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[[Image:RichardPearis.jpg|thumb|left|Life-size representation of Richard Pearis at the [[Upcountry History Museum]], Greenville, South Carolina]]
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox Aircraft
|name = C-X
|type = [[Military transport aircraft]]
|manufacturer = [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries|Kawasaki]]
|image =
|caption =
|first flight = [[2008]]
|introduced = [[2012]]
|retired =
|status = Under development/pre-production
|primary user = [[JASDF]]
|more users =
|produced =
|number built =
|unit cost =|
|variants with their own articles=
}}


'''Richard Pearis''' (1725 – 1794) was an Indian trader, a pioneer settler of [[Upstate South Carolina]], and a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] officer during the [[American Revolution]].
The '''Kawasaki C-X''' is the next generation transport aircraft developed by [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] for the [[Japanese Self-Defence Force]] (JSDF).
It is planned to replace the aging [[Kawasaki C-1]] and [[C-130 Hercules]].
The Japanese Air Self Defense Force plans to buy anywhere between 30 to 50 aircraft to replace its transport aircraft fleet.


Richard Pearis was born in Ireland in 1725, the son of George and Sarah Pearis, who were Presbyterians of considerable affluence.<ref>Beverly Thompson Whitmire, "Richard Pearis, Bold Pioneer," ''Proceedings and Papers of the Greenville County Historical Society, 1962-1964'',1 (1965),75-85 at 76. "Judging from the number of petticoats and bonnets listed in the inventory of her estate, she must have been quite a lady." Whitmire's address has no citations, but she says, amusingly, that "anything I tell you, you can count on being true. The facts have been gathered from manuscripts and public records, and I have believed nothing I have read from books until other sources also said it was true."</ref> The family immigrated to the [[Shenandoah Valley]] of Virginia when Richard was ten, and by 1750, Richard owned 1,200 acres of land near [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]], where he lived with his wife Rhoda and three children.<ref>Whitemire, 76; Archie Vernon Huff, Jr., ''Greenville: The History of the City and County in the South Carolina Piedmont'' (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 13.</ref>
==Development==
In 2001, the [[Japan Defense Agency]] had decided on buying a new transport aircraft to replace its aging C-1s. After researching foreign aircraft like the [[C-130 Hercules|C-130J]], [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], and [[Airbus A400M]], the JDA concluded that no aircraft had the capabilities the JASDF required. The JDA decided to develop its own transport aircraft.


By 1753, Pearis was trading with the [[Cherokee Nation]]; and in partnership with [[Christopher Gist|Nathaniel Gist]],<ref>See Samuel C. Williams, "The Father of Sequoyah: Nathaniel Gist," [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v015/v015p003.html ''Chronicles of Oklahoma''], 15 (March 1937), 10-11. It is probable that Gist was the father of the gifted Cherokee [[Sequoyah]], who invented the [[Cherokee syllabary]].</ref> he opened a trading post near present [[Kingsport, Tennessee]]. Shortly thereafter, Pearis was in South Carolina trading among the Cherokees, where he fathered a son, George, by a Cherokee woman. "An orator of rude, savage eloquence and power," Pearis gained favor with Virginia governor [[Robert Dinwiddie]]; and during the [[French and Indian War]], Pearis led a company of Cherokee warriors and served under British General [[John Forbes (British Army officer)|John Forbes]] when he retook [[Fort Duquesne]].<ref>Whitmire, 78. In 1756, Dinwiddie asked Major [[Andrew Lewis (soldier)|Andrew Lewis]] to "take care that Mr. Pearis behaves well and keeps sober." Quoted in David E. Johnston, ''Middle New River Settlements and Contiguous Territory'' (Huntington, WV: privately published, 1908), 22.</ref> At the conclusion of the war, Pearis became Indian agent for colonial Maryland.<ref>E. Alfred Jones, ed.,"The Journal of Alexander Chesney, A South Carolina Loyalist in the Revolution and After," ''Contributions in History and Political Science, Ohio State University'' (October 30, 1921), 102; Huff, 13.</ref>
[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]] was chosen to develop the aircraft, along with the '''[[Kawasaki P-1|P-X]]''' to cut costs. As of 2007, the total development cost for the two aircraft has been 345 billion [[Yen]] (or roughly equal to $2.9 billion), which is comparably low to similar programs. (The development contract for the [[P-8 Poseidon]] alone is $3.89 billion)<ref name="boeing_20040514">"[http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2004/q2/nr_040614n.html Boeing Team Wins $3.89 Billion Multi-Mission Maritime Aircraft Program]," Boeing press release.</ref>


