Extended order (social order)
The Advanced Rules (Engl. Extended order ) was described by Friedrich August von Hayek in his 1991 work The fatal arrogance introduced. It describes the structure and dynamics of human society as the result of a planned draft of the social order in conjunction with spontaneous, self-organized processes. He calls this social order the "extended order of human interaction" in society. The capitalism is an important example of an extended order for Hayek.
Development of the Extended Order in Society
Hayek generally differentiates spontaneous social order from social organization as the result of a conscious social design. The former contains prohibitions as social norms, the latter concrete rules in the form of commandments. The designed social order starts with a certain structure and a set of rules, but then develops in a self-organized manner within the framework of the social processes of the individuals and institutions, the sociodynamics . The spontaneous social order, on the other hand, starts without a given structure, and individuals pursue their goals with their own means. The extended order results from the combination of a social design by individuals (e.g. a “Council of Wise Men” (Hayek) such as the members of the Mont Pèlerin Society in the design of neoliberalism ) with the collective, self-organized further development in society.
The extended order is ontological . She gains her strength and her success in competition from the pluralism associated with her (Hayek does not use this term in the above book, but uses spontaneous and different words to describe it again and again ). The extended order "... can implement the shared knowledge of many people better than the planning construction of individuals". According to Hayek, the forms of society and their rules are subject to a cultural evolution , in which both the ideological design and the pluralistic self-organization play a major role for the competitiveness of the form of society. The development of the extended order is promoted by an adequate freedom and subsidiarity of the citizens and social institutions and damaged by too much central dirigism and tutelage by the state, especially when the state is ruled by a one-sided, demagogic ideology .
In their systematic analysis of the nature of things, Mario Bunge and Martin Mahner point out that neither idealistic theorists nor one-sidedly biologically oriented materialists can satisfactorily explain “the enormous variety of social forms of organization”. Only an "emergentist" approach can plausibly explain the autonomous developments and the structured subsystems of human society. The people and their institutions together with the culture they create represent the real, ontological system of society.
Effect of the Extended Order in Society
The social processes and the development of structures take place under the conditions of complexity . The reason for this is the sometimes strong feedback within society and the non-linear building blocks of society, the people, according to the limited rationality . The complexity is created by the non-linear dynamics of the processes in society. Therefore, the consequences of nonlinear dynamics for the function and development of society must be taken into account. Klaus Mainzer also calls the resulting social structure socioconfiguration and its processes sociodynamics . The top level of socio-configuration consists of the macro level and the micro level of society, see picture, and the top level of sociodynamics consists of the interactions between them, which are shown as arrows.
World views or ideologies act as order parameters on the non-linear processes of sociodynamics. For Hayek, capitalism is the most important example of an extended order. Hayek is convinced that the lack of consideration of self-organization and the associated pluralism of the extended order shows “... a key flaw within socialist thought, which holds only purposefully designed changes can be most efficient”. In addition, the extended order is “… a framework of institutions - economic, legal, and moral - into which we fit ourselves by obeying certain rules of conduct that we never made, and which we have never understood in the sense of which we understand how the things that we manufacture function. "
See also
literature
- Friedrich von Hayek: The fateful presumption - the errors of socialism , Mohr 2011
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Friedrich von Hayek: The fatal arrogance - the errors of socialism, Mohr 2011
- ↑ a b Mario Bunge, Martin Mahner: About the nature of things, Hirzel 2004
- ↑ Klaus Mainzer: Complexity, Fink UTB 2008
- ↑ Herrmann Haken: Synergetics - an introduction, Springer 1982
- ^ Friedrich A. Hayek: The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism; The University of Chicago Press 1991