Burgtheater and Egg of Columbus (mechanical puzzle): Difference between pages
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The names '''Egg of Columbus''' and '''Columbus Egg''' have been used for several mechanical [[toy]]s and [[puzzle]]s inspired on the legend of [[Egg of Columbus|Columbus balancing an egg on its end]] to drive a point. Typically, these puzzles are [[egg (food)|egg]]-shaped objects with internal [[mechanism]]s that make the egg stand up, once the users discovers the secret. |
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{{coord|48.210182|N|16.361185|E|type:landmark|display=title}} |
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[[Image:Wien Burgtheater.jpg|thumb|350px|Burgtheater (front)]] |
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[[Image:Michaelerplatz altes Burgtheater.jpg|thumb|250px|The old Burgtheater (prior to 1888)]] |
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[[Image:Wiener Burgtheater alt.jpg|thumb|250px|Burgtheater (right after its construction)]] |
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[[Image:Wien Burgtheater side view.jpg|thumb|250px|Burgtheater (side)]] |
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[[Image:Burgtheater Wien 2005.jpg|thumb|250px|Burgtheater (Main entrance)]] |
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Mechanisms typically used in such toys include moving weights, [[mercury]] flowing in sealed tubes or compartments, and [[steel ball]]s rolling on grooves and pits. |
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The '''Burgtheater''' ([[English language|en]]: (Imperial) Court Theatre), originally known as ''K.K. Theater an der Burg'', then until 1920 as the ''K.K. Hofburgtheater'', is the [[Austria]]n National Theatre in [[Vienna]] and one of the most important [[German language]] [[theatre]]s in the world. |
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<ref name=TheaterAE> |
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"Burgtheater" (history), ''Encyclopedia of Austria'', |
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Aeiou Project, 1999, webpage: |
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[http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.b/b970338.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en aeiou-Burgtheater]. |
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</ref> |
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The Burgtheater was created in 1741 and has become known as ''"die Burg"'' by the Viennese population;<ref name=TheaterAE/> its theater company of more or less regular members has created a traditional style and speech typical of Burgtheater performances. |
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== |
===History=== |
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A Columbus Egg puzzle using a rolling ball was described in a 1893 book <ref name=hoff>{{cite book | title = Puzzles Old and New | author = "Professor Hoffmann" | place = London | year = 1893 | note = reprinted 1993 (L. E. Hordern, ed.)}}</ref>. The [[Montgomery Ward]] catalog of 1894 includes a "Columbus Egg" toy <ref name=gardner>{{cite article | author = Martin Gardner | title = The great egg-balancing mystery | journal = The Skeptical Inquirer | number = 3 | volume = 20 | month = may-June | year = 1996}} [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_n3_v20/ai_18372128]</ref>. |
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It was created on [[14 March]] [[1741]] by [[Habsburg]] Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria]] to be a theatre next to her palace, and her son, Emperor [[Joseph II of Austria|Joseph II]] called it the "German National Theatre" in 1776. Three [[Mozart]] [[operas]] premiered there: ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' (1782), ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'' (1786) and ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (1790). Beginning in 1794, the theatre was called the "K.K. Hoftheater nächst der Burg". |
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There are at least 18 [[United States]] [[patent]]s for such devices, starting from 1891 <ref name=gardner/>. |
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The theatre was moved to a new building at the [[Ringstraße]] on [[14 October]] [[1888]] designed by [[Gottfried Semper]] and [[Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer]]. |
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The [[Germany|German]] company [[Pussycat (toy manufacturer)]] sells a Columbus Egg that can be balanced by holding it upright for 25 seconds, then quickly inverting it. The egg will then stand on its pointed end for 15 seconds, then topple on its side <ref name=gardner/>. |
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On [[March 12]], [[1945]] the Burgtheater was largely destroyed in a bombing raid, and, one month later, on [[April 12]], [[1945]], the Burgtheater was further damaged by a fire of unknown origin.<ref name=TheaterAE/> |
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After the war, the theatre was restored between 1953-1955.<ref name=TheaterAE/> The classic Burgtheater style and the ''Burgtheater-German'' language were trend-setting for [[German language]] theaters. |
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==References== |
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==Directors of the Burgtheater== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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*[[Joseph Schreyvogel]] (1814-1832) |
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*[[Heinrich Laube]] (1849-1867) |
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*[[Hermann Röbbeling]] (1932-1938) |
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*[[Mirko Jelusich]] (1938) |
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*[[Lothar Müthel]] (1939-1945) |
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*[[Raoul Aslan]] (1945-1948) |
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*[[Josef Gielen]] (1948-1954) |
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*[[Adolf Rott]] (1954-1959) |
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*[[Ernst Haeussermann]] (1959-1968) |
