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{{divbox|green|Transclusions|This is just the root for all of the transclusions. For a shortcut, [[User:Gnorthup/TT]] redirects here. |
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{{Infobox Mountain |
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| Name= Sakurajima |
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| Photo= Sakurajima Landsat image.jpg |
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| Caption= [[Landsat]] satellite image of Sakurajima volcano |
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| Elevation= {{convert|1117|m|ft|0|lk=on}} |
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| Location= [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]] |
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| Range= |
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| Prominence = |
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| Coordinates = {{coord|31|35|N|130|39|E|type:mountain}} |
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| Topographic map = |
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| Type= [[Stratovolcano]] |
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| Age= |
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| Last eruption= 2008 |
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| First ascent= |
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| Easiest route= |
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}} |
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Currently just [[/Censored]].}} |
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{{nihongo|'''Sakurajima'''|桜島|}} is an active [[volcano]] and a former island (now connected to the mainland) of the same name in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] in [[Kyūshū]], [[Japan]]. |
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It is a [[stratovolcano]] with the [[Summit (topography)|summit]] split into three [[peak]]s, ''Kitadake'' (northern peak), ''Nakadake'' (central peak) and ''Minamidake'' (southern peak) which is active now. The surface of the island is about 77 km². |
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Its {{nihongo|North Peak|北岳|Kitadake}} is Sakurajima's highest peak, rising to 1,117 metres above [[sea level]]. The mountain is located in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as {{nihongo|Kinkō Bay|錦江湾|Kinkōwan}}. The former island is part of the [[Municipality of Japan|city]] of [[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]. |
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In 1002, a great eruption occurred, burying the straits with [[lava]], thus connecting the former island to the [[Osumi Peninsula]], so that Sakurajima is no longer an island. The volcanic activity still continues, dropping large amounts of [[volcanic ash]] on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sands highlands in the region. |
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==Geological history== |
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Sakurajima is located in the [[Aira caldera]], formed in an enormous eruption 22,000 years ago.<ref name="VOWO">{{cite web |url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vw_hyperexchange/sakura-jima.html |title=The 1914 Sakurajima explosion at Volcanoworld |accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> Several hundred [[cubic kilometre]]s of [[Volcanic ash|ash]] and [[pumice]] were ejected, causing the [[magma chamber]] underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over 20 kilometers across. [[Tephra]] fell as far as 1000 km from the volcano. |
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Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.activolcans.info/fiche.php?NomVolcan=Sakurajima|title=Sakurajima at Activolcan.info |accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }} '''French'''</ref> It lies about 8 kilometers south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history occurred in 963 AD.<ref name="VOWO2">{{cite web |url=http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/sakura.html|title=Sakurajima at WolcanoWorld |accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> Most of its eruptions are [[strombolian]],<ref name="VOWO2"/> affecting only the summit areas, but larger [[plinian]] eruptions have occurred in 1471-1476, 1779-1782 and 1914.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/sakura/geol.html|title=Sakurajima at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo.|accessdate=2007-08-03 |format= |work= }}</ref> |
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Volcanic activity at ''Kitadake'' ended around 4900 years ago: subsequent eruptions have been centered on ''Minamidake''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sakura-jima | work = Global Volcanism Program | publisher = [[Smithsonian Institution]]|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-08 |accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> |
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==1914 eruption== |
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[[Image:SakurajimaVolcano.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sakurajima]] |
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The 1914 eruption has been the most powerful in the Japanese twentieth century, and during the eruption [[lava flow]]s filled in the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, converting it into a peninsula. Before 1914, the volcano had been dormant for over a century.<ref name="VOWO"/> |
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The eruption began on [[11 January]] [[1914]]. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large [[earthquake]]s which warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption had been very explosive, generating [[eruption column]]s and [[pyroclastic flow]]s, but after a very large earthquake on [[13 January]] [[1914]] which killed 35 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.<ref name="VOWO"/> |
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[[Image:KagoshimaSakurajimaFerry.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Sakurajima ferry]] |
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Lava flows are rare in Japan-the high [[silica]] content of the [[magma]]s there mean that explosive eruptions are far more common.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jove.geol.niu.edu/students/mdare/VirtualFieldTrip/Mt_Fuji/volcanoinfo.htm|title=Japanese Volcanoes at the Northern Illinois University|accessdate=2007-08-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> But the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.<ref name="VOWO"/> The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually becoming connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of the [[Kagoshima]] bay became significantly shallower, and tides were affected, becoming higher as a result.<ref name="VOWO"/> |
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During the final stages of the eruption, the centre of the Aira Caldera sank by about 60 cm (two feet), due to [[subsidence]] caused by the emptying out of the underlying magma chamber.<ref name="VOWO"/> The fact that the subsidence occurred at the centre of the caldera rather than directly underneath Sakurajima showed that the volcano draws its magma from the same [[wiktionary:reservoir|reservoir]] that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption.<ref name="VOWO"/> |
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==Current activity== |
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[[Image:sakura-jima from space.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Space radar image of Sakurajima. The volcano lies within the bay formed by the Aira caldera]] |
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The volcano resumed activity in 1955, and has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions occur each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.<ref name="VOWO2"/> |
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Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because of its location in a [[population density|densely populated]] area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standeyo.com/NEWS/06_Earth_Changes/060605.Sakurajima.html|title=Reuters report on Sakurajima explosion, 5 June 2006|accessdate=2007-08-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> |
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In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a [[Decade Volcano]] in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the [[United Nations]]' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/unzen/sakura/sakura.html|title=Decade Volcano Sakurajima at the Earthquake Reasearch Institute|accessdate=2007-08-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> |
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Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (''sakuradaikon'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.synapse.ne.jp/update/whatup/back/sakurajima-e.html|title=Touristic information on synapse.ne.jp|accessdate=2007-08-06 |format= |work= }}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* Aramaki S. (1984), ''Formation of the Aira Caldera, Southern Kyūshū, ~22,000 years ago'', [[Journal of Geophysical Research]], v. 89, issue B10, p. 8485. |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Sakurajima}} |
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* [http://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kazan/default_e.html Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre] |
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* [http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vw_hyperexchange/sakura-jima.html VolcanoWorld article about the 1914 eruption] |
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* {{VNUM|1=0802-08=}} |
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* [http://www.johnharveyphoto.com/Japan3/Sakurajima/index.html Photos of the Island, volcano and hot springs] |
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[[Category:Kagoshima Prefecture]] |
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[[Category:Volcanoes of Kyūshū]] |
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[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Subduction volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:Active volcanoes]] |
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[[Category:VEI-6 volcanoes]] |
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[[cs:Sakuradžima]] |
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[[de:Sakurajima]] |
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[[et:Sakurashima]] |
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[[es:Sakurajima]] |
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[[fr:Sakurajima]] |
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[[ko:사쿠라지마 섬]] |
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[[it:Sakurajima]] |
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[[nl:Sakurajima]] |
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[[ja:桜島]] |
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[[no:Sakurajimafjellet]] |
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[[sk:Sakura-džima]] |
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[[fi:Sakurajima]] |
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[[zh:櫻島火山]] |
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