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{{Infobox lake
<!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. -->Justin Timberlake foreva!
| lake_name = Manasbal Lake
=Stuff=
| image_lake = Manasbal.jpg
| caption_lake =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Kashmir Valley]]
| coords = {{coord|34.15|N|74.4|E|region:IN_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| type = Fresh water
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = 33 km²
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = 2.81 km²
| depth = 4.5 m
| max-depth = 13 m
| volume = 0.0128 km³
| residence_time = 1.2 years
| shore = 10.2 km
| elevation = 1583 m
| islands =
| cities= Kondabal
}}


'''Manasbal Lake''' is located in the Jhelum valley, north of [[Srinagar]] city in the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]]. The name Manasbal is said to be a derivative of the [[Lake Manasarovar]]<ref name = “kas_lake”>http://kashmir-tourism.com/jammu-kashmir-lakes-mansabal-lake.htm, Manasbal Lake</ref>. Lake is encircled by three villages viz., Jarokbal, Kondabal (also called Kiln place, is situated on the north-eastern side of the lake) and Ganderbal and is stated to be the deepest lake (at 13-m depth) in the Kashmir valley. The large growth of lotus ([[Nelumbo nucifera]]) at the periphery of the lake (blooms during July and August) adds to the beauty of the clear waters of the lake. The [[Mughal garden]], called the Garoka, (meaning bay window) built by [[Nur Jahan]] overlooks the lake<ref name = Jam_kash>http://www.indiainfoweb.com/jammu-kashmir/lakes/mansabal-lake.html Mansbal lake</ref>.


Welcome to the sandbox!
The lake is a good place for [[birdwatching]] as it is one of the largest natural stamping grounds of Aquatic birds in Kashmir and has the sobriquet of "supreme gem of all Kashmir Lakes"<ref name = manas_bal>http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-57.html Manasbal Lake</ref><ref>http://www.mascottravels.com/kashmirlakes.htm kashmir lakes</ref>. The rootstocks of lotus plant which grows extensively in the lake are harvested and marketed, and also eaten by the local people<ref name = “kas_lake”/>.
my name is haley, P)wjroi;
/ mine is Alex hy :P
----


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==Access==
Sandbox! Yay!!!
The lake is approached from [[Srinagar]] by a Really Really happy group of Marading crabs {{convert|30|km|adj=on}} road via Shadipur, [[Nasim]] and Gandarbal. Road to [[Wular Lake]], the largest lake in [[Kashmir]], passes through this lake, via Safapur<ref name = “kas_lake”/>.


Its peanut butter jelly time
==History==
It is believed to be an ancient lake by locals but exact dating is yet to be done. Close to the northern shore of the lake are the ruins of a 17th-century fort, called the Darogabagh, built by the [[Moghul]]s, used in the past by caravans traveling from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Srinagar]]<ref name = manas_bal/><ref name = “kas_lake”/>.


family guy rocks
==Topograhy ==
The lake is surrounded by the Baladar mountains on the east, by an elevated plateau known as 'Karewa' comprising [[lacustrine]], [[fluviatile]] and [[loessic]] deposits on the north and bounded by the Ahtung hills in the south, which are used for limestone extraction<ref name = manas_bal/>.

Along the course of the [[Jhelum River]], the Manasbal Lake falls under the third series of high altitude lakes of the [[Himalayas]] (designated with respect to their origin, altitudinal situation and nature of biota they contain) as the valley lakes (Dal, Anchar, Manasbal etc.) situated at the altitudinal zone of 1585 – 1600 m; the other two types being the high altitude [[wetlands]] (altitude 1585-4000 m amsl) of the second series of lakes (Nilnag) in the lower fringes of [[Pir Panjal ]] ranges right in the midst of [[pine]] forests, and the glaciated lakes of the first series situated on the inner Himalayas between 3000 – 4000 m amsl (Alipathar, [[Sheshnag]], Kounsarnag, Tar Sar, Mar Sar, Vishansar, Gangbal, Kishna Sar, Kyo Tso, [[Pangong Tso]], etc.) which have probably originated during the third Himalayan [[glaciation]]<ref>http://www.ramsar.org/wurc/wurc_mgtplan_india_wular.pdf Comprehensive Management, Action Plan for Wular lake, Kashmir</ref>.A fissure is reported to be running from east to west at the centre of the lake<ref name = ski_sport>http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Jammu-and-Kashmir/Manasbal-Lake-15415.htm Manasbal Lake</ref>.