In 1770, Pearis and another member of the frontier gentry, [[Jacob Hite]], forged letters from Cherokee leaders, including [[Oconostota]], declaring the Indians’ willingness to cede land to the colony of Virginia. Pearis also claimed a deed from the Cherokee of twelve square miles in the area that is now [[Greenville County, South Carolina]]. An Indian interpreter, one John Watts, wrote the British Indian superintendent, [[John Stuart (loyalist)|John Stuart]], that Pearis was “a very dangerous fellow who will breed great disturbances if he is let alone, for he will tell the Indians any lies to please them.”<ref>Huff, 14-15.</ref>
The aircraft is being developed to meet the requirements of the Ministry of Defense, notably, the payload requirement of 26 metric tons. Recent information from the Defense Clearance, however, suggests a payload of more than 30 metric tons, but the exact numbers are not revealed at this point. These requirements are for a 120 ton take-off weight, since the JASDF needs to land the transport on short runways (i.e. Tachikawa - 900m). With a runway of 2300m and at Maximum take off weight of about 141tons, the aircraft will be able to carry a maximum of 37.6tons. It will also have a maximum range of 10,000km (without payload).


With the help of an Indian ally, Saluy, Pearis secured approval of his land grant from the chiefs at [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]], apparently in exchange for the cancellation of their trading debts.<ref>John R. Alden, ''A History of the American Revolution'' (New York: Harper, 1954), 115-16.</ref> But in 1772, Stuart complained to the governor of South Carolina that Pearis had gained his title by plying the Indians with liquor. The governor then urged Stuart to prosecute Pearis for violating a 1739 statute that forbade British citizens to own Indian land. Meanwhile, Pearis had begun to sell the land to other whites.<ref>Huff, 15-16.</ref>
The aircraft will be also notable to have flight performances that will make it fly on commercial airliner routes. Past aircraft like the [[C-130]] were not capable of this, and the JASDF had troubles sending its own on foreign evacuation missions.


In November 1773, the circuit court at [[Ninety Six, South Carolina|Ninety Six]] found Pearis guilty of holding Indian land, and he surrendered his deed. But the following month he secured another deed from Cherokee leaders granting his son George more than twelve square miles of land—most of which George then conveniently transferred to his father.<ref>Huff, 16.</ref>
It will be powered by two [[General Electric CF6|CF6-80C2]] engines just like the the [[Boeing KC-767]] and [[Boeing E-767|E-767]] which the JASDF also operate.


Sometime after 1770, Pearis, his family, and their twelve slaves began to clear a hundred acres of land near the falls of the [[Reedy River]], at the heart of modern [[Greenville, South Carolina]], where they planted grain and orchards on a plantation Pearis called “Great Plains.” Pearis built “a substantial house” and a store as well as a grist and sawmill.<ref>Huff, 17. Pearis's plantation site is now part of [[Falls Park on the Reedy]].</ref>
The C-X also will have a new tactical flight management system which assists the pilot at low level flight. The aircraft will also be equipped with an automatic load on/off system in the cargo bay. Air refueling systems and night vision will also be incorporated.


In 1775, Pearis sought an appointment as a patriot commissioner to the Indians, and when the post was given to another, Pearis became a Tory captain.<ref>Whitmire, 81; Jones, ed.,"Journal of Alexander Chesney," 102.</ref> On December 12, 1775, patriot Colonel Richard Richardson captured Pearis and eight other Tory leaders.<ref>Huff, 21-22.</ref> Pearis was kept in irons at [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] for nine months, after which he made his way to British [[West Florida]].<ref>Jones, 103.</ref> Pearis's house and plantation buildings were burned by South Carolina forces in July 1776.<ref>Whitmire, 81.</ref>
There has been a problem on 3,663 American made rivets and the roll-out was delayed, but the aircraft was rolled out on July 4, 2007 with its sister aircraft P-X (now XP-1). First flight is scheduled to be in September 2007 but has been delayed to December 2007. <ref> Cracking Up, Aviation Week and Space Techology, August 6, 2007, p. 27. </ref>


Pearis continued to serve with Loyalist forces during the [[American Revolution]] in what amounted to a civil war among frontiersmen in the backcountry.<ref>Huff, 26-27.</ref> After the fall of [[Augusta, Georgia]] to the patriots in June 1781, Pearis was captured, and General [[Andrew Pickens (congressman)|Andrew Pickens]] saved Pearis's life "by putting him in a boat and sending him down river, away from the angry soldiers who would have killed him."<ref>Whitmire, 83.</ref> Pearis’s land was confiscated by the state of South Carolina,<ref>Although the legislature confiscated Pearis's land, they allowed those who had purchased lands from him to remain in possession of them. March 28, 1778, ''Statutes at Large of South Carolina'' (1838), 425-26.</ref> and Pearis spent his remaining years as a planter in the [[Bahamas]],<ref>[http://genforum.com/cgi-bin/print.cgi?pearis::30.html Transcription of Pearis's will].</ref> He was more than amply compensated by the British government for South Carolina lands that, arguably, he had never legally owned.<ref>Alden, 116.</ref>
In May, 2007, tests showed incorrect deformation of the horizontal stabilizer. An investigation showed that the C-X was predicted to have the same fault. In July of that year, further tests showed in the C-x showed cracks around the main landing gear and portions of the fuselage. First flight has been postponed to December 2007.


