris on the 26th May, 1906.


Audio mixing is done in studios as part of an album or single making. The mixing stage follows the [[multitrack recording]] stage and the final mixes are normally submitted to a [[mastering engineer]]. The process is generally carried out by a '''mixing engineer''' (a '''mixer'''), though sometimes it is the musical producer who mixes the recorded material.
<blockquote>The grandeur of Darwinian thought is not disputed, but it does not explain the ''integral evolution'' of man… So it is with all purely physical explanations, which do not recognise the spiritual essence of man's being.<ref>Steiner, R. (1928/1978). An Esoteric Cosmology (GA 94), (E. Schure, Trans.) [Eighteen Lectures delivered in Paris, France, May 25 to June 14, 1906] [Electronic version] Original work published in French in 1928.</ref> [Italics added]</blockquote>


A mixer working on a commercial release would normally spend 1-3 days mixing a single track, although times might vary greatly depending on budget, quality of the recordings and the complexity of the production.
The word "integral" was independently suggested by [[Jean Gebser]] in 1939 to describe his own intuition regarding the next state of human [[higher consciousness|consciousness]]. Gebser only afterwards discovered the similarity with Sri Aurobindo <ref> ''Ever-Present Origin'' p.102 note 4</ref>.


[[Haridas Chaudhuri]], a student of Sri Aurobindo and philosophy in his own right, developed his own perspective and philosophy. He established the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] (originally the "California Institute of Asian Studies"), in 1968 in San Francisco (it became an independent organisation in 1974), and presented his own form of [[Integral psychology]] in the early 1970s <ref>Haridas Chaudhuri, "Psychology: Humanistic and Transpersonal". ''[[Journal of Humanistic Psychology]]'', and ''The Evolution of Integral Consciousness''; Bahman Shirazi "Integral psychology, metaphors and processes of personal integration" in Cornelissen (ed.) ''Consciousness and Its Transformation'' An online version at http://www.saccs.org.in/TEXTS/IP2/IP2-1.2-.htm</ref>.


Audio mixing on a [[personal computer]] is also gaining momentum. More and more independent artists are starting to use their personal computers for [[digital recording]] and [[mixing]] their work. [[Audio editing]] on the computer is also easy and generally preferred.
In [[Spiral Dynamics]], Don Beck and Chris Cowan use the term "integral" for a developmental stage which sequentially follows the pluralistic stage. The essential characteristic of this stage is that it continues the inclusive nature of the pluralistic mentality, yet extends this inclusiveness to those outside of the pluralistic mentality. In doing so, it accepts the ideas of development and hierarchy, which the pluralistic mentality finds difficult. Other ideas of Beck and Cowan include the "first tier" and "second tier", which refer to major periods of human development.


=== Post-production ===
In late 1990s and 2000 [[Ken Wilber]], who was influenced by both Aurobindo and Gebser, among many others, adopted the term "Integral" to refer to the latest revision ("Wilber-IV") of his own philosophy, which he called [[Integral theory]]. He also established the [[Integral Institute]] as a think-tank for further development of these ideas. In his book ''Integral Psychology'' Wilber lists a number of pioneers of the integral approach, ''post hoc''. These include [[Goethe]], [[Schelling]], [[Hegel]], [[Gustav Fechner]], [[William James]], [[Rudolf Steiner]], [[Alfred North Whitehead]], [[James Mark Baldwin]], [[Jurgen Habermas]], [[Sri Aurobindo]], and [[Abraham Maslow]] <ref> Ken Wilber, ''Integral Psychology'', Shambhalla, 2000 p.78</ref>.


