Onglaze colors

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Glaze colors or muffle colors are colors to paint on ceramics , especially porcelain and faience . They are made from metal oxides mixed with a flux . Essentially, they are the same fabrics that enamel painters used before. A lead or borate glass , which melts at a relatively low temperature, is usually used as the flux .

Since very few materials can withstand high temperatures, it was the muffle color technique that made a wider range of colors possible. The colors are applied to the glazed ceramic that has already been fired smooth in the second firing (called smooth firing or garbrand) and subjected to a third firing - the color firing. During firing, the flux melts and combines with the ceramic glaze, so that the added dye also sinks into the glaze and thus becomes wear-resistant. The term "muffle color" is derived from the muffle furnace , a furnace specially designed for this color fire, in which the combustion gases ("the smoke") and the whirled up ash could not come into contact with the material to be fired. The muffle firing can also be carried out in a conventional ceramic furnace if the material to be burned is fired in capsules ("muffles").

In Germany, Georg Funcke initially excelled as a muffle color chemist because he had developed five colors in Meißen from 1714–1718 . Johann Gregorius Höroldt is considered to be the most important color chemist in this branch , who developed a further 11 colors by 1731 and had a total of 16 colors. According to Höroldt, other colors were developed in the Manufacture royale de porcelaine de Sèvres : by 1757 the famous "Rose Pompadour", the "bleu de roi" ( royal blue ) and the "bleu mourant" (a light blue from which the expression " blumerant ”), as well as new green and yellow tones. Other colors were developed in British factories until over 500 colors were finally available in 1890.

literature

  • Friedrich H. Hofmann: The porcelain of the European manufactories. Propylaea art history Special Volume I . Propylaea, Frankfurt / M. 1980
  • Eleonore Pichelkastner, Eckart Hölzl: Bruckmann's Fayence-Lexikon . Bruckmann, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7654-1835-8
  • Gustav Weiß: Ullstein porcelain book. A history of style and technology of porcelain with a list of brands . Ullstein, Frankfurt / M. 1964