===Land use===
[[Image:Char Chinar.jpg| thumb|right|250px|Char Chinar (Four [[Chinar]] Trees)]]
Important vegetation in the catchment of the lake comprise Orchards ([[apple]], [[mulberry]]), some [[Platanus]] (Chinar trees) and [[Salix]] trees. Safar, a nearby village of Safapur which has a grove of [[Chinar]] trees, is known as Badshah Boni, royal Chinar, and was planted in imitation of the Nasim Bagh in Srinagar. [[Maize]], [[mustard]] and [[wheat]] are generally the main crops grown in the agricultural lands of the catchment. In recent years, land use pattern has changed with more land used for horticulture and also diversion of land for construction purposes.<ref name = manas_bal/> & <ref name = Jam_kash/>.

==Hydrology==
The [[drainage basin]] for the lake, covering an area of 33 sq km, has no major inlet channels and is thus fed mainly by precipitation (rain and snow fall) and springs (more than 1,200 springs)<ref>http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/07nov26/news.htm, Dal look for Manasbal lake soon</ref>.Lake water outflows to the [[Jhelum River]] through a regulated outflow channel. The lake is the source of water for fishing and for obtaining food and fodder plants<ref name = “kas_lake”/>.

The lake not only provides source of water but also offers facilities for [[navigation]] and transportation, [[fisheries]], harvesting of economically useful plants, sightseeing, tourism and recreation<ref name = manas_bal/>.

==Water quality issues==
Some of the [[water quality]] parameters reported relate <ref name = manas_bal/>to:

*The lake is [[Monomictic]] Mixing type and develops [[thermal]] [[stratification]] in March to November. Maximum depth of the [[Thermocline]] is {{convert|9|m}}. [[Hypolimnion]] temperature ranges from {{convert|8.5|C}} to {{convert|11|C}}.
*pH value varied from a maximum of 8.8 on the surface to a minimum of 7.7 at {{convert|11|m}} depth in year over the 12 months period
*DO [mg l-1] value varied from a maximum of 10.4 on the surface to a minimum of 2.2 at the bottom in year over the 12 months period
*Maximum [[Nitrogen]] Concentration (NH4-N [micro l-1] of 13 on the surface and 120 at the bottom of the lake have been reported.
*The lake water temperature varied from a minimum of {{convert|6|C}} in January to {{convert|27.5|C}} in June/July at the surface and correspondingly {{convert|6|C}} and {{convert|19|C}}, at the bottom of the lake.

=== Flora===
Within the lake water, the [[flora]] recorded comprise the following<ref name = manas_bal/>.

*Emerged [[Macrophyte]]s, floating Macrophytes, submerged Macrophytes and [[Phytoplankton]]. In the reported period, the [[biomass]] production due to [[Plankton]]s was a maximum of 864.9 milligrams/ sq cm in June with a minimum of 54 milli grams/sq cm in December.

==Fauna==
The fauna recorded in the lake are the [[Zooplankton]], [[Benthos]] and [[Fish]]. The economically important fishes reported are<ref name = manas_bal/>:

*Schizothorax niger, S. esocinus, Cyprinus carpio specularis+, C. carpio communis+ and Neomacheilus latius.
Note:+ considered economically important

[[Cyprinus]], an exotic species, has proliferated extensively after its introduction in 1956. A decline in the population of indigenous species due to rapid changes in the environment was reported.

== Deterioration of the lake ==
[[Eutrophication]] was recorded and confirmed by the test results in the lake. [[Ceratophyllum demersum]] recorded increase in the lake area. Dense mono specific stands have been created by the [[weeds]]. Further, decrease in species diversity has occurred, increase in the period of [[anoxic]] conditions and accumulation of H2S in deeper waters has been reported. [[Pollution]] has also taken place due to lack of waste water treatment plants<ref name = manas_bal/>.