During the post-production stage of a film or a television program, audio mixing takes place in a studio (or a theater) once the final cut is produced. Normally the engineer will mix 4 main elements:
Daniel Gustav Anderson has suggested that Wilber's Integral Theory is derived from the writings of the Sri Aurobindo<ref>Daniel Gustav Anderson, ''[http://integral-review.org/current_issue/documents/Anderson,%20Of%20Syntheses%20and%20Surprises%203,%202006.pdf Of Syntheses and Surprises: Toward a Critical Integral Theory]'' Integral Review 3 (2006), pp. 62-81.</ref>. However, his claims in this and other areas have been refuted by scholars of Sri Aurobindo's teachings<ref>see the reviews of Anderson's thesis by [http://www.sciy.org/blog/cmd=post_comment/article_id=2564144/parent_id=805508 Rich Carlson] and [http://www.sciy.org/blog/_archives/2006/12/11/2564494.html Debashish Banerji]</ref>.
* Speech (dialogue, [[Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Automated_dialogue_replacement_.2F_post-sync|ADR]], Voice-Overs, etc.)
* Ambiance (or atmosphere)
* Sound FX
* Music


A 20 minute television program might be mixed in around 16 hours. A full-featured film might spend more than half a year in the mixing theater.
According to John Bothwell and David Geier, among the top thinkers in the integral movement are [[Stanislav Grof]], [[Fred Kofman]], [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[Jenny Wade]], [[Roger Walsh]], Ken Wilber, and [[Michael Zimmerman]]<ref>John Bothwell and David Geier,
''Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence'', p.144</ref>.


=== Public performance ===
In 2007, [[Steve McIntosh]] mentions [[Henri Bergson]] and [[Teilhard de Chardin]] along with many of the names mentioned by Wilber <ref>Steve McIntosh, ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', ch.7</ref>.


Sometimes audio mixing is done live by a [[audio engineer|sound engineer or recording engineer]], for example at [[rock and roll|rock]] [[concert]]s and other musical performances where a [[public address]] system (PA) is used. A big concert might involve two mixers, one located in the audience to mix the front of house (FOH) speakers heard by the audience, and the other located at the side of the stage, mixing for the [[monitor]] [[Loudspeaker|speaker]]s positioned directly in front of the performers so that they can hear one another.
In the same year, the editors of [[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|''What Is Enlightenment?'']] listed as contemporary Integralists [[Don Beck]], [[Allan Combs]], [[Robert Godwin]], [[Sally Goerner]], [[George Burr Leonard|George Leonard]], [[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]], [[William Irwin Thompson]], and [[Ken Wilber]].


== Equipment ==
Also in 2007, Gary Hampson suggested that there are six intertwined genealogical branches of Integral, based on those who first used the term: those aligned with Aurobindo, Gebser, Wilber, Gangadean, László and Steiner [Noting that the Steiner branch is via the conduit of Gidley]<ref>Gary Hampson, "Integral Re-views Postmodernism: The Way Out Is Through" ''Integral Review'' 4, 2007 pp.13-4, http://www.integral-review.org</ref>.


===Historical figures===
=== Mixers ===
[[Sri Aurobindo]] (1872-1950) was a visionary yogi rather than a systematizer, and although he referred to "integral" only in the context of [[Integral yoga|spiritual transformation]], his writings influenced others who used the term "integral" in more philosophical or psychological contexts. The word "integral" was originally used by Sri Aurobindo and the Mother to describe the [[yoga]] they taught. Their [[integral yoga]] involves an integral [[divinization|divine transformation]] of the entire being, rather than the [[moksha|liberation]] of only a single faculty such as the [[intellect]] or the [[emotion]]s or the body. According to Sri Aurobindo,<blockquote>(T)he Divine is in his essence infinite and his manifestation too is multitudinously infinite. If that is so, it is not likely that our true integral perfection in being and in nature can come by one kind of realisation alone; it must combine many different strands of divine experience. It cannot be reached by the exclusive pursuit of a single line of identity till that is raised to its absolute; it must harmonise many aspects of the Infinite. An integral consciousness with a multiform dynamic experience is essential for the complete transformation of our nature. &mdash; Sri Aurobindo, ''[[The Synthesis of Yoga]]'', p.114</blockquote>
Important teachings include: [[Evolution (philosophy)|Evolution]], [[Involution (Sri Aurobindo)|Involution]], the [[Integral psychology (Sri Aurobindo)|Integral psychology]], [[Integral yoga]], and the [[Supermind|Supramental principle]]. Major works include: ''[[The Life Divine]]'', ''[[The Synthesis of Yoga]]'', and ''[[Savitri]]''.