[[Paris Mountain State Park]], north of Greenville, takes its name from Richard Pearis.
Kawasaki intends to sell a commercial model, and it will be able fly at commercial airliner speed making it flyable on commercial airline routes.

According to Yomiuri, the aircraft costs about 10 billion YEN per plane (about US$80 million). Because the new fighter program F-X has been postponed, the JASDF has decided to increase funding for the F-15Jkai, and procurement of C-X will been postponed for about a year.

==Specifications==
{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=jet
|ref=
|crew=3
|capacity=Length 16 m, Width 4 m, Height 4 m
|payload main=Max:30+ metric tons (120ton TOW)
|payload alt=Max:37.6 metric tons (MOTW)
|length main=43.9 m
|length alt=144 ft
|span main=44.4 m
|span alt=145 ft 8 in
|height main=14.2 m
|height alt=46 ft 7 in
|area main=
|area alt=
|airfoil=
|empty weight main=60,800 kg
|empty weight alt=133,920 lbs
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|normal takeoff weight main=120,000 kg
|max takeoff weight main=141,400 kg
|max takeoff weight alt=311,453 lbs
|more general=
|engine (jet)=GE
|type of jet=[[General Electric CF6|CF6-80C2K1F]]<ref>[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/706579a7e83efab48625727b00751aff/$FILE/E13NE.pdf Original Message<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|number of jets=2
|thrust main=59,740lbf
|thrust alt=266 kN
|thrust original=
|afterburning thrust main=
|afterburning thrust alt=
|engine (prop)=
|type of prop=
|number of props=
|power main=
|power alt=
|power original=
|max speed main= 610? mph
|max speed alt= 980? km/h
|cruise speed main= 550 mph
|cruise speed alt= 890km/h
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=0t/10,000km 12t/8,900km 37t/5,600km
|range alt=0t/6200 miles 12t/5,530miles 37t/3,480miles
|ceiling main=40,000 ft
|ceiling alt=12,200 m
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
|armament=
|avionics=
}}
==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
* [[Kawasaki P-1]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Airbus A400M]]
* [[Embraer C-390]]
* [[Ilyushin Il-76]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of Japan]]
|see also=
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearis, Richard}}
==External links==
[[Category:1725 births]]
* [http://www.mod.go.jp/trdi/en/programs/air/air.html Department of Air Systems Development.]
[[Category:1794 deaths]]
{{aviation lists}}
[[Category:British people of the French and Indian War]]

[[Category:Military transport aircraft 2000-2009]]
[[Category:Loyalists in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Kawasaki aerospace]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War prisoners]]
[[Category:People from South Carolina]]

[[Category:People from Virginia]]
[[ja:C-X (輸送機)]]
[[Category:People from Greenville, South Carolina]]
[[no:Kawasaki C-X]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]

Revision as of 10:55, 11 October 2008

Life-size representation of Richard Pearis at the Upcountry History Museum, Greenville, South Carolina

Richard Pearis (1725 – 1794) was an Indian trader, a pioneer settler of Upstate South Carolina, and a Loyalist officer during the American Revolution.

Richard Pearis was born in Ireland in 1725, the son of George and Sarah Pearis, who were Presbyterians of considerable affluence.[1] The family immigrated to the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia when Richard was ten, and by 1750, Richard owned 1,200 acres of land near Winchester, where he lived with his wife Rhoda and three children.[2]

By 1753, Pearis was trading with the Cherokee Nation; and in partnership with Nathaniel Gist,[3] he opened a trading post near present Kingsport, Tennessee. Shortly thereafter, Pearis was in South Carolina trading among the Cherokees, where he fathered a son, George, by a Cherokee woman. "An orator of rude, savage eloquence and power," Pearis gained favor with Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie; and during the French and Indian War, Pearis led a company of Cherokee warriors and served under British General John Forbes when he retook Fort Duquesne.[4] At the conclusion of the war, Pearis became Indian agent for colonial Maryland.[5]

