Free energy and Tragopogon dubius: Difference between pages
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{{Taxobox |
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'''Free energy''' may refer to: |
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| name = Western Salsify |
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| image = TragopogonDubiusUtah.jpg |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = Western Salsify, ''Tragopogon dubius'' |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Asterales]] |
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| familia = [[Asteraceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Tragopogon]]'' |
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| species = '''''T. dubius''''' |
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| binomial = ''Tragopogon dubius'' |
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| binomial_authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scop.]] |
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}} |
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'''Western Salsify''' is a species of [[Salsify]] native to [[Southern Europe|southern]] and [[central Europe]] and [[western Asia]] and found as far north and west as [[northern France]]. Although it has been reported from [[Kashmir]] and [[India]], recent evidence suggests that specimens from these areas may be a different species. Western Salsify has been [[introduced species|introduced]] into [[North America]] where it has become widespread, being reported from all the continental [[United States]] except for a few in the far south-east, and all [[provinces of Canada]] except Newfoundland and the northern territories. |
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Like most salsifies, the Western Salsify grows as an [[annual plant|annual]] or occasionally [[biennial plant|biennial]] [[forb]], reaching a height of typically 20-60 cm but sometimes almost a metre. It grows typically in warm, sheltered spots with moist soil. Its yellow flower is 4-6 cm in diameter and is likely to be seen in late spring or early summer. The flowers open early in the morning and often close up by late afternoon. Later the plant forms a seed head that resembles that of the [[dandelion]]s but is distinctly larger. The seeds themselves (known as [[achene]]s) are 2-4 cm long but featherweight, weighing about 8mg each on average. There is some natural variation between the central and peripheral achenes in the seedhead, with the peripheral ones being generally darker and heavier, and having a higher concentration of [[phenol]]ic compounds; this may enhance their survival potential. |
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===Science=== |
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* [[Thermodynamic free energy]], the total amount of energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work, in particular: |
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** [[Helmholtz free energy]], the amount of thermodynamic energy in a system that can be converted into work at a constant temperature and volume (called [[work content]] in chemistry) |
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** [[Gibbs free energy]], the amount of thermodynamic energy in a system that can be converted into work at a constant temperature and pressure |
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***[[Free-energy relationship]] (or ''linear Gibbs energy relation'') help understanding the reaction mechanism for a chemical reaction and makes it possible to predict reaction rates and equilibrium constants. |
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* [[Free energy perturbation]], is a method based on statistical mechanics that is used in computational chemistry for computing free energy differences from molecular dynamics or [[Metropolis–Hastings algorithm|Metropolis Monte Carlo]] simulations. |
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Western Salsify is quite similar to the generally commoner [[Meadow Salsify]], ''T. pratensis'', but the [[bract]]s which show behind the flower, a distinctive feature of salsifies, are longer and more noticeable. Although not particularly closely related to Meadow Salsify or the Common Salsify or Oyster Plant (''T. porrifolius''), the Western Salsify hybridises readily with both, and in North America its hybrids have given rise to the new [[alloploidy|alloploid]] hybrid species ''T. mirus'' and ''T. miscellus''. |
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===Conspiracy theory=== |
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* [[Free energy suppression]], the notion that special interest groups deliberately suppress technologies that may provide energy at very little cost |
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Because Western Salsify is a widespread plant, it has a large number of alternative common names. They include Western Goat's Beard, Wild Oysterplant, Yellow Salsify, Yellow Goat's Beard, Meadow Goat's Beard, Goat's Beard, Goatsbeard, Common Salsify, or Salsify. Some of these are also, or more commonly, used for other species, and are better avoided. A [[synonym (biology)|synonym]], ''Tragopogon major'', may also be encountered. |
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{{dab}} |
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Unlike some other species of salsify such as the [[Oyster Plant]] ''Tragopogon porrifolius'', Western Salsify is not generally regarded as edible, though the root can be eaten (raw or cooked) and so can the young stems. No uses in [[herbal medicine]] are commonly known. It is regarded as [[invasive species|invasive]] in most states of the USA and in some [[Canada|Canadian]] provinces such as [[Ontario]] and [[British Columbia]]. |
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[[he:אנרגיה חופשית]] |
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[[Image:LargeWishie.JPG|thumb|Wishie or Clock of the Salsify]] |
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[[de:Großer Bocksbart]] |
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[[nl:Bleke morgenster]] |
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[[category:Asteraceae]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRDU USDA PLANTS database profile for the species] |
