Khorasan Arabic
The Khorasan-Arab is an Arab dialect in the northeastern Iranian province of Khorasan , which was isolated strongly influenced on one hand by Persian influences from the rest of the Arab-speaking countries, on the other hand especially ancient Arab features preserved.
The Arabic-speaking population of Khorasan
Villages with Arabic-speaking population can be found in the eastern Khorasan, mainly in the following areas: In the south of the city Birjand located Arabkhane , in the north-eastern of Birjand region bordering Afghanistan Zir Kuh and around the border town to Turkmenistan Sarakhs around. The ancestors of these Arabs came from the Arabian Peninsula as soldiers or small cattle nomads during the Arab conquest of Persia and settled in areas in eastern Iran and the neighboring states of Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Even today, many of them live (or lived until recently) as semi-nomads with permanent summer and winter quarters.
Central Asian Arabic
In addition to Khorasan, there are also Arabic-speaking descendants of these first immigrants in the Bukhara area and in northern Afghanistan. Since they share numerous common linguistic features , although they have been spatially isolated from one another for a long time and sometimes exposed to completely different superstrate languages, Khorasan Arabic is summarized under the term Central Asian Arabic with Uzbekistani Arabic and Afghanistan Arabic . This language type is clearly different from Khuzestan Arabic in western Iran, which can be assigned to the Iraqi gilit dialect type.
To phonology
The diphthongs aw, ay are usually monophthongized to ō, ē , for example yōm "day", lēle "night". The emphasis on consonants has been completely abandoned: ص ṣ> s, ط ṭ> t, ض / ظ ḏ̣> ḏ. In Zir Kuh, the sibilants were also moved to interdental, i.e. s> ṯ, z> ḏ, which gives other Arabic speakers the impression of lisp . The bilabial و w is pronounced labiodental v , not like English, but like German “w”. All the following examples in the text are from Zir Kuh, as no research results are yet available from the other regions:
ṯūf <sūf <* ṣūf "wool"
inta / yinti <* ʾaʿṭa / yuʿṭi "give"
bēḏ <* bayḏ̣ "egg"
xubuḏ <* xubz "bread"
vēn <* ʾayna "wo"
The splitting of the old * ك / ق into g / k (in the vicinity of back vowels) and ǧ / č (with front vowels) is typical for Bedouin cattle :
nāfug "married (mask.)", But nāfǧe "married (fem.) "(Part. Act.)
Ičal " he ate ", but yōkul " he eats ".
The famous Bedouin Gahawa syndrome is found in its first form, so with even unstressed inserted a by guttural :
náʿaǧe <naʿǧa "sheep"
áxaḏar <* axḍar "green"
yáḥalib <* yaḥlibu "he milks"
yoġodi <* yaġdu "he goes"
About morphology
The definite article is called al- (and not el- as in most Arabic dialects) and assimilates to every consonant, i.e. H. every consonant is a sun letter :
aḥ-ḥurme “the woman”
ab-bāǧir “the cow”
aʿ-ʿarūṯ “the bride”
aʾ-ʾafʾīye “the serpent”
ag-gubbe “the house”
ah-hūl “the fear”
| Independent | Suffixed after consonant | Suffixed after vowel | |
| Sg. 3.m. | uhū | -Ah | -H |
| f. | ihī | -he | -he |
| 2.m. | inte | -ak | -k |
| f. | inti | -ič | -č |
| 1. c. | ane | -i | -y |
| Pl. 3.m. | uhumm | - (h) around | -hum |
| f. | ihinn (e) | - (h) in (ne) | -in (ne) |
| 2.m. | intu | -cum | -cum |
| f. | intan | -čin | -čin |
| 1.c. | aḥne / iḥne | -ne | -ne |
| Perfect | "write" | "beat" | "milking" |
| Sg. 3.m. | čitab | ḏurab | ḥelab |
| f. | čitibat | ḏurubat | ḥelebat |
| 2.m. | čitabt | ḏurabt | ḥelab |
| f. | čitabti | ḏurabti | ḥelabti |
| 1.c. | čitabt | ḏurabt | ḥelab |
| Pl. 3.m. | čitibow | ḏurubov | ḥelebow |
| f. | čitiban | ḏuruban | ḥeleban |
| 2.m. | čitabtu | ḏurabtu | ḥelabtu |
| f. | čitabtan | ḏurabtan | ḥelabtan |
| 1.c. | čitabne | ḏurabne | ḥelabne |
| Past tense | |||
| Sg. 3.m. | yičtib | yuḏrub | yaḥalib |
| f. | tičtib | tuḏrub | taḥalib |
| 2.m. | tičtib | tuḏrub | taḥalib |
| f. | tičitbīn | tuḏurbīn | taḥalbīn |
| 1.c. | ačtib | aḏrub | aḥalib |
| Pl. 3.m. | yičitbūn | yuḏurbūn | yiḥalbūn |
| f. | yičitban | yuḏurban | yiḥalban |
| 2.m. | tičitbūn | tuḏurbūn | taḥalbūn |
| f. | tičitban | tuḏurban | taḥalban |
| 1.c. | ničtib | nuḏrub | naḥalib |
The nūn of the plural is doubled before the personal suffix : yuḏurbūnnah “they beat him”. Analogous to this, the suffixes of nouns with a vowel final are formed: šāvīnne "our small cattle", ubūnne "our father". As in Uzbekistan Arabic, participle forms before the personal suffix are expanded by inn or unn : lāgtunnah "he grabbed him", āxiḏtinnah "I (fem.) Took him (as a man)".
About the syntax
The final position of the verb, as in Persian, is
striking : aḥne fiǧ-ǧidīm māldār kunne "we were shepherds in ancient times".
The haṯt , borrowed from Persian, serves as a copula :
ane mašġūl haṯt "I work"
Numerous compound verbs were borrowed from Persian. For example, the Persian kār kardan , which means “to work” and is made up of the words “work” and “to do”, the Arabic ʿimal ṯava , which is formed from the two corresponding Arabic words.
One of the most prominent features of this dialect are the numerous vestiges of nuns :
labāṯin ḏēnin “beautiful clothes”
šītin marīd (= hochar. lā urīdu šayʾan ) “I don't want anything”
lafḏum lafḏin ʿarabiyye hū “their dialect is an Arabic dialect”.
To the lexicon
The vocabulary is so strongly interspersed with Persian that at first glance one gets the impression of an Arabic-Persian mixed language. Conversely, since many Persian words are of Arabic origin, this Arabic dialect has numerous Persian foreign words that are themselves borrowed from Arabic, for example:
āšoġ “love” (عشق)
aġd “contract” (عقد)
eḏdevāǧ “wedding” (ازدواج)
u. v. a.
Here is a small list of catchy words:
ištow, če “like”
min “who”
vēn “wo”
hāč “so”
al relative pronouns
ya + suffix “(together) with”, z. B. yāh / yāhe / yāk / yāč "with him / her / you (m.) / Dir (f.)"
Šītin "something, thing"
ī "yes"
ummā "water"
íbu, úbu "father"
inf "nose “
Kilikk (kurd.)“ Finger ”
iǧil “ foot ”
terrāše / terārīš “ tree ”
all (without emphasis!)“ God ”, e.g. B. in the phrase all yukūn yākum “God be with you”
ṯava / yiṯayy “make”
iṯte / yiṯti (tribe VIII to ṯava ) “will”
hanǧam / yihanǧim (pers.) “Speak”
čamčam / yičamčim “build”
baḥḥar / yibaḥḥir “look”
fayya / yifiyy “come, return”
ṯayal / yiṯāyil “ask”
rād / yirīd “want”