Industrial engineering (amateur radio)

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With operation and maintenance is defined as the language rules that amateur radio operators communicate with each other. The law stipulates that your own amateur radio call sign must be given at the beginning, at the end and every 10 minutes in between.

The callsign is mostly spelled with the ICAO alphabet .

Some radio links are listed below. The highlighted text represents the content of the radio link, the rest of the text is used for explanation.

Industrial engineering with Morse code

When Morse code , also called CW, special, internationally agreed abbreviations are used (some of these abbreviations have now become customary when writing SMS or the Internet).

In addition to the abbreviations, there are the so-called Q groups . The Q groups are used by radio services for the efficient and clear transmission of standard messages. In addition to the official Q groups, some meanings have emerged especially in the amateur radio service:

QRP

More recently, QRP has also been used to describe radio operation with an output power of less than 5 watts for telegraphy (CW) and less than 10 W for voice radio (SSB). A modification is still QRPp, which means an output power <1 W.

QSO

A QSO is a two-way radio link . Handling a two-way radio link is commonly used as a QSO . Sometimes so-called QSO parties also take place. These are competitions in which the main aim is to "collect" the most QSOs or to cover the greatest distance in total.

QTH

QTH is one of the most widely used Q groups and is sometimes used in other areas as an abbreviation for "location".

QSY

QSY can be seen as a request to change the frequency, or it can be used to announce a frequency change.

QRG

The frequency on which transmission or listening is currently being carried out is referred to as QRG .

QLF

Unofficial: With QLF is meant for Morse transmissions: Now enter with your left foot. This humorous instruction indicates a difficult to understand tactile manner of the radio operator.

Radio operation

For efficient Morse radio operation, it is not enough just to know the alphabet. The following radio link should provide an impression:

Radio conversation between the amateur radio stations DL0IU and DL0BST: (first line: radio link - following lines: explanation)

DL0IU: 

CQ CQ CQ DE DL0IU DL0IU K
allgemeiner Anruf (CQ = seek you), hier ruft (DE = von) DL0IU, und hört (K = kommen)

DL0BST: 

DL0IU DE DL0BST K
DL0IU von DL0BST kommen
(Jetzt steht die Funkverbindung offiziell)

DL0IU: 

DL0BST DE DL0IU = GE DR OM UR RST 599 HR = QTH BRAUNSCHWEIG = OP IS MIKE HW? =  + DL0BST DE DL0IU K
Guten Abend (GE = good evening) lieber (DR = dear) Funkfreund (OM = old man). Dein (UR = your)
Signal ist (RST = Readability Signalstärke Tonqualität) perfekt (599) hier (HR = here).
Mein Standort ist (QTH) BRAUNSCHWEIG. Der Operator (OP) heißt (IS) MIKE.
Wie kannst du mich verstehen/aufnehmen? (HW? = how?)
„=“ Trennungszeichen, „+“ Spruchendezeichen

DL0BST: 

DL0IU DE DL0BST = TNX FB RPRT DR OM MIKE UR 558 = QTH BRAUNSCHWEIG = NAME IS YETI =
+ DL0IU DE DL0BST K
Danke (TNX = thanks) für den guten (FB = fine business) Signalbericht (RPRT = report) lieber (DR)
Funkfreund (OM) MIKE. Ich empfange dich (UR = hier: your rst is) gut (558).
Mein Standort ist (QTH) auch BRAUNSCHWEIG. Mein Name (NAME) ist (IS) YETI.

DL0IU: 

DL0BST DE DL0IU = OK TNX QSO DR YETI = BEST 73 ES HPE CUAGN = + DL0BST DE DL0IU K
Alles verstanden (OK), Danke (TNX) für die Funkverbindung (QSO) lieber (DR) YETI.
Beste Wünsche (BEST 73) und (ES) ich hoffe (HPE = hope)
Dich bald wieder zu hören (CUAGN = see you again).

DL0BST: 

DL0IU DE DL0BST = R TU CUAGN 73 = + DL0IU DE DL0BST + SK
Habe alles verstanden (R = roger), Danke (TU = thank you), Auf Wiederhören (CUAGN),
Viele Grüße (73), Ende der Verbindung (SK)

In the course of the radio communication, Q-groups and abbreviations were used almost exclusively. This ensures a quick conversation in which all the necessary information is transmitted. The unbeatable advantage here is that radio amateurs who do not speak English can communicate with any other radio amateur in the whole world.

Slow Morse code

Morse code with very long Morse code is also called Slow CW or QRSS after the Q group QRS. The required bandwidth is very low due to the low transmission speed and the receiving station can decode signals that are up to 30 dB below the noise. QRSS is preferably used on long wave bands and with hifer beacons.