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*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1938,1939 Jepson Manual treatment] of the species |
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*[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-lifeform=any&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=tragopogon+dubius&rel-namesoup=matchphrase&where-namesoup=&rel-location=matchphrase&where-location=&rel-state=eq&where-state=any&rel-country=eq&where-country=any&where-collectn=any&rel-photographer=eq&where-photographer=any&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid= Pictures from the CalPhotos archive] |
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*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Tragopogon+dubius Plants for a Future] database entry for the species |
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==References== |
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*Mavrodiev, E. V., Nawchoo, I., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. (2006). Molecular data reveal that the allotetraploid ''Tragopogon kashmirianus'' Singh, a narrow endemic of Kashmir, is distinct from the North American ''T. mirus''. Poster presented at the conference of the Botanical Society of America. |
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*Mavrodiev, E. V., Tancig, M., Sherwood, A. M., et al. (2005). Phylogeny of ''Tragopogon'' L. (Asteraceae) based on internal and external transcribed spacer sequence data. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166'', 117-133. |
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*Maxwell, C. D., Zobel, A., & Woodfine, D. (1994). Somatic polymorphism in the achenes of ''Tragopogon dubius''. ''Canadian Journal of Botany, 72'', 1282-1288. |
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*Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Pires, J. C., Kovarik, A., Tate, J. A., & Mavrodiev, E. (2004). Recent and recurrent polyploidy in ''Tragopogon'' (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons. ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82'', 485-501. |
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{{commons|Tragopogon dubius}} |
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[[Category:Invasive plant species]] |
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Revision as of 16:00, 10 October 2008
| Western Salsify | |
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| Western Salsify, Tragopogon dubius | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | T. dubius
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| Binomial name | |
| Tragopogon dubius | |
Western Salsify is a species of Salsify native to southern and central Europe and western Asia and found as far north and west as northern France. Although it has been reported from Kashmir and India, recent evidence suggests that specimens from these areas may be a different species. Western Salsify has been introduced into North America where it has become widespread, being reported from all the continental United States except for a few in the far south-east, and all provinces of Canada except Newfoundland and the northern territories.
Like most salsifies, the Western Salsify grows as an annual or occasionally biennial forb, reaching a height of typically 20-60 cm but sometimes almost a metre. It grows typically in warm, sheltered spots with moist soil. Its yellow flower is 4-6 cm in diameter and is likely to be seen in late spring or early summer. The flowers open early in the morning and often close up by late afternoon. Later the plant forms a seed head that resembles that of the dandelions but is distinctly larger. The seeds themselves (known as achenes) are 2-4 cm long but featherweight, weighing about 8mg each on average. There is some natural variation between the central and peripheral achenes in the seedhead, with the peripheral ones being generally darker and heavier, and having a higher concentration of phenolic compounds; this may enhance their survival potential.
Western Salsify is quite similar to the generally commoner Meadow Salsify, T. pratensis, but the bracts which show behind the flower, a distinctive feature of salsifies, are longer and more noticeable. Although not particularly closely related to Meadow Salsify or the Common Salsify or Oyster Plant (T. porrifolius), the Western Salsify hybridises readily with both, and in North America its hybrids have given rise to the new alloploid hybrid species T. mirus and T. miscellus.
Because Western Salsify is a widespread plant, it has a large number of alternative common names. They include Western Goat's Beard, Wild Oysterplant, Yellow Salsify, Yellow Goat's Beard, Meadow Goat's Beard, Goat's Beard, Goatsbeard, Common Salsify, or Salsify. Some of these are also, or more commonly, used for other species, and are better avoided. A synonym, Tragopogon major, may also be encountered.
Unlike some other species of salsify such as the Oyster Plant Tragopogon porrifolius, Western Salsify is not generally regarded as edible, though the root can be eaten (raw or cooked) and so can the young stems. No uses in herbal medicine are commonly known. It is regarded as invasive in most states of the USA and in some Canadian provinces such as Ontario and British Columbia.
External links
- USDA PLANTS database profile for the species
- Jepson Manual treatment of the species
- Pictures from the CalPhotos archive
- Plants for a Future database entry for the species
References
- Mavrodiev, E. V., Nawchoo, I., Soltis, D. E., & Soltis, P. S. (2006). Molecular data reveal that the allotetraploid Tragopogon kashmirianus Singh, a narrow endemic of Kashmir, is distinct from the North American T. mirus. Poster presented at the conference of the Botanical Society of America.
- Mavrodiev, E. V., Tancig, M., Sherwood, A. M., et al. (2005). Phylogeny of Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae) based on internal and external transcribed spacer sequence data. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 117-133.
- Maxwell, C. D., Zobel, A., & Woodfine, D. (1994). Somatic polymorphism in the achenes of Tragopogon dubius. Canadian Journal of Botany, 72, 1282-1288.
- Soltis, D. E., Soltis, P. S., Pires, J. C., Kovarik, A., Tate, J. A., & Mavrodiev, E. (2004). Recent and recurrent polyploidy in Tragopogon (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82, 485-501.