A mixer, or [[mixing console]], or mixing desk, or mixing board, or software mixer is the operational heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each is fed by a track from a multitrack recorder; mixers would normally have 2 main outputs (in the case of two-channel stereo mixing) or 8 (in the case of surround).
[[Mirra Alfassa]] aka The Mother (1878-1973) was Sri Aurobindo's co-worker. She continued Sri Aurobindo's work of Integral Yoga and spiritual transformation after his passing, and founded [[Auroville]], an international community dedicated to human unity, and based on their teachings.


Mixers offer three main functionalities:
[[Rudolf Steiner]] (1861-1925) was an Austrian philosopher, scholar, educator, artist, playwright, social visionary, and [[esotericism|esotericist]] who developed his own unique philosophy and [[esoteric cosmology|cosmology]] based on what he called supersensible knowledge. He founded [[Anthroposophy]], [[Waldorf education]], [[biodynamic agriculture]], [[anthroposophical medicine]], and [[Eurythmy]].


* '''Mixing''' - summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm.
[[Pitirim Sorokin]] (1889-1968) was a Russian-born Harvard sociologist who advocated a cyclic view of history. He referred to the emergence of a future, spiritually-based integral society. Writing at the same time as Sri Aurobindo, but independently, he began using phrases like "integral philosophy" and "integralist".<ref>Steve McIntosh, ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', p.180</ref>.
* '''Routing''' - allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects.
* '''Processing''' - many mixer also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors.


A mixer has numerous rotating controls ([[potentiometer]]s) and sliding controls ([[fade (audio engineering)|faders]] which are also [[potentiometer]]s) that facilitate the manipulation of levels, the addition of effects such as reverb, and frequency content ([[equalization]]) of audio signals. On most consoles, all the controls that apply to a single channel of audio are arranged in a vertical column called a ''channel strip''. Larger and more complex consoles such as those used in film and television production can contain hundreds of channel strips. Many consoles today, regardless of cost, have automation capabilities so the movement of their controls can be recorded, and then played back automatically, like a [[player piano]]. A recent trend is to use a "control surface" connected to a computer. This eliminates much of the electronics in a conventional console as the actual automation work is done digitally by the computer.
[[Indra Sen]] (1903-1994) was a psychologist, author, educator, and devotee of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. He was the first to he coin the term "Integral psychology" to describe the psychological observations he found in Sri Aurobindo's writings (which he contrasted with those of Western Psychology), and developed themes of "Integral Culture" and "Integral Man".


[[Image:Mixing Console Discom2.jpg|thumb|Simple mixing console]]
[[Jean Gebser]] (1905-1973), was a [[Swiss]] [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenologist]] and interdisciplinary scholar, and author of ''[[The Ever-Present Origin]]''. He conceived of history as a series of mutations in [[consciousness]].


=== Outboard gear and plugins ===
[[Haridas Chaudhuri]] (1913-1975), a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] philosopher, was a correspondent with Sri Aurobindo and founded the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]], and developed his own form of Integral Psychology.


Outboard gear (analog) and software plugins (digital) can be inserted to the signal path in order to extend processing possibilities. Outboard gear and plugins fall into two main categories.
===Contemporary figures===
[[George Burr Leonard]] (b. 1923), is the co-founder (with Michael Murphy) of [[Integral Transformative Practice]], and author of numerous books on human possibilities and social change. He coined the term "[[human potential movement]]".


* '''Processors''' - these devices are normally connected in series to the signal path, so the input signal is replaced with the processed signal (e.g. equalizers).
[[Michael Murphy (author)|Michael Murphy]] (b. 1930), author of ''The Future of the Body'', and with [[George Burr Leonard]] thee co-founders of the [[Human Potential Movement]] and of [[Integral Transformative Practice]], and co-authors of ''The Life We Are Given''. Murphy also co-founded the [[Esalen Institute]] in [[Big Sur]], with [[Richard Price]].
* '''Effects''' - while an effect can be considered as any unit that affects the signal, the term is mostly used to describe units that are connected in parallel to the signal path and therefore they add to the existing sounds, but do not replace them. Examples would be reverbs and delays.