[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF) which conducted an extensive survey of the lake in 1997 attributed the reasons for the deterioration of the lake, particularly on its banks, gradually turning it into a stinking [[marsh]], due to the following<ref name = shafi_wani>http://www.greaterkashmir.com/full_story.asp?Date=23_8_2007&ItemID=57&cat=1, Community participation makes it possible, Arif Shafi Wani</ref>.

# large-scale illegal encroachment on the periphery on [[Ganderbal]] and Qazibagh sides in the form of hundreds of tress, vegetable gardens, toilets, residential structures, garbage dumping sites
# siltation due to noxious run-off from adjoining fields, stone quarries and lime kilns;
# the flow of [[sewage]] and use of [[fertilizers]] in the agricultural fields in its adjoining villages
# 80 per cent of the lake was seen under the thick blanket of weed

WWF recommended several measures to be undertaken for the restoration of the lake.

==Lake restoration works==
It was only in the year 2007 that lake restoration measures could be undertaken with the formation of Wular-Manasbal Development Authority (WMDA) under the Government of Jammu and Kashmir<ref name = shafi_wani/>.

WMDA undertook the following measures for restoration and to improve the general environment of the lake.
*removing the illegal constructions;
*pedestrian walkway/pathway construction around the lake periphery of 11 km
*manual de-weeding
*[[dredging]]
*demarcation of the lake
*construction of STPs and
*regulation of [[limestone]] extraction and [[afforestation]] of mountains to restore lake’s glory
[[Image: Shikara.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Shikara]] in use in Manasbal lake after lake restoration works]]
Chief Executive Officer of the WMDA has been reported stating that:
{{Quote|It was after long deliberations with locals that we could start work on the lake. We made the locals understand that Manasbal’s conservation was imperative not only from tourism point of view, but for their livelihood too. Now, there is community participation in the restoration process.}}
[[Shikara]] operators of the Lake area have reported that “there has been a lot of improvement in its condition”

== Hindu temple==
Wullar-Manasbal Development Authority has reported unearthing of an ancient [[Hindu]] temple, on the eastern shore of the Manasbal Lake, built in the traditional architectural style of ancient [[Kashmir]]. The lower half of the temple, which was buried in earth, was found during the restoration works undertaken for the lake. Dated to 800-900 AD, during Avantivarman or Sankaravarman rule, based on epigraphic writings, the temple, constructed in local grey stone, has a unique pyramid-shaped roof top with [[Corinthian]] or floral motifs. It is stated to be a new pilgrimage attraction for pilgrims who visit the cave shrine at [[Amarnath]] and the [[Kheer Bhawani]] temple at Tulmulla in [[Ganderbal]] district<ref>http://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=711180334&cat=&n_date=20071118 Unique eighth century Hindu temple restored in Kashmir</ref>. Other tourist attractions in the lake area are the Manasbal Temple, the ruins of a terraced Mughal garden and sculptured stones of some [[Buddhist]] shrines on the banks of the lake<ref name = ski_sport/>.

== Water skiing ==
The weather is pleasant in the months of [[May]] and [[August]], when the lake offers water [[skiing]] sport, which is now becoming an increasingly popular activity in many rivers and lakes in India. Jammu & Kashmir Tourism Department (JKTD) provides essential [[water skiing]] equipment and trained instructors to adventure seekers<ref>http://www.vacationsindia.com/water-skiing-in-india.html, Water Skiing in India</ref>. The lake’s surface sheen and its long length and width attract tourists to water skiing sport<ref name = ski_sport/>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Kondabal http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Kondabal.html

{{Waters of South Asia}}

[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Revision as of 18:29, 10 October 2008

Justin Timberlake foreva!

Stuff

Welcome to the sandbox! my name is haley, P)wjroi; / mine is Alex hy :P

Testing Testing 123 Sandbox! Yay!!!

Its peanut butter jelly time

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