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*[[Paul Hoffmann]] (1968-1971) |
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*[[Gerhard Klingenberg]] (1971-1976) |
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*[[Achim Benning]] (1976-1986) |
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*[[Claus Peymann]] (1986-1999) |
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*[[Klaus Bachler]] (since 1999) |
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| ⚫ | |||
With many debut performances of plays written by [[Thomas Bernhard]], [[Elfriede Jelinek]], [[Peter Handke]], [[Peter Turrini]] and [[George Tabori]], Claus Peymann managed to affirm the Burgtheater's reputation as one of Europe's foremost stages. Among the best known actors in the ensemble of about 120 members are: [[Sven-Eric Bechtolf]], [[Klaus Maria Brandauer]], [[Kirsten Dene]], [[Andrea Clausen]], [[Bruno Ganz]], [[Karlheinz Hackl]], [[Robert Meyer]], [[Gertraud Jesserer]], [[Ignaz Kirchner]], [[Jutta Lampe]], [[Susanne Lothar]], [[Michael Maertens]], [[Tamara Metelka]], [[Birgit Minichmayr]], [[Nicholas Ofczarek]], [[Hedwig Pistorius]], [[Elisabeth Orth]], [[Martin Schwab]], [[Peter Simonischek]], [[Ulrich Tukur]], [[Gert Voss]], [[Gusti Wolf]], and [[Heinz Zuber]]. |
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* [[Egg of Columbus (tangram puzzle)]] |
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* [[Egg of Li Chun]] |
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Some famous former members of the ensemble are [[Max Devrient]], [[Josef Kainz]], [[Josef Lewinsky]], [[Joseph Schreyvogel]], [[Adolf von Sonnenthal]], [[Charlotte Wolter]], [[Ludwig Gabillon]], [[Zerline Gabillon]], [[Attila Hörbiger]], [[Paula Wessely]], [[Paul Hörbiger]], and [[Fritz Muliar]]. Particularly deserving artists may be designated honorable members. Their names are engraved in marble at the bottom end of the ceremonial stairs at the side of the theater facing the [[Volksgarten]]. Members of honor are: [[Annemarie Düringer]], [[Wolfgang Gasser]], [[Heinrich Schweiger]], [[Gusti Wolf]], and [[Michael Heltau]]. |
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* [[Superegg]] |
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[[Image:2005 Austria 10 Euro Re-opening of Burgtheater and Opera 1955 front.jpg|160px|thumb|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2005 coinage|Re-opening of Burgtheater and National Opera commemorative coin]]]] |
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* In the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the reopening of the Burgtheater, the building was selected as a main motif of one of the most famous collectors coins: the Austrian 10 euro [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)#2005 coinage|Re-opening of Burgtheater and National Opera commemorative coin]], minted in [[October 12]] [[2005]]. This coin was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the re-opening of the rebuilt National Theatre (Burgtheater) and the National Opera. The obverse side depicts the two buildings; the National Theatre slightly behind the Opera House. |
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* [[Burgtheater (movie)]] |
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* [[Raimund Theater]] |
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* [[Volkstheater Wien]] |
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==Notes== |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
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{{commons2|Burgtheater}} |
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*[http://www.burgtheater.at Burgtheater homepage] |
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*[http://www.earthinpictures.com/world/austria/vienna/burgtheater_(castle_theatre).html Burgtheater information and photography] |
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[[Category:Theatres in Austria]] |
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[[Category:Cultural venues in Vienna]] |
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[[Category:1741 establishments]] |
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[[ca:Burgtheater]] |
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[[de:Burgtheater]] |
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[[es:Burgtheater]] |
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[[fr:Burgtheater]] |
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[[hr:Burgtheater]] |
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[[it:Burgtheater]] |
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[[he:בורגתיאטר]] |
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[[ka:ბურგთეატრი]] |
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[[hu:Burgtheater]] |
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[[nl:Burgtheater]] |
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[[pl:Burgtheater]] |
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[[pt:Burgtheater]] |
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[[ru:Бургтеатр]] |
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[[sl:Burgtheater]] |
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[[fi:Burgtheater]] |
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[[sv:Burgtheater]] |
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Revision as of 22:24, 11 October 2008
The names Egg of Columbus and Columbus Egg have been used for several mechanical toys and puzzles inspired on the legend of Columbus balancing an egg on its end to drive a point. Typically, these puzzles are egg-shaped objects with internal mechanisms that make the egg stand up, once the users discovers the secret.
Mechanisms typically used in such toys include moving weights, mercury flowing in sealed tubes or compartments, and steel balls rolling on grooves and pits.
History
A Columbus Egg puzzle using a rolling ball was described in a 1893 book [1]. The Montgomery Ward catalog of 1894 includes a "Columbus Egg" toy [2].
There are at least 18 United States patents for such devices, starting from 1891 [2].
The German company Pussycat (toy manufacturer) sells a Columbus Egg that can be balanced by holding it upright for 25 seconds, then quickly inverting it. The egg will then stand on its pointed end for 15 seconds, then topple on its side [2].