Common classes:
[[Ervin László]] (b. 1932) is a philosopher of science, systems theorist, and integral theorist who posits a field of information as the substance of the cosmos.
* '''Processors''':
** '''Faders''' - used to attenuate or boost the level of signals.
** '''Pan pots''' - used to pan signal to the left or right and in surround also back and front.
** '''Equalizers''' - used to manipulate the frequency content of signals.
** '''Compressors''' - used to manipulate the dynamic content of signals. Among many applications they can even the level fluctuations of a singer, or reshape dynamic envelopes of percussive instruments (e.g. adding attack to a snare).
** '''Gates''' - used mainly to attenuate low-level signals, for example, the kick spill on a snare recording.
* '''Effects''':
** '''Reverbs''' - used to simulate the boundary reflection created in a real room, but that adding a sense of space to other wise 'dry' recordings.
** '''Delays''' - most commonly used to add distinct echoes as a creative effect.


==See also==
[[Ken Wilber]] (b. 1949) is an American writer and [[autodidact]] who popularized Integral thought or integral thinking in the current sense, to develop an all-encompassing, [[Spiritual evolution|evolutionary]] theory that incorporates and honours all perspectives, while at the same time presenting a larger picture. Wilber, borrowing centrally from the writings of [[Adi Da]], also built upon the ideas of previous integral thinkers like Sri Aurobindo and Jean Gebser in developing his own highly complex integral theory. Wilber's books include: ''[[Sex Ecology Spirituality]]'', ''[[Integral Psychology]]'', and ''[[Boomeritis]]''. He is the founder of the [[Integral Institute]]. According to Wilber,<blockquote>The word integral means comprehensive, inclusive, nonmarginalizing, embracing. Integral approaches to any field attempt to be exactly that&mdash;to include as many perspectives, styles, and methodologies as possible within a coherent view of the topic. In a certain sense, integral approaches are "meta-paradigms," or ways to draw together an already existing number of separate paradigms into an interrelated network of approaches that are mutually enriching." &mdash;Ken Wilber, "Foreword", in [[Frank Visser]], ''Ken Wilber: Thought As Passion''</blockquote>
*[[multitrack recording]]

[[Don Beck]] is a management consultant and proponent of [[Spiral Dynamics]] who has collaborated with Wilber and contributed to the development of [[Integral theory]].

[[Susanne Cook-Greuter]] (b.1945), is an independent scholar in ego development and principal of Cook-Greuter and Associates, a research and leadership consulting firm. She is author of ''Postautonomous Ego Development, its Nature and Measurement'' (1999) and coauthor with Mel Miller of ''Transcendence and Mature Thought in Adulthood'' (1990). She is a founding member of the Integral Institute and a co-director of its Psychology center.

[[Richard Tarnas]] (b. 1950), is a [[cultural history|cultural historian]] and professor of philosophy and psychology at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]]. he is author of ''The Passion of the Western Mind'' (1991) and ''Cosmos and Psyche'' (2006)

[[Yasuhiko Kimura]] (b. 1954) is integral philosopher, writer, and lecturer.

[[Andrew Cohen (spiritual teacher)|Andrew Cohen]] (b. 1955) is an American [[guru]] and author of "evolutionary spirituality." He is founder and editor in chief of the quarterly magazine ''[[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|What Is Enlightenment?]]'', which, beginning around 2000, has included articles related to the integral movement and related streams of thought, and includes interviews with Ken Wilber as a regular feature.

[[Frank Visser]] (b. 1958) is a Dutch author, [[Theosophy|Theosophist]] and webmaster of ''Integral World'', a website that hosts a large number of articles about Wilber and Integral Theory.

[[Steve McIntosh]] (b. 1960) is an independent scholar, businessman, and Integral theorist. He is author of ''Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution'', which builds upon the ideas of Wilber, Whitehead, Teilhard, and others.

[[Roland Benedikter]] (b. 1965) is a European academic and Professor for Cultural and Socio-Educational Sciences who has written on Postmodernism and Integral thought <ref>Roland Benedikter, "Postmodern spirituality, A dialogue in five parts", www.integralworld.net [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter1a.html Part 1], [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter2.html Part 2], [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter3.html Part 3], [http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter4.html Part 4],[http://www.integralworld.net/benedikter5.html Part 5]</ref>.

