Freeter

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As Freeter ( Japanese フリーター Furītā ) young people in Japan in particular 15 to 34 are referred to, which no full-time employment ( underemployment ) pursue, except students and housewives.

history

The term first appeared in the late 1980s for young people who were enjoying the fruitful situation of Japan's “bubble economy” and who were affected by the “bubble” bursting in 1990. This grouping stands for the insecurity of the Japanese labor market and describes not only the economic but also the social change in Japan. In order to properly assess the scope of this development, it is necessary to understand the high weighting of Japanese culture. The individual in Japan is defined by society and himself through his position within it. This “social location” is called “ba” in Japan. A direct translation is only possible to a limited extent, as the term "ba" not only expresses a professional position, but also a feeling of security and recognition associated with it, as well as the place in a social community such as the family.

The word "Freeter" ( furītā), a suitcase word , was coined in 1987 or 1988 and is made up of the English word free (= free) and the German ending - ter (from Arbeiter), with Japanese arubaito (from Ger . Work ) means a casual or part-time job . The development of this term can be traced back to the time before the Second World War, when the German language was widely used in Japanese universities.

According to the "Employment Survey " ( 働 働 力 調査 Rōdōryoku chōsa ) of the Japanese Ministry of the Interior in 2008 , the proportion of Freetern among 15- to 24-year-olds rose from 340,000 in 1982 to 830,000 in 2008 and among 25- to 34-year-olds from 170,000 to 870,000.

In Japan they are differentiated from other youth groups such as the NEET (ニ ー ト, young people “not in education, employment or training”), the parasaito shinguru (young people who remain financially dependent on their parents) and the hikikomori (ひ き こ も りs socially isolated People), although there are many similarities including causes.

See also

literature

  • Yamina Es: The professional start as a freeter: springboard or career trap ? Scientia Bonnensis, Bonn 2011, ISBN 978-3-940766-42-7
  • Carola Hommerich: Freeter and the internship generation - changing labor values? A German-Japanese comparison. Iudicium, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-89129-856-5
  • Honda, Yuki: 'Freeters': Young Atypical Workers in Japan. Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 2005.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Keiko Takanami: Rising Income Inequality and Poverty in Japan . 2010, p. 34–35 ( hdl: 10211.10 / 613 - Master's thesis at San Diego State University).
  2. ↑ フ リ ー タ ー . In: 日本 大 百科全書 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved March 18, 2017 (Japanese).
  3. ↑ Emma E. Cook: Expectations of Failure: Maturity and Masculinity for Freeters in Contemporary Japan . In: Social Science Japan Journal . Vol. 16, 2013.
  4. ^ Marcy C. Brinton: Social capital in the Japanese youth labor market: Labor market policy, schools, and norms . In: Kluwer Academic Publishers (Ed.): Policy Sciences . tape 33 . Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 2000, pp. 289-306 .