Universal science

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In contrast to the individual sciences , universal science (also called general science ) has no limited subject area, but deals with the whole of reality . Above all, philosophy and theology are described as universal science , although the latter is sometimes denied its scientific character. In contrast to the individual sciences, which each consider a restricted section of reality from a specially selected aspect, the material object of philosophy is unrestricted: it asks about being .

Example human

Let the human being serve as an example to illustrate the difference between individual and universal science . While medicine looks at people from the aspect (formal object) of being healthy, sociology from the aspect of relationships with other people and biology from the aspect of being alive, philosophy treats people from the perspective of their being . So it answers the question or tries to answer the question of what the human being is essentially.

Introspection

Because philosophy deals with 'everything', it also addresses the fundamentals of all (individual) sciences. Included in this critical-rational examination are: a. the language , the knowledge and the thinking itself. Philosophy is thus the subject of their own reflection , becomes the "philosophy of philosophy".

Quotes

  • “All other sciences are special sciences because they are limited to a partial section of the real and (nd) only explore the (relatively) ultimate reasons within this area. Philosophy, on the other hand, is universal science because it encompasses the totality of the real and therefore advances to the ultimate reasons of all real in general or to the absolutely ultimate reasons. "
( Walter Brugger , Philosophical Dictionary)

See also

literature

  • Walter Brugger: Philosophical Dictionary. 23rd edition Herder, Freiburg i.Br. u. a. 1998, ISBN 3-451-20410-X
  • Herder's educational book, Man in his world , Freiburg, 2nd edition 1953 (Herder Verlag), column 778, "Classification of the sciences", there the introduction of the "general sciences (universal sciences)"