[[Sean Esbjörn-Hargens]] (b. 1973). one of the top integral theorists associated with Ken Wilber's Integral approach, is a professor of Integral Studies at [[John F. Kennedy University.]]

[[Allan Combs]] is the author of ''The Radiance of Being: Understanding the Grand Integral Vision, Living the Integral Life''. He has worked with Ken Wilber recently to create a theory which they call the "Wilber-Combs Lattice".

[[Jorge Ferrer]] is the author of ''Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality'' and a core faculty member in the East-West Psychology Program at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]].

[[Ashok Gangadean]] has written a number of books on the concept of a global consciousness. he is Co-Convenor of the [http://www.globalspirit.org World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality]. He started using the word "integral" in 2006, inspired by László’s and others.

[[Sally Goerner]] is an interdisciplinary scientist and author of a number of books, including ''After the Clockwork Universe: The Emerging Science and Culture of Integral Society''. She is co-founder of the [http://www.integralscienceinstitute.org Integral Science Institute].

[[Robert Kegan]] is a Harvard [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]] who is considered to be an integral theorist. He is a member of the Integral Institute.

[[Robert A. McDermott]] is professor of philosophy and religion at the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]], and has studied the work of Rudolph Steiner and Sri Aurobindo.

[[Paul H. Ray]] is a sociologist and author who refers to the emergence of a new progressive society or culture beyond traditionalism and modernity, that, following Sorokin, Gebser, and Sri Aurobindo he calls "Integral culture"<ref>Paul Ray, "The Rise of Integral Culture", Noetic Sciences Review: Spring 1996 http://www.noetic.org/publications/review/issue37/r37_Ray.html</ref>.

==Integral psychology==
{{main|Integral psychology}}

In the 1940s [[Indra Sen]], a devotee of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother, established the field of Integral Psychology, based on Sri Aurobindo's teachings<ref>Patel, Aster, "The Presence of Dr Indra Senji", SABDA - Recent Publications, November 2003, pp. 9-12 [http://sabda.sriaurobindoashram.org/pdf/news/nov2003.pdf PDF]</ref>, although his book of the same name only appeared in 1986 <ref>Indra Sen Integral Psychology: The Psychological System of Sri Aurobindo, Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, 1986</ref>. These ideas were later developed in a scientific and evolutionary context by Don Salmon and Jan Maslow<ref>Don Salmon and Jan Maslow, ''Yoga Psychology and the Transformation of Consciousness – Seeng through the Eyes of Infinity'', Paragon House, St Paul, Mn, 2007 ISBN 1-55778-835-9</ref>.

A further interpretation of Integral psychology was developed, although not in detail, in the 1970s by Haridas Chaudhuri, who postulated a triadic principle of uniqueness, relatedness and transcendence, corresponding to the personal, interpersonal and [[transpersonal]] domains of human existence<ref>Haridas Chaudhuri, "Psychology: Humanistic and transpersonal". ''Journal of Humanistic Psychology'', 15 (1), 7-15. 1975, and ''The Evolution of Integral Consciousness''. Wheaton, Illinois: Quest Books. 1977, 1989 paperback reprint: ISBN 0-8356-0494-2</ref>.

Like Sen, Ken Wilber wrote a book entitled ''Integral Psychology''<ref>Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology Shambhala, 2000, Wilber began working on the manuscript of a textbook for integral psychology in 1992, tentatively titled ''System, Self, and Structure'', but was diverted because he felt the need to provide more detail on his integral philosophy in ''Sex, Ecology, Spirituality'' (1995). The textbook was finally published in 1999 as part of volume IV of the Collected Works of Ken Wilber (ISBN 1-57062-504-2), and then separately in 2000 as ''Integral Psychology : Consciousness, Spirit, Psychology, Therapy'' (ISBN 1-57062-554-9)</ref>, , although the subject matter is very different to Sen's. Here he applies his integral model of consciousness to the psychological realm. This was the first book in which he embraced the Spiral Dynamics model of human development. Wilber also identifies an "integral stage of consciousness" which exhibits "...cognition of unity, holism, dynamic dialecticism, or universal integralism..."