In 1770, Pearis and another member of the frontier gentry, Jacob Hite, forged letters from Cherokee leaders, including Oconostota, declaring the Indians’ willingness to cede land to the colony of Virginia. Pearis also claimed a deed from the Cherokee of twelve square miles in the area that is now Greenville County, South Carolina. An Indian interpreter, one John Watts, wrote the British Indian superintendent, John Stuart, that Pearis was “a very dangerous fellow who will breed great disturbances if he is let alone, for he will tell the Indians any lies to please them.”[6]

With the help of an Indian ally, Saluy, Pearis secured approval of his land grant from the chiefs at Chota, apparently in exchange for the cancellation of their trading debts.[7] But in 1772, Stuart complained to the governor of South Carolina that Pearis had gained his title by plying the Indians with liquor. The governor then urged Stuart to prosecute Pearis for violating a 1739 statute that forbade British citizens to own Indian land. Meanwhile, Pearis had begun to sell the land to other whites.[8]

In November 1773, the circuit court at Ninety Six found Pearis guilty of holding Indian land, and he surrendered his deed. But the following month he secured another deed from Cherokee leaders granting his son George more than twelve square miles of land—most of which George then conveniently transferred to his father.[9]

Sometime after 1770, Pearis, his family, and their twelve slaves began to clear a hundred acres of land near the falls of the Reedy River, at the heart of modern Greenville, South Carolina, where they planted grain and orchards on a plantation Pearis called “Great Plains.” Pearis built “a substantial house” and a store as well as a grist and sawmill.[10]

In 1775, Pearis sought an appointment as a patriot commissioner to the Indians, and when the post was given to another, Pearis became a Tory captain.[11] On December 12, 1775, patriot Colonel Richard Richardson captured Pearis and eight other Tory leaders.[12] Pearis was kept in irons at Charleston for nine months, after which he made his way to British West Florida.[13] Pearis's house and plantation buildings were burned by South Carolina forces in July 1776.[14]

Pearis continued to serve with Loyalist forces during the American Revolution in what amounted to a civil war among frontiersmen in the backcountry.[15] After the fall of Augusta, Georgia to the patriots in June 1781, Pearis was captured, and General Andrew Pickens saved Pearis's life "by putting him in a boat and sending him down river, away from the angry soldiers who would have killed him."[16] Pearis’s land was confiscated by the state of South Carolina,[17] and Pearis spent his remaining years as a planter in the Bahamas,[18] He was more than amply compensated by the British government for South Carolina lands that, arguably, he had never legally owned.[19]

Paris Mountain State Park, north of Greenville, takes its name from Richard Pearis.

References

  1. ^ Beverly Thompson Whitmire, "Richard Pearis, Bold Pioneer," Proceedings and Papers of the Greenville County Historical Society, 1962-1964,1 (1965),75-85 at 76. "Judging from the number of petticoats and bonnets listed in the inventory of her estate, she must have been quite a lady." Whitmire's address has no citations, but she says, amusingly, that "anything I tell you, you can count on being true. The facts have been gathered from manuscripts and public records, and I have believed nothing I have read from books until other sources also said it was true."
  2. ^ Whitemire, 76; Archie Vernon Huff, Jr., Greenville: The History of the City and County in the South Carolina Piedmont (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 13.
  3. ^ See Samuel C. Williams, "The Father of Sequoyah: Nathaniel Gist," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 15 (March 1937), 10-11. It is probable that Gist was the father of the gifted Cherokee Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee syllabary.
  4. ^ Whitmire, 78. In 1756, Dinwiddie asked Major Andrew Lewis to "take care that Mr. Pearis behaves well and keeps sober." Quoted in David E. Johnston, Middle New River Settlements and Contiguous Territory (Huntington, WV: privately published, 1908), 22.
  5. ^ E. Alfred Jones, ed.,"The Journal of Alexander Chesney, A South Carolina Loyalist in the Revolution and After," Contributions in History and Political Science, Ohio State University (October 30, 1921), 102; Huff, 13.
  6. ^ Huff, 14-15.
  7. ^ John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution (New York: Harper, 1954), 115-16.
  8. ^ Huff, 15-16.
  9. ^ Huff, 16.
  10. ^ Huff, 17. Pearis's plantation site is now part of Falls Park on the Reedy.
  11. ^ Whitmire, 81; Jones, ed.,"Journal of Alexander Chesney," 102.
  12. ^ Huff, 21-22.
  13. ^ Jones, 103.
  14. ^ Whitmire, 81.
  15. ^ Huff, 26-27.
  16. ^ Whitmire, 83.
  17. ^ Although the legislature confiscated Pearis's land, they allowed those who had purchased lands from him to remain in possession of them. March 28, 1778, Statutes at Large of South Carolina (1838), 425-26.
  18. ^ Transcription of Pearis's will.
  19. ^ Alden, 116.
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