First united front

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First United Front ( Chinese  第 一次 国共 合作 ) is the name for the first phase of cooperation between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Guomindang from 1923 to 1927.

The alliance came about through mediation by the Comintern , which saw the GMD as a bourgeois-democratic - and thus progressive by Chinese standards - party. The negotiations began at the end of 1922 under the chairmanship of Adolf Joffe . As a result, the GMD received military aid and advisers (e.g. Michail Borodin and Wassili Blücher ) from the Soviet Union. Chiang Kai-shek was sent to the Soviet Union in 1923 to study the party organization of the CPSU and on his return founded the Whampoa Military Academy on the orders of Sun Yat-sen . The Chinese communists, for their part, were able to expand their influence considerably, their membership grew from 300 (1922) to 58,000 (1927) and their cadres were able to occupy important positions, e. B. Zhou Enlai in Whampoa Military Academy.

However, both parties saw the united front more or less as an alliance of convenience. The alliance broke when the northern expedition of 1927 enabled Chiang Kai-shek to receive support from industrialists in Shanghai and Nanking and to forego Soviet aid. Several thousand CCP members fell victim to the subsequent persecution of the Communists . A second united front , directed against Japan's aggressive expansion in China, took place in 1936.