According to Brant Cortright of the [[California Institute of Integral Studies]], Integral Psychology is born through the synthesis of Sri Aurobindo's teachings with the findings of [[depth psychology]]. He presents Integral Psychology as a synthesis of the two major streams of depth psychology – the humanistic-existential and contemporary psychoanalytic – within an integrating east-west framework.

==Integral theory==
'''Integral theory''' is a term often used to describe the teachings and work of the American writer [[Ken Wilber]], referring either to the synthesis of different perspectives and methodologies, or to his own "AQAL" theory. More recently, the term has been adopted by Hungarian [[Systems theory|systems theorist]] [[Ervin László]] in a scientific context.

=== Wilber's Integral theory ===

Although Wilber originally spoke of Integral theory in terms of a synthesis of different methodologies that can be used in the study of consciousness<ref>Ken Wilber, [http://www.imprint.co.uk/Wilber.htm An integral theory of consciousness], ''[[Journal of Consciousness Studies]]'', Volume 4, Number 1, 1997, pp. 71-92(22)</ref>, "Integral theory later came to be considered synonymous with "AQAL" <ref>Matt Rentschler, AQAL Glossary, p.17</ref>. [[Ken_Wilber#AQAL:_All_Quadrants_All_Levels|AQAL]] refers to "All quadrants, all levels", and equally connotes "all lines, all states, all types".

Central to Wilber's methodology is the concept of vision-logic as a post-formal, but personal, level of [[cognitive]] development. A characteristic of vision-logic is the ability to conceptualize and compare different perspectives or [[perspective (cognitive)|points of view]]. In the book [[Sex, Ecology, Spirituality]], Wilber describes vision-logic as a planetary awareness. He uses it to translate the term ''vernunft'' as used by the [[German idealism|German idealists]], which means something like "transcendental knowledge".

===László's Integral theory===
According to [[Ervin László]], a Theory of Everything would include not just mathematical formulas and quantum physics, but life, mind, and culture as well. He points out that although Wilber in ''A Theory of Everything'' refers to the "integral vision" of a genuine Theory of Everything, he does not present a science-based theory as such <ref>Ervin László, "Rationale for an Integral Theory of Everything", p.1, [integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue3/index.htm ''Integral Review'', no.3]</ref>. László's 2004 book, ''Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything'' presents his own version of an Integral theory in terms of a fundamental energy and information-carrying field that informs not just the current universe, but all universes past and present. This is then used to explain physical, biological, evolutionary, cultural and psychological, and even paranormal and spiritual phenomena<ref>Ervin László, ''Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything'', Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, 2004</ref>.

== Integral art ==
:''See main article [[Integral art]]''

[[Integral art]] can be defined as art that reaches across multiple quadrants and levels, or simply as art that was created by someone who thinks or acts in an integral way. Such artists may have been influenced by integral thinkers, or developed integral art independently.

==Applications ==
Specific aspects of Integral Theory such as Wilber's Four Quadrants and Don Beck's Integral Spiral Dynamics have been applied in the world of business and [[Management|business leadership]]<ref>Ron Cacioppe and Mark Edwards, "Seeking the Holy Grail of organisational development: A synthesis of integral theory, spiral dynamics, corporate transformation and [[action inquiry]]", ''[[Leadership and Organization Development Journal]]'', Mar 2005 Vol 26, no.2 pp. 86 - 105</ref><ref>Nancy E. Landrum and Carolyn L. Gardner, "Using integral theory to effect strategic change", ''[[Journal of Organizational Change Management]]'', Jun 2005, Vol 18, no.3 pp 247 - 258</ref>, [[International development]]<ref>Gail Hochachka, ''[http://www.polisproject.org/polis2/PDFs/Hochachkabook.pdf Developing Sustainability, Developing the Self: An Integral Approach to International and Community Development]'', Polis Publications, 2005</ref>, and even [[marine ecology]]<ref>Brian N. Tissot - [http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/tissot/cl/esrp444/Tissot%202005.pdf Integral Marine Ecology: Community-based fishery management in Hawaii], ''[[World Futures: the Journal of General Evolution,]]'' 2005 vol. 61 pp.79-96</ref>.
==Online and print journals==