The speed with QRSS is not given in characters or words per minute, as usual, but by the point length used. Common point lengths are between 3s and 60s, the latter mainly in transatlantic tests in the 2.2 kilometer band . Because of the low speed, the exchange of information is kept to a minimum, a typical QSO, which often takes over 30 minutes with a point length of 3s, could look something like this:

DL0IU: 

CQ DL0IU DL0IU K
Allgemeiner Anruf der Amateurfunkstelle DL0IU

DL0BST may answer like this: 

DL0IU DL0BST K
DL0IU, hier ruft DL0BST

The assessment of the connection is not given in the RST system shown above, but in the TMO system. One of the following letters is returned:

O - - - = Signal can be read perfectly
M - - = signal is to be read
T - = signal detected

So the conversation continues like this: DL0IU: 

DL0BST DL0IU GD O O O K
DL0BST wird von DL0IU perfekt empfangen

and in response from DL0BST: 

TNX M M 73 TU K
DL0IU wird bei DL0BST so empfangen, dass der Text lesbar ist

on it DL0IU: 

FB TNX 73 DL0BST DL0IU SK
Herzlichen Dank für die Verbindung und viele Grüße an DL0BST von DL0IU, DL0IU beendet die
Funkverbindung

and as farewell DL0BST: 

73 TU DL0IU DL0BST SK
Viele Grüße an DL0IU von DL0BST; Ende der Funkverbindung

If the conditions are good and you have enough time, you can transmit further information, e.g. B. your own location, the locator , the name etc. Actually, the license conditions require that you transmit your own callsign every ten minutes. With the length of a passage you have to let your call sign flow into the ongoing conversation more often. Often this is done at conventional speed in order not to interrupt the CWSS conversation for too long.

Fonie operating technology

The following example shows a short telephone connection (e.g. in SSB ) between the amateur radio stations DL1BSP and G9EG: (bold: radio connection - normal: explanation). Call signs are mostly spelled according to the ICAO alphabet . If their spelling is not generally known, names and locations are also spelled accordingly.

DL1BSP: 

CQ CQ CQ this is DL1BSP calling (bis zu 3× wiederholen) and DL1BSP is listening
allgemeiner Anruf (CQ), von DL1BSP, und hört

G9EG: 

DL1BSP this is G9EG calling
G9EG antwortet auf den allgemeinen Anruf von DL1BSP

DL1BSP: 

G9EG this is DL1BSP. Thank you for coming back to my call. Your report is 5 9.
My name is Hans and my QTH is Musterstadt. Back to you, G9EG this is DL1BSP listening.
G9EG wird von DL1BSP begrüßt und erhält als Rapport (RS) 59. DL1BSP stellt sich und seinen Standort
(QTH) vor und übergibt wieder an G9EG.

G9EG: 

DL1BSP this is G9EG returning. Nice to meet you Hans and thank you for 5 9. Your signal is 5 8,
58 here. My name is Bob Bob and my QTH is near London. Mike back to you DL1BSP this is G9EG
listening.
G9EG bedankt sich für den Rapport und begrüßt den Operator von DL1BSP. Anschließend gibt er
seinen Rapport für DL1BSP und stellt sich vor. Schließlich gibt Bob das Mikrofon zurück an DL1BSP.

DL1BSP: 

This is DL1BSP returning. All copied Bob. Thank you for the 5 and 8 report from London and
the short QSO. I hope to meet you again soon, best 73 to you and your family Bob. G9EG this
is DL1BSP.
DL1BSP wiederholt die Informationen von G9EG, bedankt sich für die Verbindung (QSO) und sendet
seine Grüße (73) an G9EG und dessen Familie.

G9EG: 

All ok Hans. DL1BSP this is G9EG. Thanks for the QSO Hans, all the best to you and yours.
G9EG QRT.
G9EG bedankt und verabschiedet sich. DL1BSP kann nun von anderen Stationen auf dieser Frequenz
angerufen werden oder erneut einen allgemeinen Anruf starten.

International connections mostly take place in English. If both interlocutors speak another language (e.g. national connections) this is also used.

Operating technology in digital operating modes

When operating in digital operating modes such as RTTY or PSK31 , a mixture of the operating technology described for telegraphy and telephone is used. A typical connection (QSO) is handled in a mixture of plain text and the abbreviations used in telegraphy. There is no spelling of callsigns or other information. The passages are mostly longer than with telegraphy.

The so-called BK operation in telegraphy enables hearing between the characters of the self-sent signal. In the digital operating modes, as with Fonie, it is normally not possible to interrupt the call partner ( half-duplex operation ).

Today, computer programs are mostly used for the digital operating modes. On the one hand, these allow the text to be sent to be written in advance during reception. On the other hand, they have macros that automatically add modules such as the name or call sign of the other station before they are sent. This considerably simplifies operations, but also leads to more impersonal “standard” QSOs.

literature

  • Hans-Dieter Teichmann, DJ2PJ: Shortwave operating technology . Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1964
  • Ferdinand "Ben" Kuppert, DF8ZH: CW Industrial Engineering . ham-press Verlag, Fürstenfeldbruck, 3rd edition 1994

Web links