A number of publications have developed around the theme of Integral thought, at the same time further helping to define it. One of the first of these, in 2000, was [http://www.kosmosjournal.org/ Kosmos journal], which has featured Don Beck, Ervin László, Ashok Gangadean, and others. The magazine [[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|''What Is Enlightenment?'']], established earlier by Andrew Cohen and associates, began including articles related to the integral movement around 2000, and now regularly includes interviews with Ken Wilber. The Integral Leadership Review has its genesis in 2000 and has emerged as a full scale free online publication [http://www.integralleadershipreview.com]. Its summary subscription publication, LeadingDigest, began in 2007.

In 2005, the first peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journals in the area were established (both are also on-line journals), [http://integral-review.org/ Integral Review] and [http://www.cejournal.org/ Conscious Evolution]. In 2006 the peer-reviewed journal [http://aqaljournal.org/ AQAL: Journal of Integral Theory and Practice] was established by the [[Integral Institute]].

== See also ==
* [[Evolution (philosophy)]]
* [[Integral yoga]]
* [[Integrative learning]]
* [[Spiritual evolution]]
* [[Relationship between religion and science]]
* [[Quantum mysticism]]


==References==
==References==
<references />
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
===Websites===
* [http://www.integralworld.net/ Integral World] website and online resource maintained by Wilber student and critic Frank Visser; originally commentary and criticism of Wilber's work only, but since 2006 and especially 2007 has also featured a more diverse range of essays and interprations of Integral thought.
* [http://opensourceintegral.ning.com/ Open Source Integral] Online forum and community, featuring a wide range of topics and discussion in relation to Integral thought
* [http://www.gaia.com/ Gaia] formerly known as Zaadz, on-line community originally affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]], but much more diverse than just Wilber-supporters alone.
* [http://www.integral-therapy.com/approach/ Integral Psychotherapy] psychology clinic dedicated to Integral Psychology teaching and practice located in Minneapolis, MN.
* [http://www.integraljournals.org] the official site for the Journal of Integral Theory and Practice a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 2003 with its first issue appearing in 2006.
* [http://www.integralresearchcenter.org] a grant giving mixed-methods research center based on Integral Methodological Pluralism.
* [http://www.integraltheoryconference] the official site for the biennial Integral Theory Conference held at JFK University.
* [http://www.integral-review.org/ Integral Review Journal], an online peer reviewed "transdisciplinary and transcultural journal for new thought, research, and praxis." Started in 2005, the journal is not directly affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].
* [http://www.integralleadershipreview.com Integral Leadership Review], the site of the online publications ''Integral Leadership Review'' (free) and ''Leading Digest'' (subscription), and books related to integral leadership. It is an independent publication not affiliated with the [[Integral Institute]].
* [http://universite-integrale.blogspot.com The French Integral University : Université Intégrale],

===Blogs===
* [http://integralpraxis.blogspot.com/ Integral Praxis] Post-Wilberian blog by the Integral Research Group (IRG), provides a diverse range of essays and links to all apsects of the Integral Movement
* [http://www.sciy.org/ Science, Culture and Integral Yoga (SCIY)] Aurobindonian multi-authored blog based on the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in the context of diverse social commentary, founded by Rich Carlson


[[Category:Integral thought| ]]
[[Category:Audio engineering]]
[[Category:New Age|Integral movement]]
[[Category:DJing]]
[[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]]
[[Category:Holism|Integral movement]]
[[Category:Philosophical theories|Integral movement]]
[[Category:Spiritual evolution|Integral movement]]


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Revision as of 23:02, 10 October 2008

Digital Mixing Console Sony DMX R-100 used in project studios

Audio mixing is the process by which a multitude of sound sources are combined into one or more channels. The source signals might be live or recorded and could be different musical instruments, vocals, orchestra sections, announcers or crowd noise. In the process, the source signals' level, frequency content, dynamics and panoramic position are commonly being manipulated and effects such as reverb might be added. This practical, aesthetic or otherwise creative treatment is done in order to produce a final product that appeals to listeners and incorporates effects and abilities that can't be accomplished with live recording.

A device used for mixing audio is known as an audio mixer, sound board, or mixing console.

Theory

A simple passive mixer simply regulates the amplitude of two or more incoming signals, usually with a potentiometer for each signal, then sends them out through the output channel otherwise unmodified as a sum of the two input signals.

Industries

Music production

Audio mixing is done in studios as part of an album or single making. The mixing stage follows the multitrack recording stage and the final mixes are normally submitted to a mastering engineer. The process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer (a mixer), though sometimes it is the musical producer who mixes the recorded material.

A mixer working on a commercial release would normally spend 1-3 days mixing a single track, although times might vary greatly depending on budget, quality of the recordings and the complexity of the production.


Audio mixing on a personal computer is also gaining momentum. More and more independent artists are starting to use their personal computers for digital recording and mixing their work. Audio editing on the computer is also easy and generally preferred.

Post-production

During the post-production stage of a film or a television program, audio mixing takes place in a studio (or a theater) once the final cut is produced. Normally the engineer will mix 4 main elements:

  • Speech (dialogue, ADR, Voice-Overs, etc.)
  • Ambiance (or atmosphere)
  • Sound FX
  • Music

A 20 minute television program might be mixed in around 16 hours. A full-featured film might spend more than half a year in the mixing theater.

Public performance

Sometimes audio mixing is done live by a sound engineer or recording engineer, for example at rock concerts and other musical performances where a public address system (PA) is used. A big concert might involve two mixers, one located in the audience to mix the front of house (FOH) speakers heard by the audience, and the other located at the side of the stage, mixing for the monitor speakers positioned directly in front of the performers so that they can hear one another.

Equipment

Mixers

A mixer, or mixing console, or mixing desk, or mixing board, or software mixer is the operational heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each is fed by a track from a multitrack recorder; mixers would normally have 2 main outputs (in the case of two-channel stereo mixing) or 8 (in the case of surround).

Mixers offer three main functionalities:

  • Mixing - summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm.
  • Routing - allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects.
  • Processing - many mixer also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors.

A mixer has numerous rotating controls (potentiometers) and sliding controls (faders which are also potentiometers) that facilitate the manipulation of levels, the addition of effects such as reverb, and frequency content (equalization) of audio signals. On most consoles, all the controls that apply to a single channel of audio are arranged in a vertical column called a channel strip. Larger and more complex consoles such as those used in film and television production can contain hundreds of channel strips. Many consoles today, regardless of cost, have automation capabilities so the movement of their controls can be recorded, and then played back automatically, like a player piano. A recent trend is to use a "control surface" connected to a computer. This eliminates much of the electronics in a conventional console as the actual automation work is done digitally by the computer.

Simple mixing console

Outboard gear and plugins

Outboard gear (analog) and software plugins (digital) can be inserted to the signal path in order to extend processing possibilities. Outboard gear and plugins fall into two main categories.

  • Processors - these devices are normally connected in series to the signal path, so the input signal is replaced with the processed signal (e.g. equalizers).
  • Effects - while an effect can be considered as any unit that affects the signal, the term is mostly used to describe units that are connected in parallel to the signal path and therefore they add to the existing sounds, but do not replace them. Examples would be reverbs and delays.

Common classes:

  • Processors:
    • Faders - used to attenuate or boost the level of signals.
    • Pan pots - used to pan signal to the left or right and in surround also back and front.
    • Equalizers - used to manipulate the frequency content of signals.
    • Compressors - used to manipulate the dynamic content of signals. Among many applications they can even the level fluctuations of a singer, or reshape dynamic envelopes of percussive instruments (e.g. adding attack to a snare).
    • Gates - used mainly to attenuate low-level signals, for example, the kick spill on a snare recording.
  • Effects:
    • Reverbs - used to simulate the boundary reflection created in a real room, but that adding a sense of space to other wise 'dry' recordings.
    • Delays - most commonly used to add distinct echoes as a creative effect.

See also

References

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